Şiirle İstişhâd Açısından Kurtubî Tefsiri (Ankebut Suresi Örnekliği)

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Number of pages:
255-280
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Year-Number:
2017-Volume 12 Issue 27

Tefsir faaliyeti, Hz. Muhammed ile başlamış, günümüzde devam eden ve gelecekte de varlığını sürdürecek olan bir disiplin olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Hz. Peygamberden sonra sahabe, tabiin ve tebe-i tabiin tefsir faaliyetlerine katkı vermiştir. İlk filolojik tefsirlerle devam eden bu faaliyet, ilk tam tefsirler ve ardından rivayet metoduna dair eserlerle ivme kazanmıştır. En nihayet dirayet tefsirleri ile diğer metot ve mezheplerde yazılan tefsirler, hep bu faaliyet alanında değerlendirilmiştir. Bütün bu süreçlerde tefsirden ayrılmayan husus ise şiirle ayetleri açıklamak, garip lafızlarına mana vermek yani şiirle istişhâd yapmak olmuştur. Yani şiirle istişhâd etmek veya şiirle şevâhid getirmek, tefsirin ayrılmaz bir metodu veya tekniği olarak hep var olmuştur. Hz. Peygamber, şiir dinlemiş ve iyi okuyan ya da inşâd edenleri cesaretlendirmiştir. O bunu, Kurân’da şiir hakkında beyan edilen olumsuzluğa karşın yapmıştır. O, hayatta iken Kurân’ın manalarını anlamada zorluk yaşamayan sahabe, vefatının ardından anlaşılmayan ya da anlamadıkları yerlerde şiire, lügate ve Arap diline müracaat etmişlerdir. İbn Abbas ve Hz. Ömer gibi sahabe ile başlayan tefsirde şiirle istişhâd olayı, tabiilerde hız kesemeden devam etmiştir. Tebe-i tabiinden sonra yazılan ilk filolojik tefsirlerde şiirle istişhâd tekniği geniş bir düzlemde tefsire uygulanmıştır. Artık yazılı hale gelen şiirler, İbn Kuteybe ve Taberî’de en geniş uygulama alanları edinmişlerdir. Bu metod ya da teknik, müfessir İbn Atıyye ile zirveyi görmüştür. Bundan sonra artık yazılan her tefsirde mutlaka şiirle istişhad metoduna uyulmuştur. Kurtubî de tefsirinde şiirle istişhâd metodunu uygulamıştır. Yapılan bir tespitte tefsirinde bine yakın şiire yer verdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu, hemen hemen her altı ayette bir şiirle istişhâd ettiğini gösteren en önemli veri kabul edilmiştir. Ankebût suresi örnekliğinde şiirle istişhâd konusunu incelendiği bu makalede de Kurtubî, aynı performansı göstermiştir. Zira altmış dokuz ayetten oluşan surenin on iki ayetinde şiire yer vermiştir. Bu da onun, her altı ayette bir şiirle istişhâd ettiğinin en net göstergesi sayılmıştır. Bu bağlamda bir tefsir tekniği veya metodu olarak şiirle istişhâd, Kurtubî açısından çok yerinde bir metot olarak kabul edilmiş ve geniş bir yelpazede tefsirinde de uygulanmıştır.

Keywords


Commentary activity was started with Hz. Muhammad, is continues present-day and it will continue to exist in the future as a discipline. After the Prophet Muhammad, his companions, his followers and his followers of followers had been contributed to the interpretation activities. This activity, which continued with the first philological commentaries, has been gained momentum with works on the first full commentaries and then narration method. Ultimately, with rational commentaries, and exegesis written in other methods and schools have always been evaluated in this field of activity. In all these processes, matter that does not separate from exegesis, it has been to explain the verses with poetry, to give meaning the strange words and to bring evidence with poetry, etc. istijhâd. Namely, as an integral method or technique of interpretation, to bring evidence with poetry and to bring evidences to the verses with poetries always has been existed. Excellency Prophet has listened to poetry, and was been encouraged good readers or writers, namely read well or built very well it. Muhammad made this, despite the declared negative about poetry in the Qoran. Companions of Prophet didn’t have any difficulty in the sense of the Qoran's thoughts while he was alive. But after his death, his companions has applied the poetry, the dictionary and Arabic language, where they are not understood or do not understand. Bringing evidence with poetry in comments starting with friends like Ibn Abbas and excellency Omar, it had continued without speed in followers followers period. In the first philological commentaries written after their successors, to bring evidence technique to the verse from poetry, has been applied in a wide plane in the comments of books. In time and now the poems became written, had found the widest application areas in Tabarî and Ibn Kuteybe commentaries. This method or technique has seen the summit with the commentator Ibn Atiyye. From now on, in every commentary that has been written was followed or adhered by bringing evidence to the verses with poetry method absolutely. Qortooby also applied the method of explanation of the verses by bringing evidence from poetry in his commentary book. It has been determined or identified that there is nearly thousand poetries in his commentary book that in a review made. This is considered to be the most important data that shows that almost every six verses have been bringing evidence to the verses from poetry. This article, in which the subject of bringing evidence to the verses from poetry is studied in the sample of the surah of Ankebût, also showed the same performance. Because Qortooby had placed bringing evidence to the verses from poetry surah of Ankebût in only twelve verses that formed sixty-nine verses. This is considered to be the clearest indication that he has been persuaded with bringing evidence to verses from poems in every six verses of surah of Ankebût. In this context as a commentary technique or method bringing evidence to verses from poetries, it has been accepted as a very good method in terms of Qortooby and has also been applied in a wide fan commentary.

Keywords

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