Türkçe, İngilizce Ve Fransızca Açısından Luciene Tesniere’in Bağımsal Dilbilgisi

Luciène Tesnière’s Dependency Grammar whose roots may go back to Pânini’s grammar of Sanskrit several centuries before the Common Era forms the basis of the modern theoretical tradition of the Dependency Grammar. Dependency Grammar coming out against predication fact of the traditional grammar degrades the subject at the same level of the other elements of the sentence by taking predicate in the center. According to Tesnière’s Dependency Grammar, subject and object are actants and circumstances are complements. Tesnière’s model is based on the distinction between linear order and structural order of the sentence. The linear order that is one-dimensional is realized in speech and observable while structural order is multidimensional and hidden. For the representation of the structural order, Tesnière uses a graphical representation named as ‘stemma’. Stemma serves to visualize the vertical and horizontal relations within syntactic constructions. In this representation the predicate is the highest element of the hierarchic level. It governs the complements including the subject. The core constituents imposed by the predicate form the valency of this verbal predicate. In general the predicate can take a maximum of three arguments and thus this predicate is trivalent. But sometimes the valency of the predicate can be four. Some verbs such as ‘bet’ (Eng.), ‘bahse girmek’ (Tr.), ‘parier’ (Fr.) are considered to be a tetravalent verb. In addition, in the method of Tesnière the basic syntactic relations are connection, junction and transference. This method describes the hierarchical structure between the elements of the sentence. Dependency Grammar is suitable to represent the syntactic structure of the natural languages. In this study, while the principles demonstrated by Dependency Grammar are explained, two languages English end French, are tried to compare in a narrow frame in front of Turkish. As a result, this graphical representation has been observed to be suitable to represent the syntactic structure of the English, French and Turkish from different language families. While the English and French fallow SVO syntactic order, the Turkish fallows SOV order. But in this representation because the predicate is the governor of the sentence, these three languages represent the same aspect in the stemma.

Keywords

Dependency Grammar, connection, junction, transference, Turkish, English, French.