https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=975 Turkish Studies-Social Sciences en 2026-07-16 Ankara Bilim Üniversitesi https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40067 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40067 Tuğçe AKYOL Evaluating the involvement level, which is an important element of development and learning, through objective tools will contribute to determining the factors affecting the involvement levels and to the regulations for increasing these levels. The aim of this research is to examine the involvement levels of 60-72 month-old children attending preschool education institutions in terms of different variables. The population of this research was comprised of 60-72 month-old children, who were attending independent preschools and kindergartens of primary schools functioning under the Afyonkarahisar Provincial Directorate of National Education in the 2018-2019 academic year. The sample size of the research was determined through maximum variation sampling method, which is one of the purposeful sampling methods, and the sample of the study was comprised of totally 527 children, who were attending independent preschools and kindergartens of primary schools functioning under the Afyonkarahisar Provincial Directorate of National Education in the 2018-2019 academic year. In the research, the “General Information Form”, which was developed by the researcher to collect the demographical information, and the “Leuven Involvement Scale for Young Children”, which was used for determining the involvement levels of children, were used. In the analysis of the research data, initially the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) normality test was applied to determine the groups demonstrating normal distribution. Subsequently, the Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis-H test were implemented for examining the intergroup differences that did not demonstrate normal distribution. As the conclusion of the research, it was determined that there was statistically no significant difference among the involvement levels of children concerning gender and number of siblings variables; however, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences among the involvement levels of children concerning the variables of having previous preschool education experience, educational status of the parents, and professions of the parents. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40063 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40063 Sevgin BATUK One of the biggest challlenges for organizations that is brought about by current business conditions and change is the requirement of being adaptive and lateral. Organizations that cannot cope with change cannot survive. In this respect, employees have become one of the most cruical and key elements for organizations. With today’s prominent concepts such as delegation, empowerment, participation in decision making, it is possible to utilize every employee and become more lateral. Self-leadership is a concept that has emerged in line with this trend and has deepened this notion. Self-leadership claims that it is possible for employees to manage themselves without requiring external supervision when provided with the necessary means and to reach personal and organizational goals. Nowadays, for an effective and fast operation, organizations need this kind of individuals. Employees who have high self-leadership skills play a crucial role for organizations to reach high performance without verticalization. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the career orientations of employees who are high on self-leadership levels. In this respect, via data from 126 employees working in services sector, the protean and boundaryless career attitudes and preferences of individuals who are high on self-leadership have been investigated. Within the protean career, self-directed career orientations and values-driven career orientations, and under the boundaryless career, boundaryless mindsets and organizational mobility preferences of employees are investigated. As a result, it is observed that both protean and boundaryless career attitudes of individuals high on self-leadership are more compared to other individuals. As a striking result, it is seen that the organizational mobility preferences of these individuals are low and even though they have boundaryless mindsets, their attitudes towards interorganizational mobility is negative. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40083 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40083 Ebru Beyza BAYARÇELİK This study investigates the effects of ethical behavior of the organization managers on the employees' intentions to quit their jobs and the overall climate of justice. The aim of this study is find out the mediator role of employees’ perceived organizational justice in the effect of managers’ ethical leadership behaviors on intention to leave in Banks. As these relationships are investigated, ethical leadership, organizational justice, intention to quit and their sub-dimensions are explained respectively. Research data were collected through questionnaires among 390 banking sector employees who were reached by convenience sampling. In order to measure the concepts, 'Ethical Leadership Scale' of Brown, Trevino and Harrison (2005), 'Organizational Justice Scale' by Niehoff and Moorman (1993), and Grandey's (1999) method for the 'Intention to Quit' are employed in the research. Research model and hypothesis were tested using the structural equality modeling by the AMOS program. To test the measurement model, 4 factored confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and the results show that the compatibility of the model is considerably good. In correlation analysis, the relation between ethical leadership, distributive justice and interactional justice is positive and meaningful, furthermore intention to quit is also negative and meaningful in correlation. Research evidence shows ethical leadership has a direct and meaningful effect on distributive justice and interactional justice however not having meaningful and direct effect on the employees' quitting intention. Lastly, both the distributive justice and the interaction justice has a role of full mediating variable between ethical leadership and quitting intentions. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40607 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40607 H.Gülçin BEKEN Social protection schemes are the influential tools to reach the planned economic development level and to alleviate poverty and inequality. The coverage and financing method of social protection schemes affect the sustainability of the system. As a way of increasing the coverage of social protection schemes, Monotax (Monotributo)-simplified single-tax- is implemented as an innovative method. Monotax regime is commonly implemented in Latin American countries as a single tax for low-income households and small enterprises. The rationale behind implementing the Monotax system is the combination of factors such as high informality of labor markets and the majority of small and medium enterprises. The reason for informality can be found in the changing development strategies, tax burden, and wage level of the region. In addition to that, the low productivity level of small and medium enterprises as a firm source of employment decreases the tax revenue of the state. Although case studies differ for each country, the main reason for these differences can be found as social policy implementations, financing method and cost, and the structure of tax policies. The expected benefits of the Monotax regime are to increase economic growth, to decrease income inequality and to alleviate poverty. If the social protection schemes are carried out by the principles of universality and redistribution of income, the contribution of the Monotax regime should also be taken into account. The way how simplified tax regimes are implemented in the Latin American region as a whole and the country cases of Brazil and Uruguay are given in this research. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40040 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40040 Elif BOYACIOĞLU This study focuses on the implication of same sex relationships and courting within Ottoman society through examples from Nedim’s work. Striving to analyze how it was viewed and perceived at the time. It is argued that same sex interest, as well as how it was perceived within the society was intrinsically connected to the very structure as well as sensitivities of the society. Ottoman society did not deem same sex interest and appreciation as abnormal or deviant. This was largely influenced by the fact that, at the time in question, the modern binary categorization of sexual attraction as either heterosexual or homosexual did not exist. The general perception seems to have been that the gender of the sexual partner chosen was not indicative of one’s sexual identity, or even indicative of the general sexual leanings of the person. In this sense one can argue that the Ottoman society had up until the nineteenth century a widely tolerant approach to sexuality in general, and same sex interest in particular. The choice of subject where the attraction and appreciation of the poet was concerned was affected by the structure of the society itself as well as the resultant role and place of women within it. Ottoman society was segregated on the basis of gender, thereby effectively rupturing relationships as well as day to day interaction between the two genders. This created homosocial environs within the society wherein the possibilities of experiencing courtship, passionate relationships, and thirsts satisfactorily seemed to have been limited to one’s own gender. Perhaps the best reflections of these societal influences can be found in poems written on love and adoration. Here the aim is to explore this facet of society, the seemingly common acceptance of same sex attraction within the Empire, and how this love was presented in poetry, through Nedim’s work. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40165 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40165 Birgül CAMBAZOĞLU The economic and political changes witnessed in various aspects across the world have led to the questioning of the country classification systems provided by international organizations, such as World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and United Nations, and brought along new country groupings. In 2001, the chief economist of Goldman Sachs, Jim O’Neill researched the progress of macroeconomic indicators of several countries and concluded that some developing countries have similar economic indicators. He classified this group of countries as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). This classification produced the view that different country classification systems other than the classifications that constitute prominent international organizations, such as World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and United Nations, can be acceptable in the literature. One of these groupings is CIVETS. Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa, which are included in the CIVETS grouping, were identified as so by Michael Geoghegan, who was the CEO of HSBC, in 2010. Geoghegan argued that these countries are similar in many ways, including the demographic structure. In this context, the aim of this study is to question whether CIVETS countries are similar in terms of macro indicators (especially macroeconomic indicators). CIVETS countries have a homogenous appearance considering the average age weight and population growth rate. In other words, CIVETS countries are thought to have a homogeneous outlook within the framework of their diverse dynamic structures. From this point of view, it can be said that the CIVETS group does not optimally benefit from their manpower, which is the potential source of economic growth. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40578 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40578 Ayşe CEBECİ There was a significant increase in illegal migration in the period from the 1970’s to the present day. According to the United Nations Global Migration Database, the number of people migrating as refugees and asylum seekers in the period from 2010 to 2017 is approximately 13 million. Therefore, countries attach importance especially to the control and management of international migration. However, the control of international migration paved the way for the development of international management strategies for migration, going well beyond being structured at national level on the basis of political and economic interests of immigrant-receiving and immigrant-sending countries. “Migration and economic development” studies in this area occupied a special place. The relationship with economic development is established on the basis of both the aceeptance of immigrants by nationals of the receiving country and the contribution of immigrants to the capital accumulation in the receiving country. Particularly in terms of an argument of mainstream economics which asserts that “economic development can be achieved along with the increase in factors of production of the countries”, immigrants are perceived as factors of production. On the other hand, in light of the assumption suggesting that “international migration would have positive effects also on the economic development of the sending country”, the relationship between migration and economic development gave rise to the development of new policies. In this study, the relationship between international migration and economic development will be analyzed, and a critique of the political economy of both the international management of migration and international management strategies for migration will be presented. . 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40066 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40066 Şükrü CİCİOĞLUFiliz CİCİOĞLU An important consequence of the economic crisis that began in the USA in 2008 and the subsequent economic crisis experienced in many EU member states with the Greek crisis was the shift of political tendencies to the right parties in EU countries. In the recent years, far-right parties have achieved significant success in the elections in the EU's major powers such as France, Britain and Germany, as well as in Central European countries such as Austria and Poland. Although the economic crisis is an important factor in shifting to this far right, it is not enough solely. Because the extreme right in the countries such as Finland and Austria, which is thought to have not affected the crisis much, has increased, while the extreme right in Spain and Portugal has not increased compared to other countries even though it is heavily affected by the crisis. This has led to the necessity of introducing other factors in the rise of the extreme right. One of these factors is xenophobia, which reached its peak on the basis of the refugee crisis. However, xenophobia is based on the austerity policies that member states have to implement under pressure from EU institutions. In response to this situation, the public increases the votes of these radical parties which they have not tried before. This study will focus on the impact of the economic crisis on the rise of the extreme right, keeping other factors aside. In this context, the relationship between the economic crisis and the rise of the extreme right will be analyzed by examining the election results in the two countries affected by the crisis and the two countries which were most affected by the crisis and other less affected. It is planned to test the research questions by comparing the main economic data before and after the economic crisis, which is thought to be an important factor in the rise of the far right parties in the results of the local and general elections and presidential elections in these countries. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40605 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40605 Sefer DARICIVahdet ÖZKOÇAK The developments in digital technologies have enabled the relevant content to reach the audience of movies and series through many different tools. The availability of films and TV series without time and space restrictions has also changed the content used in these technologies proportionally. The film and TV series sector produces for the masses on the one hand and continues to nurture and diversify the popular culture on the other. It is important not only to reach the audience but also to have a lasting effect on them. This has become imperative for the reproduction and continuity of the relevant content. In this respect, it seems that the success of the content depends on supporting it with popular cultural elements and at the same time preserving it as a whole. From this perspective; It should be ensured that the viewer perceives the scenes as a whole on the screen he is looking at and is convinced by the influence of the popular one. Thus, the viewer's view that the content is real should be able to replace fiction. Advances in the series and film industry have led to many different ways of presenting forensic cases. The effects of these broadcasts, which have different effects on the audience, on daily life are discussed. In this study, it was investigated how the presentation of characters and forensic events in crime-themed films had an impact on the audience. In addition, the contribution of popular culture to this has been examined. The effects of four crime-themed movies on the audience were investigated. A total of 284 comments made on the internet of the series followers were analyzed. The results are gathered under 3 different themes under "Threshold of Reality", "Emotional Expression" and "Fictional Attribution". 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40116 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40116 Oktay DEMİRTAŞ Individuals perceptions, expectations, perspective on life and behaviours change depending on generation. The concept of generation comes with the individuals who were born at the same, sharing the common sense.It’s possible to give the advertisement prompts which don’t have any time and place restriction and reach users by e-mails, social media and search engines via computers and mobile devices as an example.When the existence of individuals belonging to one of four different generations living and working at the same environment considered. The individuals of different conditions, periods and opportunities will surely have a different point of view to the digital advertisements which is called as new generation advertisements.This study aims to reveal the differences of Baby Boomers generation individuals’, raised with the land phones as a communication medium and trying to get adapted to the new technologies (1946-65) and 24 hours online, libertarian Y generation individuals’ raised in a World with the opportunities of communication technologies, point of views, thoughts and attitudes towards the advertisements issued online.In this context, qualitative research method in-depth interview is applied, semi-structured and open-ended questions are used. For example, the interviews with 16 individuals of baby boomer and Y generation with various demographic characteristicsare made one-on-one. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40081 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40081 Hande DOYDUKEbru Beyza BAYARÇELİK Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been an important area of study for both academic and business world for the last decades. The phrase social responsibility associate with philanthropy. However, it is not the only responsibility of a corporation. The responsibilities of a corporation can be grouped under economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. The philanthropic responsibilities target the welfare of the general public and environment. Along with the benefits provided to the environment and the general public by the CSR activities also the corporations benefit from these activities as they create customer and employee satisfaction and commitment. CSR activities can both be seen as an external and an internal marketing tool. The internal customers of a firm, the employees are of prime importance for firms. They are important stakeholders within the organization service- profit chain model. Employees are one of the crucial stakeholders of a firm as they affect and are affected by the actions of firms. One of the end results that firms aim to attain through CSR programs is employee commitment. Commitment is long term relationships between firms and their employees. Literature divides commitment into three dimensions as affective, continuous, and normative. Generally affective commitment dimension is used to examine the relation between CSR performance and commitment. In this study the relationship among firms’ beliefs in CSR, higher order quality of work life, perceived external prestige and commitment are analyzed. The 5-point Likert scale survey was conducted to 300 employees working in different firms in Istanbul. After eliminating missing data, analyses were conducted with 262 surveys. Structural equation model was utilized to analyze the data. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40073 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40073 İsmail DURAK Operational research education, which is the most basic discipline in quantitative decision making, has a positive effect on the development of countries and providing competitive advantage to them. In recent years, declining of numerical abilities of the students who enroll in the Faculty of Business Administration and the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences can affect their approach negatively to the operations research course from the numerical courses. In this study, the attitudes of students of Department of Business Administration and Department of Management Information Systems in Faculty of Business Administration in Düzce University in the spring semester of 2018-2019 academic year are examined. In addition, the attitudes of these two departments towards the course are compared and the relations of gender, repetition, high school and the class level of the students to the course are investigated. In this context, a total of 296 survey are distributed to the students (179 business administration and 117 management information systems) and 232 of them are found suitable for evaluation. The data are analyzed with SPSS 22 software program are used and, frequency analysis, factor analysis and two independent sample t-tests, one way variance analysis (ANOVA) are performed. As a result of the factor analysis of operations research,attitude scale, four basic dimensions are obatained On the other hand,. the findings of the research revealed that there are some differences between these two department students’ attitude towards the operation research course. Furthermore, it shows that the attitude towards the operation reserach course is sligthly negative. For this reason, it can be claim that improving the attitudes of the students of the faculty of business towards the operation reserach course, which is one of the quantitative courses, is important for the students who will work in various operational weighted enterprises in the future. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40036 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40036 İnci DURSUN Social marketing is an efficient approach that is used to increase the number of environmentally conscious, knowledgeable, and active consumers. The approach requires segmentation of the target audience and the development of strategies specific to each target audience in order to create a voluntary behavior change. Among others, age appears as an easy-to-use segmentation criterion for commercial and various social marketing campaigns. However social marketers need to know whether age is a efficient segmentation variable for also social marketing campaigns that are particularly designed for promoting pro-environmental consumption. In this context, efficiency of age to divide the target audiences into groups with differing the intensity of environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful behaviors an attitudes need to be evaluated. As a response to this need this research focused on exploring the existing empirical findings regarding the relationship between the ages of Turkish consumers and their pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors and revealing the nature of the relationship. For the purpose, national publications examining the relation of Turkish consumers' age to their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors related to environmental consumption were reviewed systematically, and their findings were compiled. Although there are some rarely contradictory findings, environmental values, attitudes, and general and specific pro-environmental consumption practices (such as energy-saving, voluntary simplicity) were concluded to be related to age. Moreover, results reveal that pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of Turkish consumers are positively related to their age, indicating that younger consumers are less likely to engage in general or some specific forms of pro-environmental consumption. According to the reported results of national research, it is safe to conclude that age can be used as an efficient segmentation tool for social marketing campaigns that will be used to build and maintain more environmentally conscious consumption habits in Turkey. Finally, potential explanations for the reluctancy of young consumers to engage in pro-environmental consumption practices are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40182 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40182 Ayşenur ERDİL Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a busines strategy, comprising segments for sales, marketing, and service without optimizing profitability, revenue, and customer satisfaction. CRM is a customer-focused strategy aimed at anticipating, understanding and responding to the requirements of an enterprise's current and prospective customers. The objective of a CRM strategy is to optimize profitability, revenue and customer satisfaction. CRM becomes an important business approach. CRM focuses on understanding the requirements and desires of the consumer and is achieved by placing these requirements at the heart of the business by integrating them with strategy, people, technology and business processes of the organization for business profit. Cargo Sector and Cargo Service are a growing industry in Turkey and it is open to developments. Beside National competition with European Union Participation, it will be harder to survive for cargo companies. The most convenient approach for overcoming this situation is CRM. This study includes the concepts, the detailed information about determining the problems of the cargo sector-cargo service and presenting solutions alternatives focused on CRM approaches. The study includes Swot (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Analysis in terms of determination of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the cargo sectors. Focused on this analysis, possible decisions and some suggestions regarding the sustainability of the sector are highlighted. The aim of this research is to present the detailed literature survey about CRM, a general CRM application model for cargo companies according to the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) with Pareto Analysis and finally a CRM model for ABC Cargo-Firm. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40612 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40612 Ozan GÖNÜLLÜ International portfolio investments allow minimizing systematic risk which cannot be eliminated by domestic portfolio investments. For successful international diversification, stock exchanges should not give the same reactions to the same developments, in other words, there should be no long-term relationships between them. The cointegration relationship negate the long-term effectiveness of traditional risk diversification techniques based on covariance. Long- and short-term relationships between stock exchanges in different geographies are important for investors who want to minimize portfolio diversification and / or increase profit by estimating the short-term fluctuations in these capital markets. Long-term relationships between capital markets are analyzed with cointegration models in finance literature. In this study, long-term and short-term relationships between BIST100 (XU100) indicator index of ISE and indicator indices of the largest capital markets of the Asia Pacific region (China Shanghai Stock Exchange SSE 100 Index, Japan Tokyo Stock Exchange Nikkei 225 Index, South Korean Stock Exchange KOSPI Index and New Zealand Stock Exchange NZX 50 Index) were analyzed. 132 monthly data between January 2009 and December 2019 were used in the study. According to the unit root test results of natural logarithmic time series, it was decided that the appropriate method for cointegration analysis was Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) developed by Pesaran et al (2001). The results of ARDL model indicate a statistically significant long term relationship between variables. After estimating long term coefficients, Error Correction Model (ECM) was used to determine short term relationships. The findings of the study revealed that the Korean Stock Exchange (KOSPI) and the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZ50) had a positive and significant relationship with Borsa Istanbul (XU100) in the both long and short term. While the long-term relationship of the Japanese Stock Exchange (N225) with Borsa Istanbul was found to insignificant, but, in short term, significant relationship was found at significance level of 10%. The Chinese Stock Exchange (SSE), which has no significant relationship with Borsa İstanbul in both long and short terms, stands out as the best international diversification alternative for an investor who has investments in Borsa Istanbul. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40059 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40059 Ceyda KULOĞLU Trafficking in persons gained very much attention in last one or two decades. Most of the trafficked people are women who want to work abroad for economic purposes but ended in a country where they forced to work as prostitutes with no income. Not only in sex industry, but also women are forced to work in service sectors, such as domestic labors, caring elderly, etc. and/or they are trafficked for forced marriages. There are also men who are trafficked and worked as forced labor, but the number of the trafficked men is less than women. There are three research questions in this study. The first research question is; “Is the ‘consent’ term in the UN Trafficking Protocol, enough to distinguish the trafficked victim and the women who work as prostitutes ‘voluntarily’?” The second research question in the study is; “How can we distinguish trafficking in women for the purpose of “sexual exploitation” and for the purpose of “forced labor” from one another?” And the third question is; “How does globalization effect trafficking in women?” This is descriptive study in order to examine the situation of trafficking in women issue and to answer the basic controversial questions about the issue. In this regard, in the first part of the study, “Perspectives on Migration” will be addressed with references basically to “neo-classical model” and “historical-structural model”. “Feminization of migration” will also be discussed in this part of the study. In the second part of the study, after giving some definitions, and the differences between smuggling and trafficking, pull and push factors of trafficking, and the debates on the “consent” concept in the definition on “trafficking in women” will be discussed and the first research question will be explored in this part of the study. After this part, the characteristics of the VoTs and the offenders will be discussed and the second research question will be addressed in this part. This part will be followed by the recruitment methods of trafficking. In the third part of the study, the relation between globalization, migration and trafficking in women will be evaluated and the third research question will be discussed within this part. In the forth part of the study, with the light of the debates and the explanations on the trafficking in women, the global patterns and routes of trafficking will be demonstrated with some figures and in the last part of the study, international and the national instruments in Turkey to combat against trafficking in persons will be investigated. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40027 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40027 Yusuf ÖCEL This study aims to examine the effects of social media usage on brand awareness and brand loyalty. The population of the study, which was conducted by taking the Nike and Adidas brand into consideration, consists of people between the ages of 20 and 39 who live in Duzce. Data was collected by convenience sampling. Data were collected from 291 people by face-to-face survey method. Frequency, factor, correlation, and regression analyses were applied to the data obtained. Factor analysis revealed three factors related to social media usage (social, psychological and functional motivation), two factors related to brand awareness (brand recognition and brand recall), two factors related to brand loyalty(attitudinal and behavioral loyalty). According to the results of the correlation analysis, when the two brands are compared, it is seen that the brand recognition for the Nike brand and the brand recall for the Adidas brand emerge in the relationship between social media usage and brand awareness. In brand loyalty, it is seen that comes to the forefront of behavioral loyalty for the Nike brand and attitude loyalty for Adidas. According to the results of regression analysis, it was concluded that social motivation and psychological motivation had an effect on brand awareness and brand loyalty in both brands. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40064 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40064 Hüseyin ÖZDEMİRİrfan MISIRLI In this study, the relationship between perceived service quality, behavioral intention and satisfaction in intercity bus companies was investigated. The population of the research is the students studying at Çankırı Karatekin University and using them to intercity bus companies. The sample of the study was 424 students who accepted to participate in the study. In the research, questionnaire technique was used as data collection technique. The questionnaire consisted of two parts, in the first part questions were asked about the demographic characteristics of the students, in the second part, the service quality scale consisting of 4 dimensions (Service, service transportation, personnel, responsiveness and security) and 28 statements to determine the quality of service, and 7 statements to determine the behavioral intentions of the students. five-point Likert-type scales were used to determine the general satisfaction of students. Duman, Ayduğan and Koçuk (2007), Yılmaz (2012), Koçoğlu and Aksoy (2012), Özdipçiner and Ceylan (2016) and Aliçavuşoğlu and Gürbüz (2017) were used in the preparation of the questionnaire. The statistical analysis of the questionnaire, which was answered by 424 students, was carried out with IBM SPSS 22 statistical package program. Frequency distribution, descriptive statistics, T test, one-factor analysis of variance and correlation tests were used in the analysis of the data. Among the demographic variables examined, a statistically significant difference was found between the students' class and the general satisfaction of the students for bus companies. There was found between students' behavioral intentions and perceived service quality dimensions (Service, service transportation, personnel, responsiveness and security) a positive, high, medium, medium, medium and medium relationship. There was a positive, weak, weak, weak, weak and weak relationship between students' general satisfaction and service quality dimensions (Service, service transportation, personnel, responsiveness and security), and (positive) medium relationship between behavioral intentions and general satisfaction of students. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40109 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40109 Ekin Ayşe ÖZŞUCA This paper provides new empirical evidence for the determinants of access to finance by the enterprises in Turkey. In particular, the study investigates some enterprise-specific characteristics that may have an impact on a firm’s ability in accessing finance to scrutinize whether Turkish firms are credit constrained. The empirical analysis is based on micro level data from the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey for the fiscal year 2019. Three different measures of credit constraint are computed; a subjective measure based on perception and two objective measures based on the usage of formal financial services and direct information on credit constraints. Employing both subjective and objective measures of credit provide means for assessing the extent to which and how key determinants among firms’ characteristics displays variation between enterprises categorized by alternative credit constraint measures. Overall, the findings of the study reveal that the age of the firm, experience of the current manager, female/foreign participation in ownership and exporter status are found to be significantly associated with the firm’s access to finance. Notably, the results display several differences in underlying firm level factors for credit situation among subcategories based on alternative credit indicators. The findings of the study are of remarkable importance for designing policy to improve firms’ credit constraints and advance bank-firm connectedness in Turkey. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40039 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40039 Yusuf POLAT With its deep valleys and steep tufa rockwork, the Highlands of Phrygia Region is protected in itself. Of these valleys, the Yazılıkaya/Midas Valley located approximately 70 kilometers south of Eskisehir is home to five fortress settlements dated to the Phrygian Period. Perched atop inaccessible rocky hills, the fortresses built in position to control entrance and exit to the valleys were surrounded by forest and agricultural land. All of these fortresses were located along the route heading to Midas Fortress and were positioned close to one another. Thusly, transport along the route could be easily controlled from these forts. In addition to the bedrock-carved residences, silos, cisterns, and living spaces connected to one another with stairs or ladders of the fortresses found in this valley (Akpara, Gökgöz, Pişmiş, Kocabaş, Yazılıkaya/Midas), some of the rockwork surrounding the fortresses are also home to rock-cut tombs of varying periods. Along with architectural remains belonging to these living spaces, there are also cultic monuments built for religious practices in or around some of these fortresses. These consist of fairly small and monument-sized facades, altars, and niches built in honor of the mother goddess Matar, Matar Areyastin, Matar Kubileya who the Phrygians embraced to the point of believing her to be the single, unrivaled deity after they migrated from Thrace to Anatolia in the 12th century BCE. These monuments were built using the easily-carved volcanic tufa found in nature and placed at the entrances to settlements, in high places, near sources of water and alongside fields, and at times at the entrance to fortresses to be used in ritual practices meant to protect and bring fertility and plenty. In this paper, we’ll discuss the fortresses in this valley and what can be described as a religious sanctuary of the Phrygians living in these fortresses: the Yazılıkaya/Midas Fortress. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40111 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40111 Yeliz SARIÖZ GÖKTEN US hegemony, embedded in the global capitalist order of the last 75 years can be divided into three periods: The liberal-fordist period, the neoliberal-post fordist period and the non-liberal (illiberal) period that started in 2008 and peaked with Trump. The global capitalist system has sustained itself despite the two World Wars, economic crises, rise and fall of fascism and protectionism. Following the 2008 financial crisis, the requirement of restructuring the system emerged for the existence of the liberal global order. Donald Trump, who was elected US President in 2016, stated that the US would not maintain supply of global public goods, which include many countries and the global population, aiming to satisfy today’s needs without endanger the needs of future generations, if the other allies do not share the costs. In his first presidential speech, he used the “America first” motto, which explicitly manifested that the global public goods supplied by the US for the sake of other countries’ security and the continuance of the global capitalist order cannot be maintained in conditions are not in favor of the US. By this way, since 1945 the roots of global liberal order and US hegemony which freedom, the rule of law, democracy, common values and international institutions has come under question with Trump. In this study, debates on whether hegemony, which is claimed to be a global public good by Trump and whose procurement may be harmful for the USA, can be seen as a global public good will be carried out. Besides it will be tried to prove that the leadership, which Trump claims to be carried out without any interest, is the key element that makes the US hegemon. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40082 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40082 Ümit SARIOnur AKYOL , Türkan Türkay ÜNLÜ K-Dram as a product of the Hallyu in other words Korean wave, is spreading globally through new media television broadcasting. The original version of these productions are distributed and their formats are imported. Turkish Dramas also include adaptations from K-Drama. The starting point of the study is the fact that Mucize Doktor which is an adaptation of Korean serials, was the most shared series broadcasted between 2012-2019. The production was examined in terms of genres, broadcasting time and rating successes. Content analysis is used as the methodology of the study. Accordingly, the effect of K-Dramas on Turkish dramas was examined. K-dramas increase from 2012 to 2019. Especially, for K-drama adaptations are the most intense period between 2015-2017. In 2018 and beyond, drama formats are also imported from Asian countries such as Japan. The content purchased in the K-drama adaptations is comedy and romantic comedy, especially Drama. Korean Drama adaptations are broadcasted in prime timeda, the time frame where the audience is most likely to reach and connect with the screen. Considering the success of the K-drama adaptations, 11 of the 33 K-drama adaptations have fewer parts than their original productions and the productions were terminated early. Of the remaining 22 dramas ended with a number close to or more episodes the K-drama they were adapted to. Accordingly, it is seen that the productions adapted from K-drama will continue to take place in the Turkish Drama field in the future. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40016 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40016 Cihan SEÇİLMİŞEsra SOYDAN This study aims to find out the importance of the use of gastronomic values in the promotion of tourism activities and what can be done to determine the current status of tourism and gastronomy in Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of the people chosen with the use of snowball sampling. It was important in determining participants that they had relevant knowledge about gastronomy tourism. In the study, semi-structured questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The participants were asked about the awareness of the Turkish cuisine, what the promotional activities should be, the evaluation of the things that the prominent countries do with their cuisine, what are the shortcomings and where they can start, and where they can express their views on gastronomic tourism in general. Between the dates of February 15, 2019 and April 8, 2019, 9 people were interviewed face-to-face and with 1 person from a distance. Descriptive analysis method, one of the qualitative data analysis methods, was used in the analysis of the data. When the findings of the research were examined, it was found that participants tended to focus on the fact that gastronomic tourism is not known adequately and that it could not be used effectively in Turkey. One of the most important problems is that people could not work together in the country in the introduction of Turkish cuisine sufficiently. It was also found that it is important to focus on the importance of preserving the local cuisine and culture, to serve the elements of Turkish cuisine in the restaurants in their original forms and to provide information about Turkish cuisine in the brochures and advertisements of the agencies and tour operators operating in the sector in connection with the agencies abroad. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40168 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40168 Efe SIVIŞ In the aftermath of WWII, Kosovo became an autonomous province of Serbia within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Already in the 1980s, the riots broke out in Kosovo, demanding a full Republic status of the province. The situation culminated in 1999 when President Milosevic imposed a direct rule from Belgrade over Kosovo, thus forcing NATO to unleash airstrikes on Belgrade to stop widespread atrocities against civilians. After 78 days of bombing, the UN Security Resolution 1244 suspended President Milosevic's rule in Kosovo and formed the United Nations Interim Administration of Kosovo with a NATO peacekeeping element (KFOR). In the context of 1999, following the war, UNMIK’s formation was needed and it supported to form institutions and maintain the necessary atmosphere for upcoming administrations. Although Kosovo has marked considerable development in terms of electoral process and judicial system, both UNMIK and KFOR have been criticized in many aspects. Despite the criticism coming from international community, UNMIK and KFOR are still operating in the territory of Kosovo cooperating with other international organizations and European Union mission (EULEX). By drawing on the concept of security, the paper seeks to look into the results throughout almost two decades of the presence of UNMIK and KFOR and analyze their success rate in ensuring conditions for peace and stability. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40366 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40366 Filiz TEPECİK The level of crime can be explained by economic, demographic and sociological factors, as well as by factors including the criminal justice system's response to it. The practices of the criminal justice system as a whole or in separate steps, can be considered as an answer to the crime and this answer are also expected to be deterrent from a legal theoretical and philosophical point of view. Criminal lawyer Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) introduced three basic principles for deterring punishments: certainty, celerity/swiftness, severity. Certainly can be considered, for example, as the possibility of being arrested or punished; celerity/swiftness as speed of completion of files; severity as the weight of penalties. Can these fundamental principles proposed in the 18th century be uesd to evaluate the relationship between criminal justice system and crime and the deterrence of this system with the help of today's statistical information. This article seeks to answer this question through the Turkish Criminal Justice System. Criminal Justice System in Turkey has several steps. When the Public Prosecutors' Office and the law enforcement that helps him/her learned the existence of crime, they investigate the event, prepare the file. If it is decided to file a public case about the suspect of the file and if the indictment is issued, then the file comes before the court. The court may result in any decision, including sentence or acquittal. If the sentence includes imprisonment, the execution institutions is engaged. Assuming criminals are rational people, they should be expected to assess the probability of detecting crime, the probability of arrest and/or punishment. When making a decision to commit a crime, the probability of each of these steps will be important. In other words, there will be a relationship between the response of the criminal justice system and the rates of crime committed. In this study, this relationship will be evaluated through the information obtained from the database of the General Directorate of Judicial Register and Statistics of the Ministry of Justice. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40061 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40061 Ozan TORUNFahriye DİNÇER The first modern horse racing meeting in Ottoman Empire dates back to 1856. This meeting held in Buca (İzmir) was organised by the Levantine entrepreneurs living in the neighborhood to celebrate the beginning of the construction of İzmir-Aydın Railway. The local people of İzmir showed much interest in this organization since its beginning. Until 1880s, only foreigners and non-muslim subjects of the empire could attend in the organization as breeders and jockeys. However during the last quarter of the 19th century, the muslims also began to register their horses in the courses. The reason why these meetings took root in Buca is the geographic and commercial aspects of İzmir where Ottoman and European cultures meet for centuries. Modern horse racing was one of the socio-cultural values that Levantine people and foreign merchants brought in daily life of İzmir. The Ottoman Sultans Abdülmecid and Abdülaziz paid much attention to the races when they visited the city and both of them tried to facilitate the entegration of muslim subjects into the organization. These first races held in Buca have important effects on the beginning of horse races in Kağıthane (İstanbul) and the establishment of the Ottoman Jockey Club. Today’s races in İzmir is the continuation of this periodical organization started in the mid 19th century. On the other hand, İzmir is one of the oldest horse breeding cities of Turkey thanks to this initiative dating to 1856. This research aims to reveal the circumstances in which this centenary sportive, cultural and entertaning organization took root in Buca by the Levantines and foreign people living around. The paper is a part of a dissertation named “The Ethnographic History of Horse Racing in Turkey” which continues in the Department of Atatürk Principles and History of Revolution in Yıldız Technical University and is fed by the documents from The Jockey Club of Turkey Archive and some other related databases. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40069 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40069 Özlem ULUÇ KÜÇÜKCAN The aim of this study is to touch upon the two main social perceptions and demands (sense of insecurity and demands of justice) caused by mass media that surrounds daily life with its diversified products and to explain the impact of this perception and demand on state and governance. When the contents of media products are examined, it is seen that elements such as violence, fear and crime take place in a considerable amount and are watched by a large audience and as the monitoring rates increase, such content is prepared and presented to appeal to more consumers. Violence, fear and crime programs contribute to the development of a sense of insecurity in society and an increase in risk perception. The sense of insecurity and risk perception naturally leads to heightened expectations for better functioning justice, law and law enforcement mechanisms as living in safety is one of the basic needs of people. It can be said that the most important consequence of the sense of social insecurity and risk perception created by media is the expectation from public authority to operate the judicial system on the one hand, and to make the means and methods to combat crime more effective on the other in order to eliminate the risks to security, prevent possible crimes before they occur and punish criminals. For an average audience, this effect of media may not be visible and noticeable; because the audience consumes media products for news, entertainment, and information. However, the media has deeper and more complex effects than what is seen with the content it provides, the programs it constructs, the stories it presents and the messages it conveys. This study aims to discuss how mass media leads to social insecurity, risk perception and demands of justice, and to what extent this perception and demand can open up an area of surveillance, control and punishment to the public authority and the state. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40057 https://turkishstudies.net/social?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=40057 Osman YILMAZ Accountancy is a profession which is carried out individually and requires continuous intellectual activity in this process. As a result of the technological and telecommunication developments experienced as a result of the fourth industrial revolution, information storage and data processing capacity have increased; the way accountants do business and their approach to work have changed with easy access to and processing of information. Increasing expectations from the accounting department and professional accountants affects the motivation, performance and job satisfaction of the professionals. Achieving job satisfaction is important in terms of happiness, job motivation and job performances of professionals. Because of this importance, since its emergence, the concept of job satisfaction has been the subject of many researches and its relationship with many variables has been examined. In this study, it is aimed to determine whether behavioral consequences of job satisfaction of professional accountants differ in demographic characteristics, working time, expectations from work, working types of the members of the professions in order to contribute to the studies carried out to date. For this purpose, in this study, job satisfaction and internal and external dimensions of job satisfaction were examined, and it was analyzed whether it differed by ANOVA test by examining the differentiation and the direct effects of the differences of professional accountants on job satisfaction. According to the results of the study; It was determined that the participants' internal satisfaction and external satisfaction sub-dimension scores and job satisfaction scale scores were “medium level”. 2026-07-16