Turkish Studies - International, Year 2019 Issue Volume 14 Issue 6

Democratic Initiative in the Media and the Habur Case as a Communication Crisis: A Critical Approach

M. Mücahit KÜÇÜKYILMAZ — 2026-07-16

The democratic initiative process, launched in Turkey in mid-2009 with the intention of resolving the Kurdish problem, encountered a great crisis in Habur on October 19 despite having garnered unprecedented social, political and bureaucratic support. Even in healthy and normal process, actions should be taken in line with a strategic communication plan. However, when PKK terrorists’ surrender in Habur turned into a show for the group, it essentially became a communication crisis, which had a negative impact on the entire process while also causing new traumas in the Kurdish problem. As it turned out in the end, the possibility that there might be forces within the PKK terrorist organization and its then-political extension, the Democratic Society Party (DTP), who had ulterior motive, and that they might turn the process into a battle of symbols had not been calculated sufficiently. However, the positive perception among the public could have been supported especially via the mainstream media with a conscious communication strategy by means of arguments such as the PKK’s laying down arms and the blood shed coming to an end. This article, which analyses the views of influential journalists, writing for various newspapers, of the era, emphasizes, in such historical processes as the democratic initiative, the importance of building a positive public perception via the media and of the communication between the relevant actors of the process as well as the significance of holding the initiative and of public’s control over other actors.

THE EFFECTS OF CARDIO BOSU EXERCISE ON MENSTRUATION, STRESS AND DEPRESSION IN SEDENTARY WOMEN

Pelin AKYOLOsman İMAMOĞLU — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cardio Bosu exercise on the levels of menstruation, stress and depression in sedentary women. Forty-five sedentary women, who were in the menstrual cycle, were given moderate-intensity cardiopulmonary exercise for three days a week for 12 weeks. The pre-and post-exercise period perceived stress score and beck depression inventory were filled. Student-t test, Chi square, one way variance analysis and LSD tests were used in statistical procedures. Before beginning the exercise period, 26.7% of the women had irregular menstruation, and at the end of the exercise period this rate decreased to 8.9%. Perceived stress score in the study was found to be 28.87 before exercise and 31.01 before irregular menstruation and 26.10 before menstruation and 30.25 after irregular menstrual period. There was a statistically significant difference between menstrual conditions and stress scores (p <0.001). Also, depression score was found to be 14.01 in pre-exercise and 16.06 in irregular menstrual period and 13.26 in regular menstrual period and 17.25 in irregular menstrual period. There was a statistically significant difference between menstruation and depression scores (p <0.001). The waist / hip circumference ratio decreased from 0.81 cm before exercising to 0.77 cm after 3 months of exercise. In this study cardiovascular exercises decreased the risk of health as well as positive effect on both stress and depression score and menstrual irregularity. In addition to lowering stress and depression level scores, middle-aged sedentary women cardio void exercises of 50-60 minutes 3 days a week are recommended to increase regular menstruation.

ORAL NARRATIVE TRADITION IN TURKISH CINEMA: THE SAMPLE OF THE FILM HACI BEKTAS-I VELI

Birgül ALICI — 2026-07-16

Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli, one of the Khorasan saints who was sent to make Anatolia the Turkish homeland and tried to spread Islam in these lands, has made his name heard through ages whether it is for his ser-vices or for his moral principles. This study aims to determine how the scholar is adapted from his myth-based work Velâyetnâme to cinema and which dynamics play a role in this adaptation. It is important to know what kind of path is followed in the representation of the scholar in the cinema adaptation in terms of shedding light on the studies to be conducted in the field. In this context, Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli, the only long-term movie of the scholar, bearing his own name and screened in cine-mas, was compared through the method of intertextuality with the work Velâyetnâme. The fact that this comparison is a pioneering study regard-ing the research on Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli and the narrative of Hacı Bektaşı-ı Veli in cinema constitutes the importance of the study. The study is limited to his life, his basic teachings, his services in Anatolia, oral nar-rative tradition in Turkish cinema, and the intertextual comparison of the film Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli and Velâyetnâme. When the findings obtained from the study were evaluated, it was found that Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli was reflected as a pioneering religious leader, proper to his character, with his moral principles in his representation in the cinema. In addition, when the film Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli and the work Velâyetnâme are com-pared, it is understood that in both of them the dialogues are given im-portance in accordance with the traditional oral narrative tradition, in both an epic narration is employed, and the importance and contribu-tions given to the moral and national values are emphasized in the film, hence some events and details which do not support the main theme and focal point are omitted from the aforesaid film.

THE EFFECT OF CREDIT ANNOUNCEMENTS ON SHARE STOCK MARKETS: A SECTORAL ANALYSIS ON BORSA ISTANBUL

Erkan ALSU — 2026-07-16

It is seen that the announcements made by the credit rating agencies on the recent economies of the country have an impact on the investment decisions of foreign investors. Revealing the effects of these announcements, which are important for directing both national and international funds to stock markets, is important for market efficiency. In this study, the effect of credit rating announcements on stock markets is analyzed by sector. In the study, 2001-2018 date ranges were determined as the data period. The returns and closing values were calculated over daily stock indexes used in the study and the effects of the ratings of Fitch, Moody’s and Standart and Poors on the stock returns were determined according to the results. In the study, Event Study method was used to examine the effect of credit grade announcements on returns. As a result of the study, the effect of the explanations regarding the downgrading and not changing the ratings (stagnation) made by credit rating agencies was felt in the short term especially in financial sectors such as Financial and Banking and these two types of disclosures realized in these two sectors were perceived as negative and it has been determined that negative abnormal returns occur around the dates of the explanations as perceived. In the Industry and Trade sectors, did not find any findings that could be associated with the explanations. In addition, as a result of the positive statements indicating that the grade has increased, there is no finding that can be associated with this type of disclosure in any sector.

AN ALTERNATIVE NEW PLANT FOR THE FARMING CULTURE OF USAK (TURKEY): COLZA (BRASSICA NAPUS L.)

Ahmet ATASOYİlkay HASKAN ATASOY — 2026-07-16

This study is based on identification of the appropriate areas for colza cultivation in Usak province. The soil samples taken according to the ecological characteristics of colza plants were subjected to various analyses. Along with the soil analyses, farming fields, average temperature and precipitation maps of Usak province were used in the study. Farming fields of an area, average temperature, total precipitation, sand content, organic matter and soil reaction distribution maps (raster, Arc GIS 10.1) were generated from these drawings using analysis conversion tools (polygon to raster). These generated factor maps were reclassified (Reclass, Arc GIS 10.1) and overlapped through spatial data analysis (Spatial Analyst Tools, Arc GIS 10.1). As a result of all these procedures, 48.069 acres of land appropriate for colza cultivation were determined in Usak. In the first chapter of the study ecological and economical characteristics of colza plant are analyzed in accordance with the previous published studies. Immediately afterwards, the methods followed in field identification are explained in details. All procedure steps are presented with evidences in findings and discussion chapter. The further contributions of colza to the regions when cultivated are also stated in final chapter.

A REVIEW ON KİTSCH: KİTSCH MUSIC

R. Görkem AYTİMUR — 2026-07-16

In this study, considering the general structure of kitsch concept, its place in music is examined. In this sense, whether kitsch has an equivalent in the field of music is based on associating with fine arts. Kitsch presents itself as industrial cultural products in various fields of fine arts. Within these fields of art, Kitsch is emerged as an easily accessible, inexpensive, mass-oriented and imitation product of culture. In this context, it has been examined whether similar forms of production are in the field of music, the possible forms and structure of such productions are stated. In this study, first of all, kitsch concept and its structure in different fields of fine arts are explained in a general framework. Within this general framework, starting from the term's origins, the historical background of the concept is examined and its relationship with the established art tradition is expressed. It is explained how the parasitic relationship between real art and kitsch has turned into industrial and imitation productions. In the next stage, an examination of the concept of kitsch in music was conducted. The main features and structures of the productions which are expressed as ‘Kitsch Music’ are discussed. In this sense, the relationship between kitsch music and popular music as well as its place in serious music are mentioned. By conducting a common project with the music industry, it is stated how it structured an artificial music culture, and the place and structure of these imitation productions in the culture industry is examined. In summary, the aim of this study is to explain what kitsch music is.

A SWOT APPROACH TO THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL SCALE SPORTS CENTERS IN ANKARA

2026-07-16

Sustainability, in its broadest sense, includes ecological events and the processes, functions and productivity of these events in the future. The aim of this study is to relate the sustainability of small-scale sports centers in Ankara with the SWOT approach. The study was conducted with a total of 40 small and medium sized sports centers operating in eight central districts in Ankara. The managers, such as Business Manager and business owner, were asked to answer questions about the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, threats and plans of the next 10-15 years in accordance with the qualitative interview technique and semi-structured enterprises. The responses to semi-structured questions are divided into categories. At the beginning of respondents' responses to the strengths of the business are the experience and the trainer's involvement of the experts, increased operating costs between directions and competing businesses. Long-term sustainability of businesses when the answers to their objectives are examined, opening a new branch and moving to areas where there are more functional areas of use objectives. In the light of findings obtained from the participant's views, the different features of the businesses are seen as weaknesses for some businesses it is possible to mention that for some enterprises it is a flare. Only long-term sustainability thinking it was observed at the level of reaching economic refinement and no initiatives related to environmental and social sustainability were found.

A Look into Nazmi Ağıl's Translation of Canterbury Tales within the Framework of Translation Sociology

Didar Zeynep BATUMLUEmine BOGENÇ DEMİREL — 2026-07-16

Translation sociology studies the act of translation not only within a linguistic-textual perspective but also within an extra-textual perspective and sees translation as a product of the translator as a sociological agent. The scholars who do research in the field of translation sociology make use of the Bourdieusian concepts “habitus”, “field” and “symbolic capital”. Habitus which is the key concept of Bourdieu sociology and which can be defined as “the structuring structure” and which can be seen as the product of personal history manifests itself in the speaking and writing styles of the sociological agents. The act of translation as a writing form is basically a habitus-oriented activitiy. The translator translates according to his/her translator’s habitus which is the refined form of social habitus. Symbolic capital which is another useful Bourdieusian concept used in translation sociology and which is closely connected to the concept of habitus refers to the prestige, fame and stance of the sociological agents. Field which can be defined as a place of struggle and competition with its own rules is another useful concept. As in every field, in the field of translated literature, different sociological agents with different levels of symbolic capital compete with each other and although there is domination within the field, there is also struggle as well; the agents may choose to defy the rules of the field as well as choosing to obey them. Doxa refers to the internalized ideas which have become beliefs. Agents in a certain field may choose to reproduce doxa as well as challenging it. Canterbury Tales is one of the most important works of Geoffrey Chaucer who is considered as one of the most important poets and writers of English Literature and who is also a prominent poet. The circulation of Canterbury Tales, which is considered an important classical work and which has been translated to many different languages and adapted to different forms of art, started in the Republic Period. Although it has been translated into Turkish by various translators in different forms and partially, the full translation in verse form has been done by the poet, academic and translator Nazmi Ağıl for he first time. This article aims to examine the translation of Canterbury Tales by Nazmi Ağıl within the framework of translation sociology by the using the concepts habitus, field, symbolic capital and doxa both with textual and extra-textual aspects of it.

BODY LANGUAGE OF MINSTRELS

Yusuf BENLİ — 2026-07-16

This work particularly focuses on the significance and scope of the non-verbal communicative aspects (body language) and emphasizes the necessity to transfer Alevi-Bektashi teachings from one generation to others by means of minstrels’ body language. The main purpose of this work is analyzing and contextualizing how minstrels who are deeply concentrated on their music during performances reflect their special relations with music and melodies to their body languages. Music demonstrates its magical power especially in the performance and thouse melodies and sounds have physical effects on human mind and body; therefore, it is an important indicator showing the effect of music on living beings. This work is conveyed by methods such as participant observation and direct observation. It is observed that minstrels who embodied the cultural codes of their teachings in their performances fall into trance due to emotional richness and intense fervour. It is seen that this fervour deeply affects participants in cem ritual and they show this effect with some physical and psychological reactions like weeping, crying, swinging, heaving sighs, supplicating, losing in thoughts. In musical context, it is determined that this specific body language could be taken under scrutiny in three different ways of perception. Also this work detects that minstrels use their body languages in orderly forms or improvised ones depending on the nature of specific rituals. In Alevi-Bektashi culture, minstrels play a key role in the transfer of culture and teachings by means of artistic/aesthetical communication. To sum up, minstrels who perform their arts by instruments called baglama take advantage of the biological, psychological, sociological, physical, artistic and cultural aspects of communication by using their body languages.

THE STORY OF SEDENTARY LIFE FROM DUMUZI-ENKIMDU TO CAIN AND ABEL

Meryem BULUT — 2026-07-16

This study is concerned with the story of sedentary life from Dumuzi and Enkimdu to Cain and Abel. Humans led a nomadic life for a long time on the earth beginning with their existence. A “farmer-shepherd conflict” arose as a result of food production with the taming of vegetation and animals. Land is extremely important for growing grain and feeding animals. Conflicts occur between communities due to lands which cannot be shared with other communities. Such conflicts have been continuing today in the form of local conflicts. The story of Cain and Abel, who are considered as the symbols of agriculture and animal breeding activities, describes one of the oldest socio-economic conflicts of the existence of humanity on the earth. The origins of the narrative date back to the Sumerians. The universe, natural and supernatural worlds and the place humans occupy in all these, the meaning of his existence and descriptions on his past and future are transmitted from one generation to the next through myths in each society. The materials of discourse on the causes of humans’ existence are fed by myths. Myths contain the cultural, economic, political developments and several acts such as conflicts and murders in the history of humanity as well as didactic and moral elements. The narrative on Cain and Abel several meanings are available from drought to fertility, murder, disobedience and to urbanisation. The story of Cain and Abel- which is also present in Jewish, Christian and Islamic resources- preserves its importance today and is re-interpreted in religious discourse and in various disciplines

AN ANALYSIS ON FAMILY RELATIONS AND WORKING MOTIVATION OF YOUNG ADULT FEMALE WORKERS AT TEXTILE AND READY-MADE GARMENTS SECTOR

2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to reveal the motivation of working of young adult female workers employed in textile and ready-made garments sectors and how the interaction between family and working life affects them. Qualitative research method was used in the study. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 18 young adult female workers in various districts of Istanbul and Bursa's İnegöl districts using a semi-structured interview form. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the reasons of working in textile and ready-made garments sectors of young adult female workers are mostly factors such as economic necessity, social environment effect, relationship with education life, need of region and socialization. In addition, data on the evaluation of the family relations of the participants, the interaction between family and working life, and the effect of working life on the roles and responsibilities of the family were obtained. It was found that the majority of young adult female workers who participated in the study worked to meet the economic needs of their family and were seen as secondary labor. Participants meet the unqualified and untrained labor demand of the textile and ready-made garments sectors. Their ability to find jobs quickly and easily is especially effective in choosing these sectors. Participants working in workshops with difficult working conditions were found to have serious problems in spending quality time with their families and meeting their social needs.

Measurement of Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality and Experiential Marketing Practices of a Cargo Company

Murat ÇAKIRKAYA — 2026-07-16

The aim of the research is to determine whether experiential marketing practices have an impact on service quality. A data collection tool consisting of three main dimensions was developed to determine the effect of consumer perceptions of Yurtiçi Kargo on experiential marketing practices on consumer perceptions of this brand's service quality. In the first part, there are 6 demographic questions. In the second part, there are questions about perceived experiential marketing consisting of 25 items and five dimensions. In the third part, there are questions regarding the perception of service quality consisting of 22 items and five dimensions. Within the scope of the research, frequency analysis was performed first. Then, the dimensions related to the scales used in the research and descriptive statistics about the items were included. Finally, correlation and regression analyzes were performed and the study was completed. According to the results of the correlation analysis, a significant positive and high-level relationship was found between experiential marketing and service quality. (R = 0.873). After correlation analysis, regression analysis was conducted to determine the level of perceived experiential marketing practices affecting perceived service quality. The multiple regression model established for the Yurtiçi Kargo brand was generally significant. However, it was found that the perceived affective and social-identity experience variables, which were independent variables in the model, had no significant effect on the service quality. On the other hand, there is an inverse relationship between affective experience and service quality within the context of experiential marketing practices. Brands that can offer effective experiential marketing practices can differentiate themselves from other brands, create customer satisfaction and significantly affect consumers' preferences. Therefore, separate experiences should be designed and put into practice for five dimensions of experiential marketing in order for consumers to be affected by the service quality of Yurtiçi Kargo brand. In doing this, a unique approach should be adopted and customers should be involved in all processes.

INTELLECTUAL HEDONISM IN THE CONTEXT OF ART

Nurhan ÇAMÖZ AÇIKBAŞİsa ELİRİ — 2026-07-16

While the manipulated societies of the modern age keep up with the age as if everything is OK; The individual who communicates with the real work of art will, by nature, strive to find the highest pleasure he sought. The human mind is trying to make the universe he lives in understandable with his mind. This understanding will carry him to objective knowledge and will also make him enjoy life. Adorno expresses that the power of art is derived from representing the unrepresentable. It also declares that it is this idea that allows the individual to be liberated through art, depending on aesthetics. These views support the high level of pleasure provided by the artwork. The meeting of the audience in the common denominator is that subjects have the same aesthetic taste and aesthetic consciousness. In other words; The fact that a work is a work of art, the aesthetic taste and pleasure to be received from that work will be up to the place where the individual's sensitivity and intellectual knowledge reach. In this study, in relation to the intellectual hedonism in the context of the art work, the artist, the aesthetic consciousness of the consumer of art and the intellectual pleasure received based on the intellectual knowledge is examined. As a result; the bond that the artist has created with love and the mirror reflected to the audience from the outside, perhaps because of the desire to witness the miracles offered to man. The work of art is to expand the areas of existence of humanity by expanding the power hidden within itself to the widest areas where the human mind can reach, perhaps to discover its own essence.

“NATIONAL HOME CARE SYSTEM” FOR ACTIVE AGING

Erkan ÇAV — 2026-07-16

Turkey’s population of individuals aged 65+ is 7 million in the 82 million total population, and the ratio was closer to about 9 percent of the general population. With the existing institutional care systems on the basis of nursing homes where 26.460 elderly people receive service, the welfare of this population can not be ensured. Turkey, a growing elderly population should be developed in parallel with social policies and practices. Thus, existing and potential social problems are prevented. Disadvantaged groups have a decisive role in the formation of social welfare. It is possible to raise the welfare of the elderly, which is one of these disadvantaged groups, with various applications. Home Care System is one of these applications. Apart from the elderly, people with children, disabilities, chronic patients and other disadvantaged groups and individuals who need other care can improve their individual well-being through a home care system that temporary or permanent benefit. The prosperity of disadvantaged groups increases the welfare of the whole society. For this reason, we recommend the “National Home Care System” (NHCS), which will increase the welfare of the individual and the community. This system is compatible with Turkey’s family structure, social fabric, economic efficiency, existing facilities and the general lifestyle choices. The system is also a need, effective, sustainable and lasting solution for the social service goal of “living disadvantaged individuals in their families and all together within sociaty in welfare”. This sub-system should be part of the upper-system that is “National Integrated Social Work System” (NISWS), which will manage all social work structures, facilities, functions and practices of the country in an integrated manner.

COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF SPACE IN A MOVING VILLAGE IN ANATOLIA: OLD AND NEW KESMEZ VILLAGE

Hatice ÇINARDicle AYDIN — 2026-07-16

The settlements in Anatolia involve different architectural and settlement examples that best reflect the characteristics of the geography and climate in which they are located. The settlement character of regional differences varies from region to region, even in rural areas within the same region. The differences that distinguish the settlements are remarkable with their local architectural identity features. Some of the rural settlements in Anatolia have been established in areas that are not convenient for settlement, or have been damaged by natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, landslides, etc.) over time, and have faced extinction. For this reason, in the first years of the Republic period, relocating/moving the villages in order to improve the living conditions, to provide service, and to enable the residents to continue to live in safer areas was brought to agenda. In this study, as an example of shifted settlements, Kesmez village of Karapınar district of Konya was analysed by comparison between old and new settlements, and the similarities and differences of a re-structured village with the old settlement were evaluated in terms of natural environment and socio-cultural components. The research topic is based on the analysis of the factors affecting physical shaping. As a result, it was determined that natural and socio-cultural factors cause differences in the old Kesmez village areas and houses and the new Kesmez village areas and houses. The transition from unplanned natural areas to planned and regular settlements and the architectural similarities and differences that have emerged because of this transition have been revealed through the example of the changing village settlement.

SOCIAL IMPACTS AND RESULTS OF TRANSLATION MOVEMENTS MADE FROM ISLAMIC WORLD (BETWEEN 1960-1990)

Tahir DAĞCI — 2026-07-16

One of the most important turning points in the history of the Republic of Turkey was the end of the single-party system and the beginning of multi-party life. With the transition to multi-party life after 1946, changes ve transformations took place in the social sphere. This article was mentioned shortly in 1960 after the change and transformation in Turkey. In particular, the influence of translation movements led to differentiation in the religious understanding of the İslamic groups. Translations of echoes formed by the Islamic groups in Turkey and has made assessments on results. Other social segments of the period were excluded. The political and social impacts of the translated works in the period between 1960-1990 were examined from an objective point of view. Literacy of the translations has mobilized the Islamic section politically and religiously. İt has been reached that the translations distinguish themselves from the conservative-nationalist wing in terms of mentality. Translation Islamist movements as a result of cutting a portion of Turkey (particularly in the political-activist wing), a predecessor of origin Egypt and India shifted to a line. As a result of this predecessor discourse, concepts such as deity, lord, worship, and state which have been in the traditional history of Islamic thought have been redefined. Thus, until the 1960s a large main body encompassing a conservative-nationalist-holistic approach; Under the influence of this predecessor discourse that emerged after the 1960s, Islamists, nationalists, conservatives, national viewers, idealists, congregations, sects were divided into small particles.The effect of translation movements on the Islamic segment continued after the 1980 coup. Although it was overcome with moderate Islamic policy in the world in the 1990s, this predecessor understanding, even at micro level, still exists in society.

LİTERARY TRANSLATİON WORKS OF THE CONTEXT OF TURKİSH-HUNGARİAN CULTURAL RELATİONS FROM PAST TO PRESENT

Alev DURAN — 2026-07-16

The Hungarians are a people who are in close contact with the Turks since the most ancient periods of history. The cultural interaction of the two peoples therefore goes back to the darkest periods of history. The entry of the Hungarians into the Ottoman rule in the history of the relations of the two peoples has been a historical turning point, and the two cultures have found the opportunity to get to know each other closely and have entered the phase of integration. Since the Ottoman period, the two cultures have become familiar with each other in the literary field. The fact that this friendship bond, which had been established in the Ottoman period, has extended to the present day, has ensured the continuity of the interaction between the cultures of these two friendly countries. The artistic translations of the two countries, which are indicative of intercultural communication, have more than a century of history. While the developmental dynamics of this issue are determined by the political, economic and social elements of the two countries, the main factor that constitutes the dynamic is the friendship and brotherhood ties from the depths of history between the Turkish and Hungarian peoples. It is an important part of the Hungarian cultural exchange with translations from Hungarian to Turkish. So translations is wrong to consider as a translation only the language, the culture is necessary to examine the translation. In this study, the Turkish-Hungarian relations in parallel with the increasing interest for study aims to contribute to the examination of literary translations in Turkey. The lack of studies on the translation activities together in cultural relations, but this study is the most obvious difference and contribute to a growing literature on Turkey-Hungary relations and is intended to contribute to both the Turkish-Hungarian relations. In this survey, the first translation from Hungarian to Turkish, the systematic translation activity in the Republican period and the translations from Hungarian literature to Turkish were discussed.

SALİHLİ /DAMATLI VILLAGE OLD MOSQUE HAND-PAİNTED ORNAMENTS (MANİSA)

Serap ERÇİN KOÇER — 2026-07-16

Hand drawn has a wide application area in Turkish art. Especially in the last period of Ottoman Empirei bath religious and civil architecture, hand drawn decoration is seen intensively. Hand drawn embellishments, also known as dyed embroideries, are applied directly on plaster or on wood material. In wooden material, it is usually seen on door- window wings, pulpit, sermon platform, top cover. When applied on plaster, it is covered in the dome of the building, the mihrab and the body walls of the building. There are hand drawn decorations applied on the plaster on the walls of the Old Mosque of Damatlı Village which resists against time. The hand-drawn embellishments being applied are very rich in terms of subject matter. There are architectural space depictions (dwellings, mosques, etc.) , nature depictions, still lifes, symbolic depictions, writing decorations. There are depictions which are considered as symbol of fertility in some buildings in Anatolia. These depictions often appear in mosques. There are depictions such as poppy plant, sliced watermelon motif, grape and fig on the hand-drawn decorations applied on plaster on the last congregation place of Damatlı Village old Mosque and the walls of the sanctuary bodyThe buildings is 17 km from Salihli district at the foot of Bozdağlar, Damatlı Village. Due to the rain water leaking from the cracked wooden ceiling of the structure, which is quite ruined, deterioration occurred in the decoration of hand drawn work. In this study, the decoration of mosque, which is in danger of extinction, is discussed in detailed and compared with similar applications in different regions.

THE ATTITUDES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS STUDYING IN BOARDING SCHOOLS IN KARABÜK PROVINCE TOWARDS PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSONS

Vedat ERİMİsa DOĞAN , Serdar CEYHUN — 2026-07-16

The aim of the study is to examine the attitudes of the high school students attending Karabük boarding schools towards Physical Education and Sports lessons and to find significance levels according to various variables. The research group consists of a total of 350 students, 262 male and 88 female students studying in three boarding high schools located in the central province of Karabük in 2016-2017 academic year. In order to determine student attitudes, attitude scale consisting of 12 positive and 12 negative items developed by Demirhan and Altay was used. For the reliability of the 24-item scale, Cronbach Alpha was used in the test-retest test and the intraclass correlation coefficient was used in the analysis of the scores obtained. Findings: According to the findings, the attitudes of the students in the 14-16 age group towards physical education lesson were statistically significantly higher than the participants in the 17-19 age group. The attitudes of the students participating in the survey towards physical education courses do not differ statistically by gender. It was determined that the attitudes of the students who participated in the research towards physical education lesson did not show statistically significant difference according to students’ grades. In the study, the attitudes of high school students towards physical education lesson did not differ statistically according to the class level and gender variable, while the attitudes of the students towards physical education lesson differed according to the age variable. This situation may be influenced by students' living in a similar social environment. In addition, it can be said that the attitudes of the students towards physical education and sports lessons are similar. Within these results, physical education and sports lessons of reshaping the attitudes of students according to their content be advisable.

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS PERSPECTİVE OF THE TİBERİUS GRACCHUS'S (163-133 BC.) SOIL REFORM INTERVENTION

Ahmet GÖZLÜ — 2026-07-16

Tiberius Gracchus is an elite Roman who was murdered for the sake of a series of socio-political problems that emerged as a result of Rome's enlargement policy. The first stage of class conflicts, which will last for many years since the foundation of Rome, is the patriarch-pleb struggles. As a continuation of this struggle, as a result of the changing social structure, the confusion that would continue under the name of optimate (aristocrats) and populare (popular advocates) continued with the imperialist policies of Rome. The fact that Rome began to gain land outside Italy and the expansion of borders brought about a number of problems, especially in social life. In the wars that lasted for many years, the unoccupied areas of the lower section were transformed into pastures and seized by the noble sector and the peasant sector and thus the farming were severely damaged. To overcome these problems, Tiberius Gracchus became the first reformer of Rome with the land reform, in which he intended to take state land unjustly seized by the great landowners aristocrats and give it to the needy Romans and Italians and to revive agriculture. But the steps Tiberius took for land reform were movements that were not in line with the current system and were damaging the interests of the elite. This law, which harmed the interests of the elite class, was strongly opposed by wealthy people, and although it was vetoed many times, it was barely adopted. These innovations, despite the Senate, brought Tiberius Gracchus to an end and were eventually killed for reasons such as an attitude against the state. The aim of this study is to examine the socio-economic crises that emerged as a result of the expansion policy of the Roman Empire and the reformal solutions to the problems caused by these crises.

THE TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKE’S HOLY THURSDAY FROM SONGS OF EXPERIENCE

Serda GÜZELVeysel KILIÇ — 2026-07-16

In this article, I will try to analyze William Blake’s selected poem Holly Thursay from Song of Experience. The selected lexical items and linguistic features are analyzed in each stanze in order to reveal hidden meaning and hidden messages in the poem. It is significant to analyze the selected poem’s linguistic and lexico grammatical features because the selected poem can carry hidden ideological and political agenda and messages. The qualititative approach is used in this study in order to reveal and explore hidden messages and meanings. I will also analyze the poem in terms of the standards of textuality in because text is a communicative event; and it is a basic semantic unit, therefore text can be examined in terms of seven standards of textuality i.e. cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, intertextuality (Beaugrande & Dressler,1981,Kılıç,2002). If these standards of textuality cannot be realized in the text, the text does not achieve communicative purposes (Widdowson,2007:4-5). In this sense, standards of textuality in the poem is analyzed in order to establish, realize, organize, meaning in the poem. Regarding this, this article focuses on functions of language used in the poem in order to reveal the deeper meaning in the poem. The study indicates that the selected poem has ideological and hidden messages. The hidden and ideological messages are establihed by means of selected lexical items and linguistic features. The political and ideological messages are textually employed by the selected poem’s language.

SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGING HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ

Bülent KARA — 2026-07-16

Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli Inthecity of Nişabur of Horasan 13th century. He wasborn. Lokman Parende''inthefirsteducationafter Ahmet Yesevi 's teachingsfollowthetraining of the Alevi'nin widespread in Anatolia cametothewidespread. When Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli is mentioned, themostimportantthingthatcomestomind is emphasizingthat he has reasonandknowledge. Theuniverse is thebearer of a behaviorthatextendstoeternity.Bektaş'sintellectualloveandhumanlovearethebasisforthequalitiesthatenablesocial life to be focused. Thankstothethought of Bektaş, people can tastetheenvironment of socialreconciliationandpeace. At thesame time BektashisabsorbedtheIslamiccultureandspread it aroundtheworld. It'sthebestsourcehe'sheard. Theconceptsused in this sense arebrotherhood, goodness, tolerance, peace.When Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli stepped on Anatolia, therewasnopoliticalunityorsocialorder in Anatolia. Therewas a needfor a collective, conciliatorysocialcontentthatembracedsociety in the sense of clutter. This is theresult of theBektashismascension. As a result, Bektaş-ı Velinin followedthelecturesandconversations, andthosewhowereconnectedto his orderwerecalledBektashi in accordancewiththeprocedure in Sufism. The way to understand HacıBektaş sociologically is related to his point of view. To understand this point of view can be done intentionally to examine his works. If we come to his works; Kitabü'l-Feva'id, Surat al-Fatihah, BesmeleŞerhi, Makalalat-i Gaybiye and Kelimat-ı Ayniyye.HaciBektash-i Veli "Weshall be one, weshall be great, be alive", theunitybetweenpeople, unitymeanssolidarity. Inaddition, Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli, on theforehead, cleaning, working hard, said "Youdeservetheplaceyouhaveearned, theplaceyou sit." Insociety, he has voicedsuchthings as integrity, loveamongpeople, respect, tolerance, brotherhood. "Standupforthe service thatliftsyourfeet, sit downwithrespectwhenyouwill talk withwisdomand talk whenyouwillspeak!"

The Impacts of Teams-Games-Tournaments on Academic Achievement in Social Studies Course

Cihan KARAAşkın BAYDAR — 2026-07-16

Cooperative learning is one of the most students centered methods that is suggested to teachers for today’s learning environments. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of (TGT), which is one of the cooperative methods, and conventional teaching method on 5th graders’ academic achievement in a social studies course. Pretest-posttest model with a control group that is one of the true experimental designs was used. The study group of the research consisted of 40 5th graders who attended Atatürk Secondary School in Artvin central district in 2017-2018 school year. 5-A class (n=20) was chosen as experimental group and 5-B class (n=20) was chosen as control group for the research. Objectives in Ministry of National Education Social Studies Curriculum, as part of Active Citizenship learning domain, applied to the students in both experimental and control groups as criterion. Academic achievement test was used as data collection tool which was developed by the researchers as a multiple choice test. Obtained data was analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). At the end of the study it was found that using TGT is more effective than using the conventional method on 5th graders academic achievement in social studies course.

THE EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN COOPERATIVES IN REDUCING WOMEN POVERTY IN THE CONTEXT OF MONETARY AND PARTICIPATORY POVERTY APPROACHES: THE CASES OF ISTANBUL AND BURSA

Esra Nur KAZAR — 2026-07-16

Poverty is a multidimensional concept with different definitions in different societies, times and cultures. Poverty definitions change according to the criterion taken into consideration when making poverty definitions. The concept of women's poverty, on the other hand, expresses that as a sub-dimension of poverty, women experience poverty more deeply and more severely than men and emphasize their disadvantageous position in society. Since the 1970s, attention has been drawn to women's poverty and the need to create special social policy tools for this disadvantaged population arose. Women's poverty is a social policy tool in the prevention of women's cooperatives in Turkey defaults began to attract attention by making improvements in women's economic and social life since 2001. Women's co-operatives are able to recruit housewives, especially those who are far from employment and who are at greater risk of poverty, and this has led to increased interest in women's co-operatives. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the role of women's co-operatives in reducing women's poverty within the context of interviews with women's co-operative workers in the context of monetary and participatory approaches. The research was based on a cross-sectional survey model and the structured interview form were applied to 63 female employees of 6 women's co-operatives in Istanbul and 49 female employees of 7 women's co-operatives in Bursa. When the role of co-operatives is evaluated according to the socio-economic status of women's co-operative workers, it is found that the role of women's co-operatives in the reduction of poverty in terms of monetary approach is limited. When the socio-economic situation of the participants is evaluated in terms of participatory approach, the majority of the participants do not see themselves as poor.

INVESTIGATION OF RURAL ARCHITECTURE OF BELENALAN VILLAGE AND AN EXAMPLE OF “BUTTONED” HOUSE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

Ayşe Esin KULELİSelin AKDEĞİRMEN — 2026-07-16

The first thing to be done for sustaining and preservation of cultural heritage is to investigate the values that create the heritage and to make the inventory. The strategies developed after inventory and monitoring studies made are the most important components of the preservation process. Comprehensive and sustainable preservation is possible by educating and supporting decision-makers, owners of tangible cultural assets and the architects and related professional groups who will carry out conservation studies of cultural heritage and increasing the quality of conservation activities. In this context, academic studies and researches on the documentation and preservation of vernacular architecture are of great importance for the documentation and preservation of rural architecture that is not interesting as monumental buildings. The construction technique, which is often used in vernacular architecture, is mostly possible to understand with detailed examination and documentation of the existing buildings. Even if the structures have been registered, the original values of the structure begin to disappear due to their collapse or the increase of physical deformations. It is known that people living in different settlements have developed construction systems that vary according to their location by evaluating the natural resources in the environment in line with local traditions and needs. The “buttoned” construction system developed in the Akseki-İbradı basin, reflecting a region-specific building tradition can be given as an example to this view. During this research, the local architectural features of Akseki, Belenalan Village and the buildings in the village have been examined and evaluated. The architectural character of a house that has to be protected has been examined and the information obtained, the determinations made and some drawings produced have been shared with the researchers.

JOURNEY FROM CLASSİC ŞERH TRADİTİON TO MODERN ŞERH TRADİTİON A SYSTEMATİC, CONTEMPORARY COMMENTATOR

Sema LEVENT — 2026-07-16

Language is a living and changing entity. Therefore, words have a meaning destroyed world according to in the course of time shrinking, expanding, sometimes can not adapt to change. Although the sentence structure, the words in use change grammatically, the words gain new meanings, our classic works, which are immortal by defying years, are our cultural heritage and must be protected in every way. Besides protection, it should be presented to the reader of today and all conditions should be provided for people to benefit from it. So how can our works written in the Classical period be brought together with today's readers? At this point, ''Şerh'' studies have an indescribable importance. Especially, Şerh studies which are made as a discipline, activates the reader's imagination and introduces it to the magical world of classical poetry, on the other hand, it teaches the reader our religious, national, spiritual sacred values. The future is built on the past. In this sense, it is important to know the past. Muhammet Nur Dogan also presented our classical poetry to the service of today's readers with his şerh studies and also became a role model for literary researchers in how to make a systematic and successful şerh for academics who will focus on the field of şerh, he succeeded in developing a systematic method in the field of şerh.

THE EFFECTS OF UNDERSTANDING OF KIRAAT VEJEEHS IN THE TAFSEER OF KEVASI (EXAMPLE OF SURAT AL-ANBIYA)

Ömer ÖZBEK — 2026-07-16

Muvaffakuddîn al-Mavsilî Ahmed b. Yusuf b. Hasen b. Rafi b. Huseyn b. Suvaydan al-Kawashi (d. 680/1281) who lived in the end of XIIth century with in the beginning of XIIIth century was born and raised in the city of Kawash near Mosul and died here again in 680/1281. It is known to be connected to Shafi's sect. He summarized his work called Tabsıratu al-Mutazakkir fi't-Tafseer, and then summarized it as a small volume commentary by al-Talhîs. Although he is not very famous as mufassir (interpratation), it can be said that according to his works, Kawashi is mostly engaged in sciences such as tafsir, kıraat and Arabic. It has established itself in these areas and it is considered as the authority. His commentary together with Suyûtî also made use of Celâleddin al-Mahallî. Kevaş reflects his knowledge in jurisprudence such as fiqh, hadith and sufism while writing his work. However, it is easily understood from the commentaries that it is the most authoritative in Qiraat and in Arabic language. Among the sources of Tafseer, the commentaries Zemahşerî (d. 538/1144) and Beağavî (d. 516/1122) come to the fore. In the information related to the pieces, their references are mostly seen by these two mufessian works such as Chashshaf and Maâlîmu al-Tanzîl. In his Tafseer he made quite a lot of transmissions from the Chashshaf, the shaz qiraat which is one of the problematics of the science of qiraat. From the Companions Abbullah Ibn Abbas (d. 68/687), Abullah Ibn Masud (d. 32/652) Snt. Ali (d. 40/661) and Snt. Aisha (d. 58/678), as well as many people related to commentary Kawashi related to the riwayats (rumors) of the vaceehs of the qiraat. This study aims to determine and evaluate how Kawashi handle the vaceehs of qiraat and what they add to on the meaning of interpretation in the Surah al-Anbiya by examining it from a manuscript work, al-Tabsıratu al-Mutazakkir. Thus, this study will be a step in the more comprehensive studies on this tafseer. Although the existence of different copies of the work has required the verification, the Suleymaniye Library Fazıl Ahmet Pasha, which is in our hands as a whole, will be used in the copy which is registered in the number of 137.

FREEDOM OF THE PRESS WİTHİNTHE FRAMEWORKOF THE CONSEPT OF CENSORSHIPİN THE USA

Nargis ÖZGEN — 2026-07-16

The media is one of the most important elements of the state hegemony in capitalist societies. States strive to use the media effectively in order to spread their ideology and understanding of governance to large masses and to create unity and togetherness within the country. The United States has made freedom of communication a constitutional guarantee and has set an example to the world since 1791 with the provision that “Congress cannot make laws limiting freedom of speech or the press.” This amendment, which does not give Congress the right to legislate on matters of thought, expression, and dissemination of expression, can be considered a demonstration of freedoms in America. However, the censorship sanctions imposed on the media have caused dark clouds to circulate over the freedom of the press guaranteed by the Constitution. Prior to the recent invasion of Iraq by the United States, the claim made by the United States and its allies that there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, which was integrated with the rhetoric of bringing democracy and freedom to the country, has been cited as the main justification for the attack on Iraq. However, the fact that this claim was unfounded and that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq later in the war brought up the injustice of America's war, which was legitimized through the media, and brought up frequently discussed issues such as propaganda, manipulation and disinformation of news, and censorship. Considering the Iraq War and the new concepts it brought with it, it is possible to see how the censorship mechanism changed shape. Especially when the practice of Embedded journalism is evaluated, it is clearly shown that the contracts signed by journalists operate the pre-supervision mechanism and that censorship is applied in its most explicit form. The study was enriched by interviews with journalists and the way the censorship mechanism works was evaluated.

A RESEARCH ON THE EXCAVATION, PROTECTION-CONSERVATION AND APLICATION PROJECT OF THE VAN ABBAS AGA MOSQUE

Şahabettin ÖZTÜRK — 2026-07-16

Abbas Aga Mosque which is located in the northwestern part of the Old Van City is in a ruinous condition currently. It is not known for certain when and by whom Abbas Aga Mosque was built. Considering the building's construction materials, technique and the form, it is assumed that it was built at the end of the XIXth century. Flat roof covering system of the building which was used until the year of 1915 was ruined after 1918 and other parts are tried to survive in spite of the nature's and treasure hunters' negative effects. Interior space of the building was built in approximately 9.10 x 18.75 m. sizes, cross planned. Entrance of the mosque is through a door of 1.58 m. width from the north. Approximately 2 m of the frames forming the building are rubble stoned and other parts are completed with using mud-brick materials thoroughly. The building's floor level, gathering place story, two pedestals where abutments settle, altar niche, pulpit base and settling styles have been observed during the scientific excavation works in 2013. Yard components and the street pattern were appeared after excavations which were done in surounding areas of the mosque. Application projects of survey, restitution and were prepared upon all new data coming out of the excavations. Renovation works are continued by Foundations Directory's Bitlis Regional Office. Abbas Aga Mosque varies in terms of architectural qualities from other religious buildings in the region from the aspects of aks-i seda küpleri (echo cubes) which were put in the inside parts of the frame walls which were made out of mud-brick materials and clay and flat soil roof system and construction techniques.

A CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE NARRATIVES ACCEPTED AS RELIABLE BY SHI'A (IMAMIYYA) REGARDING THE LEGACY(FEDEK) DEMAND OF HZ. FATIMA

Mevlüt POYRAZ — 2026-07-16

This study includes criticism about the authenticity of Shia narratives about the legacy demand of Hz. Fatima, the daughter of Hz. Prophet (bpuh), from the Caliph Hz. Abu Bakr or the request for the return of the land of Fedek, which he claimed to be usurped by the caliph after the death of Hz. Prophet(pbuh). Shia sources are based the issue not in the context of Hz. Prophet's legacy, but on the return of the land of Fedek, which they claim to have given to his daughter Hz. Fatima while he was alive, to Hz. Fatima. The accuracy of the claim subjected to these narratives raises serious doubt. This study executed in the context of narratives on the Shia (Imamiyya) sources reveals that, as mentioned in these narrations, there is neither a usurp event nor a demand for its return. During the Umayyad period, That the usage of Fedek's savings was out of purpose triggered those who pursued worldly accounts in deep structuring and those who carried secret religion and by producing these kinds of narratives under the cover of the seeing Ahl al-bayt's right, They made the justice of the Messenger of Allah material to their narratives to the other just and distinguished Companions “the prominent”, as well as Ahl al-Bayt and carried out the attack on Islam, which was their main purpose. In addition, those who targeted the Prophet and his notification with such narratives, but realized that this could not be done in his person, also tried to prevent these two people who were raised by him and had no shirk or blasphemy at any time in their lives to be model. In fact, historically there was no issue of the request for inheritance or the return of the so-called grant between Fatima and Abu Bakr.

THE OPINIONS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ON INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION

Okan SARIGÖZ — 2026-07-16

Individualized education model describes an education model in which students receive education individually with respect to their personality traits and various characteristics. In this model, educational programme must be constructed according to the needs of the family, the individual and the teacher, and all the preparations for the classes must be designated based on the individual’s cognitive, sensitive and kinesthetic aspects. The purpose of this education model is to provide all students with an education opportunity that could make them successful, raise their awareness, boost their motivation and help them reach their goals. The objective of this study is to determine the opinions of classroom teachers working in primary schools on individualized education. The working group of the study is composed by 187 classroom teachers working in schools within the city center associated to Hatay Provincial Directorate for National Education. The research is an educational study conducted with descriptive survey model. It was found through the results of this study that individualized education expresses personal education, planned teaching, personal study, rapid education, planned study by the student, personalization of education and individual responsibility. It was also found that among the benefits of individualized education there exists improvement of feeling of responsibility, making faster learning possible, supporting researching abilities, increasing readiness level, and rising academic success for the student. Furthermore, it was observed that in individualized education; teachers were the managers in the classroom, and the tasks of setting targets, arranging the timing, making the plans and preparing the educational programme were supposed to be handled by the teachers.

ORGANIZATIONAL CYNICISM LEVELS OF SPORT COACHES

Hakan SUNAYBayram KAYA , Recep CENGİZ — 2026-07-16

People who believe that he and other people only care about their own interests are called ik cynic ’and kavrama cynicism kavrama which is shaped by this phenomenon. Organizational cynicism consists of the belief that the individual is deprived of the institution without a whole, negative and critical thinking and humiliating attitudes towards the institution to which the individual belongs. Purpose of the study; to determine the negative attitudes of the coaches towards the sports clubs or sports enterprises where they work. In this respect, it has been revealed whether there are significant differences between the levels of organizational cynicism according to the gender, age groups, service time, coaching levels, sporting style and income variables. This research is a quantitative research in descriptive relational survey model. The population of the study consists of coaches in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th levels * working in sports clubs or sports establishments in Ankara and Manisa. The sample of the study consists of a total of 503 coaches, 72 women (14.3%) and 431 men (85.7%) selected randomly in the universe. As a data collection tool, the personal information form formed by the researchers and the S Organizational Cynicism Scale tarafından developed by Brandes et al. (1999) were applied to coaches in Ankara and Manisa. Organizational cynicism has three dimensions: cognitive, affective and behavioral. Personal information of the coaches participating in the research and scores obtained from the scale were analyzed by frequency, percentage and arithmetic mean. Unrelated t-test was used according to the variables of gender and form of sports, and One Way ANOVA was used to determine the differences between the group averages. Organizational cynicism of the trainers was made by multiple comparison of age variable (scheffe analysis). As a result; Although the level of organizational cynicism of coaches is not high; It was concluded that the level of organizational cynicism of young coaches with low level of service time is high.

THE INVESTIGATION OF DEPRESSION AND INTERNET ADDICTION LEVELS OF DİVORCED AND MARRIED INDIVIDUALS

Besra TAŞYakup İME — 2026-07-16

Nowadays, internet addiction is increasing day by day. Internet addiction is not only a problem for adolescents but also it manifests itself as a central problem in adults. Many adults spend time on the internet to relieve their stress or spend their free time. Uncontrolled use of the relevant situation over time results in internet addiction. At the same time, this situation can lead to the case of depression with individuals. This study aims at revealing the relation on “Depression and Internet Addiction of Divorced and Married Individuals”. The research has been conducted with a total of 353 participants (52.4% female, 47.6% male), 189 married and 164 divorced ones in Avcılar, Beylikdüzü and Esenyurt region of Istanbul province.Percentages, arithmetic means, standard deviations, independent groups t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test were used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the study, it was found that the mean scores of divorced individuals were statistically higher than the married individuals regarding the mean scores of depression. When the internet addiction scores of divorced and married individuals were examined, it was revealed that the mean scores of divorced individuals were statistically higher than married individuals compared to the average scores of internet addiction. Thus, considering this result, it has been concluded that divorced individuals have higher levels of internet addiction and depression than the married ones.

The Level of Financial Literacy: A Literature Survey and the Evaluation of Results

Nevzat TETİK — 2026-07-16

Being one of the ability of financial consciousness, financial literacy as a new concept takes place in basic public policies and strategies with an increasing significance. In Turkey, after the 2008 global economic crisis financial literacy has become popular. In recent years in order to increase social awareness, many researchers, academicians and institutions have made several studies, have organized a lot of social projects and education programs and have prepared many reports. This study is conducted in order to show the general situation of activities about financial literacy and the financial literacy levels of individuals according to demographic characteristics in Turkey within the framework of literature. The general conclusion of this study is that in Turkey the level of financial literacy is very low and for this reason updated and expanded activities on this area should be increased. In our opinion, it is essential and necessary for determinating and increasing the level of financial literacy in Turkey, basically, for future research and activities, it should be paid attention to the following steps: 1- First of all, the studies on a wide range and number financial literacy level of Turkey is very limited and insufficient. With this angle, it is extremely essential as a state policy that with the leadership of the government should provide the required substructures, organize, follow and gathering partners bunch together. 2- It is so far most of the research and educational activities carried out are about university youth. This is very important with regards to all activities on these group that have a say in and make a decision on management in the future. On the other hand, there is a significant part of the population without having higher education, whose also included in social life and investment decisions, it is very important and necessary for future studies gain a sudden intensity on households as well. 3- It is a well-known and accepted fact that financial literacy education starts from the basic level of primary school in the world literature. When we look at the studies conducted in our country, researches and educational activities at the level of primary-middle-high school are inadequate. The pre-university target groups, as in the developed countries, take into account the demographic characteristics in the studies and regulation of financial education curriculum with the findings must be carried out urgently.

CULTURAL PEDAGOGY OF TRADITIONAL WRESTLING OF TURKISH PEOPLE

Mehmet TÜRKMENKanat DZHANUZAKOV — 2026-07-16

Purpose: This study will examine the physical, intellectual and moral pedagogy of Turkish people in traditional wrestling. Method: In this study, literature review was made. Turkey is scanned at literatürü of the country except Turkey. Findings: Born deep in humankind‘s Palaeolithic prehistory, wrestling has survived, in innumerable forms and in virtually all cultures, down to the present day. That it has done so speaks to the widespread propensity for human beings to attach meaning to expressions of physicality that, at their core, necessitate the struggle of one person to gain mastery over another. What were the cultural and pedagogical elements of these trends? It is aimed to answer the question of what kind of contribution it can make to the sportsman training. Descriptive identification and comparison method were used among the models included in the qualitative approach. Get the “Tvorchestvo Fransua…” study of M.M. Bakhtin to the center, it was limited to Turkish peoples. As a result; the ancient Turks, who lived the steppe-nomadic life, had to be strong, challenging and durable by nature. He had to reach the collective consciousness as well as the intellectual and moral aspects. In order to be raised in this way, he would of course require training from his ancestors. Conclusion: XII. Century Persian “pehlewan” to the term leaving "alplik", it was the right of nine conditional seculars and another nine conditional spiritual worlds. Some of these cultural pedagogies from the Turkish wrestling tradition will contribute to contemporary sports education. We recommend that these lost national qualities be replaced by wrestlers, which will not be difficult for them to adapt to the rules of wrestling.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKING SECTOR THROUGH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS BY USING COUNTRY BASED BANKING DATA

Burçay YAŞAR AKÇALIEsra OSMANAĞAOĞLU — 2026-07-16

Banks, which are the most important actors in financial markets, have undergone a significant transformation in their business models and organizational structures in the last twenty years. The most important reason for this transformation is the need for large-scale deposit banks to achieve sustainable profitability in order to survive in the future. For this reason, banks are searching ways to find new financial products, to serve more customers without incurring additional costs and to conduct their existing operations more efficiently. In this study, the banking data of 37 countries obtained from the World Bank for the period 2000-2016 were analysed by panel data analysis method. These 37 countries consist of 20 member states of the European Union, 15 Emerging Market countries, the USA and Switzerland. There are internal factors affecting the profitability of banks (factors that are under the management of bank) and external that is macro economic factors. The aim of this study was to determine what are the internal and external variables affecting return on assets of the banking sector of 37 countries and to find out which of these variables have positive and which have negative effects in increasing the profitability. Return on assets (ROA) is considered as the most effective indicator in measuring the performance of the banks. It was concluded, in the model accepting the return on assets as the dependent variable that, net interest margin was the most effective internal factor affecting the return on assets positively, Lerner index was the most effective external factor, and the most effective internal factor affecting the return on assets negatively was the ratio of non performing loans to gross loans.

TURKEY’S INCENTIVE POLICIES IN ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

Hasan YILDIZHAN — 2026-07-16

The electricity demand of Turkey is increasing rapidly for the last two decades due to the fast industrialization, population growth, urbanization and economic development. For this reason, it is compulsory that Turkey must adopt the most suitable incentive policy for energy resources towards the goal of increasing electricity production amount to meet its demand. In this study, incentives for different energy resources (natural gas assisted thermal power plants, coal assisted thermal power plants, renewable energy resources, nuclear energy) that Turkey adopts in the production of electricity and propositions have been provided. In the study, Turkey’s current energy potential has been determined and; these resources’ share values and potentials for development have been given within the total energy production. After evaluation, it has been determined that - in order to enable coal assisted thermal power plants’ getting developed more and faster compared to other energy resources; giving various incentives and promotion priviledges by the public is better. In addition to this, according to the information given in 2015-2019 Strategical Plan of Energy and Natural Resources Ministry; it has been notified that domestic coal usage in the electricity production will increase in the era to come. Incentives given for renewable energy resources in the electricity production are less than the incentives provided for coal assisted thermal power plants and nuclear energy, in proportion. Due to environmental problems and its being a domestic resource, Turkey should increase the incentives it implements for renewable energy resources. Turkey should practise effective incentive policies prioritizing production from its own energy resources. Within this context, it is necessary for Turkey to limit thermal power plants operating on natural gas for the electricity production purpose. Because it is compulsory for Turkey’s energy supply security and in terms of foreign trade.

THE VIEW OF NATURE AND SOIL IN ECOLOGICAL FEMINISM AND BLACK SOIL POETRY OF AŞIK VEYSEL

Mehmet YILMAZ — 2026-07-16

Feminism is a system of thought that questions the understanding of women and men and the social, political and economic structures that perpetuate the distinctions between the two. The roots of this system of thought are that thoughts about women's rights are just starting to wake up 1 4. and 15. although it may date back centuries, generally, to the 18th century. and 19. the political and social movements that emerged in the West in the century towards the expansion of women's rights are seen as the beginning of feminism. 19 in particular.in the century, liberal political thought formed the intellectual background of women's movements, such as Sufraj (suffrage) and labor union movements, which were influential in the United States and Western Europe."The Feminist movement has subsequently brought out significant individuals in Western thought and, through them, has been divided into various sub-disciplines such as Liberal feminism, cultural feminism, anarchist feminism, Marxist feminism, existentialist feminism, radical feminism, lesbian feminism, Black Feminism. A current of thought is seen from the 1970s, fed by many feminist and action schools and called “eco feminism”. Movements such as peace, Labour, women's health and care, anti-nuclear energy, environmental and animal rights are areas where eco feminism is nurtured and interested. Especially Vandana Shiva, Karen J. The theoretical underpinnings were shaped by researchers who took an interest in these problems, writing on environmental issues such as Warren, Val Plumwood, food injustice in the world, exploitation of nature. In this study, especially in Turkish folk culture, based on Aşık Veysel's Black Earth poem, The views of eko feminists to nature were compared with the views of the East in general and our people in particular, and the mechanical Eastern thought of the Western world was subjected to criticism. In contrast, the attitude of our people, who still have an organic world view, in the face of nature is explained by examples from the folk culture. In the conclusion section, the views of both perspectives on human beings, the environment and other living things