Turkish Studies - International, Year 2019 Issue Volume 14 Issue 4

INVESTIGATION OF THE PERCEPTIONS OF VISUAL ARTS TEACHER CANDIDATES ON SPECIAL EDUCATION CONCEPT WITH METAPHOR

Sibel ADAR CÖMERT — 2026-07-16

Special education, in its well-known definition, is the training of students, whose individual characteristics and educational qualifications are behind from their peers, by specially trained personnel in suitable environments using specially developed training programs. Special education aims to enable individuals to live without being dependent on others and to facilitate their lives. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the perceptions of the visual arts teacher candidates in the senior year of painting education through the metaphor. The study group of the research consists of 37 visual arts teacher candidates who are senior students of Niğde Ömer Halis Demir University, Faculty of Education, Department of Painting Education. The research was performed after the visual arts teacher candidates completed 14 weeks of special education course during the first semester of the 2018-2019 academic year. In this context, as in other metaphor studies, students are asked to fill in the forms that consists of open-ended questions such as ‘Special education is like ……….. , because ……….’. In this study, case study model, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. In the research, it was observed that there are 37 different metaphors related to the concept of ‘special education’ belonging to 37 teacher candidates among the students of visual arts teaching. These 37 metaphors were evaluated under three groups, together with the reasons the teacher candidates advocated. As a result of the research, it is revealed that visual arts teacher candidates can directly or indirectly associate the concept of special education with the meanings of special education and special education is not a single form of expression, its field is quite wide, and special education is not a single form of expression, but also a wealth of concepts as well as richness of expression.

UNEMPLOYMENT NEWS AND STOCK MARKET RETURNS: A STUDY ON OECD COUNTRIES

Ensar AĞIRMANAsfia Binte OSMAN — 2026-07-16

Unemployment is one of the major macroeconomic factors which has always been a big issue for an economy as it has a direct influence on living condition of citizens and is helpful in ensuring a sound and growing economic system. Based on logical concept, it can be said that employment rate states the financial soundness of citizens, specifies their spending capacities, saving and investment behavior in real and financial assets; thus related to stock market activities. The researchers decided to conduct the study on unemployment; only a factor of macro economy considering its significance in research area that has been started with a good number of studies done by different researchers based on different countries on different periods, but this study is different from previous studies from some point of views: 1) It will cover a huge number of countries with several economic classes; 2) This study will represent the relationship between unemployment and stock market returns of the countries under a single study which are significant from world perspective because of having power to influence the activities of other countries; 3) This study will help researchers, policy makers and learners to get a clear idea about the interrelationship among these two components over a wide range of countries. The study will be conducted on all the member countries (35 countries) of the OECD and will use Panel Data analysis for the period of 2008 – 2017.

THE PLACE OF INTENSIFIED READING IN ARABIC TEACHING AND ITS ROLE IN REMOVING THE ERRORS OF READING ALOUD

Cihaner AKÇAY — 2026-07-16

In this study, Arabic voice reading diagnostic test results are interpreted on 74 second and third grade students in the second term of the 2017- 2018 academic year and 57 second grade students in the second semester of the 2017- 2018 academic year so totally on 131 students in the Department of Arabic Language Teaching, Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education, Department of Foreign Language Education. In the light of the inferences obtained, the methods of increasing the efficiency of Arabic reading skills were investigated. Based on the experience and experimentation in Arabic teaching, it is tried to provide information about how an ideal voice reading skill should be and how to realize a reading method that will shorten the process of acquiring this skill in language teaching. An intensive reading course is recommended to eliminate errors in reading aloud, especially global errors. Information about the intensive reading course and application phases are given. This study will provide some suggestions to help researchers, Arabic teachers and curriculum organizers to facilitate language teaching processes and contribute to the learning methods of the Turkish students who are learning Arabic.

A Research on Undergraduate Students’ Entrepreneurship Training and Trends

Ceyhun AKYOLBurhanettin ZENGİN , Süleyman AKKAŞOĞLU , Şevki ULAMA — 2026-07-16

Activities of public institutions and non-governmental organizations serving in our country to develop entrepreneurship have increased especially since the 2000s. Entrepreneurship, which has gained importance in national and international dimensions with the effect of the concept of globalization, has become a concept that has been closely interested in the career of young population and especially university students in recent years. Universities, with the entrepreneurship trainings they apply within their curricula, are trying to reveal the characteristics of the young generation towards entrepreneurship. The aim of this study is to determine the entrepreneurship tendencies of university students who are educated in entrepreneurship. In this study, which was designed as a quantitative research, questionnaire technique was used to obtain data. The data obtained through the survey were analyzed through the statistical program. Non-probability sampling methods were used to obtain the data easily. Percentage, frequency distribution, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t test and one way anova test were performed. According to the results of the research; they are open to innovations, helpful and determined in entrepreneurship. On the other hand; non-compliance with the rules, intervening in the works and distractions affect the entrepreneurship tendencies negatively. In the study in which the level of entrepreneurship of the associate degree students differed according to the gender variable, another important result was that demographic variables affect the entrepreneurship tendencies of the students.

RENEWABLE ENERGY COOPERATIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT (EVALUATION OF SAMPLE INVESTMENT ANALYSIS AND FINANCIAL CONTRIBITION TO KEMALİYE)

Fatma ALDIRMAZ AKKAYA — 2026-07-16

The most important reason of climate change due to global warming, which has become a universal problem today, pollution of groundwater and air, ecosystem deterioration, rapid erosion of flora and fauna from the natural process is the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which is above the natural boundaries that the atmosphere can carry. The majority of the greenhouse gas emissions is consist of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas which occurs by use of non-renewable energy sources. The natural environment, which is the most important source of human life and of course the tourism sector, is under the great threat of carbon dioxide emission with the contribution which is above the known of the sector. In order to eliminate this problem, it has become necessary to act together globally and so the states have started to be obliged by contracts such as Kyoto Protocol, Paris Climate Agreement, at the same time, individual people have started the green consumer movement. In parallel with this, in the tourism sector, the demand for sustainable green tourism started to be effective along with the search for alternative tourism. While the use of renewable energy sources in urban and rural areas plays an important role in reducing the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, it is also becoming a marketing tool in tourism destinations. For this reason, it ensures the environmental sustainability of tourism by preventing the destruction of the natural environment and also contributes to the increase of the rate of gain in tourism destinations outside of its own return, thus ensuring the economic sustainability of tourism. However, the high amount of investment which is required for the production of renewable energy resources in sustainable tourism destinations leads to a slow progress in the use of renewable energy resources. Renewable energy cooperatives provide a great convenience in the solution of the financing problem of investments and in the distribution of risk. It also emerges as a solution to the local development problem in many ways, such as gaining small savings into the economy, the local people having a say in the energy production and consumption, the economic gain of the local population, the provision of social cohesion and avoiding foreign dependency in energy. The aim of the study is to evaluate the economic, social and environmental contribution of the local people and destination if the renewable energy investments in the sustainable tourism destinations are financed through energy cooperatives. In this context, an exemplary solar power plant investment in Kemaliye, which is a tourism destination, was analyzed and considering that the financing of this investment will be covered by the renewable energy cooperative, the financial contribution of the investment to each member is evaluated.

A VIEW ON UNTRANSLATABILITY/TRANSLATABILITY FROM WORLD LITERATURE PERSPECTIVE

Javid ALİYEV — 2026-07-16

From the moment when the concept of world literature has been introduced, the importance attached to translation has been weakened by neglect at times, yet from the 80’s onwards, it has regained its previous position with emergence of translation studies as an autonomous discipline and development of theoretical approaches to the translation. In this study, the approach of world literature concept to the translation has been considered within historical development of the concept from the time of its emergence until the present day. In this framework, it has been attempted to demonstrate how translation become an effective power by expanding the boundaries of world literature, having a say in the field of struggle between national and global literatures, regarded as one of the conditions for the acceptance to the “literary republic” – the term successfully coined by Casanova – and by approving value judgements and viewpoints in world literature and establishing new values and viewpoints when necessary. The emergence of world literature concept and its current position, latest discussions and ideas about the future of the discipline, contribution of translation to the world liteature has been discussed with reference to the views of pro-globalization literary theorists. Besides, an opposing view of some literary critics who take an anti-globalization perspective and offer the notion of “untranslatability” as a counter argument to the the scope of “world literature” which is increasingly expanding and becoming amorphous by translatability was also addressed in the scope of this study, thus demonstrating intricate and intertwined structure of untranslatability and translatability.

Teachers’ Occupational Fatigue

Türkan ARGONSerdar KOÇAK — 2026-07-16

This study aimed to determine pre-school, primary, secondary and high school teachers’ views on their occupational fatigue, to identify the causes of professional fatigue, the relevant factors and what teachers did to overcome professional fatigue. Phenomenological design was used in the study conducted with the qualitative research method. The data were collected through semi-structured interview form; an interview technique used in qualitative studies and content and descriptive analyses were performed. The study group consisted of 70 teachers employed in pre-school, primary, secondary and high schools. According to study results, the majority of the participants experienced occupational fatigue whose frequency was reported to be “usual” followed by “continuous” and occupational fatigue were found to be related to physical, affective and contextual factors. Affective factors were the most experienced and frustrating source of fatigue followed by contextual and physical fatigue, respectively. While occupational fatigue was mostly reflected in professional life in the form of low performance and motivation, inability to renew oneself and monotony, personal lives of these teachers demonstrated a lack of quality time spent with family members, especially with children, exhaustion and aggression. The majority of teachers reported lack of support from their institutions in terms of fatigue and stated they made personal efforts to reduce the impact of fatigue. It was found that school type and subject matter affected occupational fatigue and teachers considered holiday periods and the ability to contribute to students’ lives by touching their hearts and mind as the positive attributes of the profession.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FORWARD AND FUTURES IN HEDGING EXCHANGE RATE RISK IN SMES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Kadir AYDINCüneyt ÇATUK — 2026-07-16

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the performances of forward and futures contracts in dollar and Euro investments with spot rates in the specified period. Method: The data used in the study is the monthly and quarterly dollar and euro exchange rate data for the period 01.11.2016 - 01.11.2018 and the interest rates of Dollar, TL and Euro and the standard forward exchange rate calculation formulation and futures formulation. . With the data obtained, forward and futures pricing was made in the maturities specified in the said period and the profit / loss position of the company was compared in dollar and Euro alternatives according to the spot rates. Findings and Conclusion: As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that firms using forward and futures in the period of 01.11.2016 - 01.11.2018 will have profits and loss in certain periods. When the overall data is analyzed, it is concluded that the SMEs using forward agreements will write more profit compared to Futures agreements. When the profit and loss is compared in the dollar and Euro currencies, it is obtained that the companies that use Futures or Forward in Euro currency recorded more profit. It is concluded that forward or futures agreements made before the crisis periods will save the companies from great losses and at the same time due to the high exchange rate and high interest rate in the crisis period, forward or futures transactions have been damaged by the companies.

1. GRADE STUDENTS EVALUATİON OF PROFİCİENCİES THEY NEED TO HAVE İN FRAME OF CLASSROOM TEACHERS’ AND PARENTS’ OPİNİONS

Mustafa AYTEN — 2026-07-16

In this study, looking at the subject, for children about to start school in obligatory-graded education system, which proficiencies children should have and starting school are aimed in the light of classroom teachers’ and families’ opinions. Research group of individuals who are involved in the process was to gather information regarding thoughts about this reason, the phenomenological method, in researchwas used. Research data was collected using interview techniques approach. As data collecting means developed by the researchers was used semi-structured interview form. The interview form is composed of open ended questions. Research was conducted with a total of 30 people. Qualitative research methods of data collection techniques obtained from the the application that interview predetermined conceptual framework for data analysis and descriptive analysis method is by integrating the content is used. Interviews of teachers and parents participating in the opinions expressed examining it was found that many skill and proficiency. As a result of this literature skills are grouped under six main headings. In every category of skills and proficiens has been stated at-frequency distributions were based on percentile rank, by including a direct citations the findings were explained and interpreted. As a result of the study: 1.)Classroom teachers and parents of biological age for starting primary school should be a criterion, but the view alone is never enough defended.2.) Classroom teachers and parents as the most important factor affecting school readiness family have shown. 3.) Classroom teachers, students and parents with 60-65 months between 66 months and above students in terms of school readiness state argued that there are differences. Especially motor skills, emotional development and school stated that there were differences in terms of harmonization. 4.) Classroom teachers and parents at the start of school social-emotional skills; psycho-motor, cognitive skills and language skills more important than the self-care expressed that seen. 5.) Classroom teachers and parents in schools have put forward the idea the establishment of assessment commission, but still left the final decision to have embraced the idea of the family.

THE EVALUATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS’ PERCEPTIONS OF SCHOOL SAFETY: KASTAMONU CASE STUDY

Adem BARIŞHüseyin YOLCU — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this research is to reveal perceptions of school administrators working at state primary, secondary and high schools of school safety. Descriptive model of survey has been used for this research. Target population of the study involves two hundred and ninety four school administrators working at state primary, secondary and high schools in the city center of Kastamonu and its districts in the 2016-2017 academic year. The personal information form and school security scale developed by Kıral and Yıldız ( 2016 ) have been used to collect data for this research.The data of the research have been collected from two hundred and fourteen school administrators working in different education sections. The research findings show that there is a meaningful difference between the subdimensions of school security and variables including inservice training of school administrators, term of office, term of office at the school, seniority in occupation, type of school, the number of male students, the total number of students, the number of substitute teachers, the condition of school gardens, the number of assistant staff,the number of classrooms and the number of floors. We suggest that new researchs should be done in accordance with the acquired results to evaluate school security with respect to the variables which will reveal factors such as school success, school climate or school preference in order to lead the way to the future researchs.

EXPERIENCE OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION RESULTS PRODUCED IN TURKEY: MATHEMATICAL CENTERED URBAN TRANSFORMATION

Salih BATALİzzet İsmail DUR — 2026-07-16

The cities have been exposed to many demolitions due to war and natural disasters since their emergence. This situation caused the changes in the structures of the cities and the new forms of the city took their present form. In the last century, apart from the war and natural disasters, different developments took effect and the cities began to evolve within themselves. Within these developments these are; the rapid increase in urbanization, the difficulties in preserving environmental values, the incidence of immigration across all countries and the impact of globalization to the smallest settlement in the world. While the cities in our country are trying to find a new way for themselves under the pressure of all these processes, especially the urban transformation issue that has been on the agenda since the beginning of 2000’s has made the city structures even more complicated. In this sense, the experience of western urban transformation phenomenon, has found area of application at various times and locations in Turkey. In the beginning, after the urban transformation works started with an understandable reason such as transforming the old urban areas or losing their function and gaining efficiency again, it turned into a social crisis and the subject started to go beyond the intention of restructuring the urban form. In this study, the urban transformation projects carried out in the world and Turkey were examined with a nominal period. In particular, recent urban transformations that took place in Turkey is described in the frame of "mathematical centered urban transformation" and a variety of findings and recommendations were put forward. The main reason for the use of mathematical centered urban transformation; In urban transformation studies, the expression of urban, social and environmental reasons is replaced by the process of creating rent space and generating economic value.

A Gravity Model Approach to Analyzing the Trade of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmet ÇETİN — 2026-07-16

The volume of international trade showed a significant increase in the 19th century compared with previous periods. Therefore this period is called the first wave of the globalization. The main reasons for the growth in trade were the developments in the production technologies and, transportation facilities in accordance with the Industrial Revolution. The intellectual foundations of free trade that were put forward in the first half of the 19th century affected the policy implications closely in the second half of the 19th century. It is possible to speak of a large-scaled integrated world economy at the beginning of the 20th century. This integration and commercial expansion showed their selves in the foreign trade of the Ottoman Empire. The volume of foreign trade of the Ottoman Empire increased significantly as it witnessed the intense competition between the western powers especially in the last quarter of the century. Free trade treaties signed in conjunction with the economic and political power of the trading partners were effective in the formation of the foreign trade of the Ottoman Empire as well as distance, population and cultural affinity. The Gravity Model enables the use of economic size, population, and geographical distance between countries as explanatory variables in determining trade flows between countries. In this framework, the foreign trade of the Ottoman Empire in the period 1878-1900 is analyzed using the Gravity Model in this study. According to the findings; the Gravity Model ise valid for the explanation of the commercial relationship between the Ottoman Empire and her trading partners in the mentioned period. When the geographical distance between the parties increases the volume of the trade decreases. On the contrary when the economic magnitude of the parties increases the volume of the trade also increases

DETERMINATION OF CARE BEHAVIOR AND EMPATHIC TENDENCY OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY STUDENTS

2026-07-16

This study aims to determine nursing and midwifery students' care behaviors and their empathic tendencies. 252 students (188 nursing, 64 midwifery) were participated to this study. Most of the students participating in this study are women (201 women, 51 men). In this study, ‘Socio-Demographic Survey Form’, ‘Caring Assessment Questionnaire (Care-Q)’ and ‘Empathic Tendency Scale’ were conducted as data collection tools. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results indicated that though nursing students’ empathy tendency was greater than midwifery ones, no significant mean difference was found between them with respect to their empathy tendency. A significant mean difference was found between the empathy tendencies of the students who chose the profession willingly and unintentionally. Not surprisingly, the empathy tendency of the students who chose their professions willingly was higher than those who do not. Whether the students' empathy tendencies changes according to their grade levels was also investigated. No significant difference was found between the empathic tendencies of 2nd-3rd grade, 3rd-4th grade and 2nd-4th grade students. It is noteworthy that the 2nd grade students' empathy tendency was found to be higher than the other class of students. No significant mean difference was found between female and male students in terms of their perception of care behavior for each subgroup of Care-Q and total Care-Q scores. On the other hand, significant mean difference was found between nursing and midwifery students in terms of total Care-Q scores in favor of nursing students. In addition, significant mean difference was found between those students for each ‘accessibles’ and ‘explains and facilitates’ subgroups of Care-Q in favor of nursing students. There was no significant mean difference between the students’ perceptions of care behavior according to their career choice. In other words, students' willingness/eager or random selection (career preferences) of their department they are studying had no impact on their care evaluation behaviors. Students' perceptions of care behavior were examined according to their department and significant mean difference was determined between the 2nd-3rd grade and 3rd-4th grade students in terms of the accessibility sub-dimension of Care-Q test.

Energy Imports and Their Relation with Growth: Evidence from MINT Countries

Zehra DOĞAN ÇALIŞKAN — 2026-07-16

Energy is a basic component for starting and continuity of production. The other production factor cannot function fully without energy. In other words, energy has the glue effect that gather the production factors for the aim of growth. In this sense, the main purpose of countries that desire to create welfare and wealth with production increase is the proper usage of existing energy resources and in the cases that the resource cannot be found in the country, the import of those resources. In the simplest term, economic growth, on the other hand, expresses the increase of production in time. In order to increase their production, therefore, to provide growth, the countries that do not have the energy resources for a process of economic growth import those resources. In this regard, what way energy imports and growth affect each other and how intense their relationship is should be examined. The relationship between energy imports and economic growth has been examined through MINT countries with panel VAR analysis for the period of 1975-2018. In the result of analysis, it was found that there is a long-termed relationship between energy imports and growth firstly, in other words, it was concluded that the variables affect each other by following each other. The direction of this interaction process has been analyzed with panel causality test. In the result of analysis, while a causality from energy imports to growth could not be found, a causality from growth to energy imports was detected.

2018 Social Studies Programme Primary School Second Grade Curriculum Change And Teachers' Opinions

Necip DÖNERKamile GÜLÜM — 2026-07-16

In this research, it is aimed to reveal if the curriculum of the Social Studies course, which has been reconstructed within the framework of constructivist approach, meets the current situation and expectations in the teaching process or not, in accordance with the teachers' views, which is an important step in the implementation process of the program. The method used to collect the data of the study is the screening model. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of eight questions about personal information and forty-five questions about the elements of the Social Studies course curriculum. The data of this study were collected from 333 social studies teachers working at the public secondary schools in Turkey during the 2017-2018 Academic Year. The obtained data were evaluated by SPSS 22.0 package program and analyzed with arithmetic mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage tests. Also, the square test and cross table analysis were performed in order to determine the relation of the answers given by the participants according to the independent variables. The findings obtained during the research process were discussed in the conclusion section. According to the results of the research, it is seen that the results of meeting the expectations of the teachers in the education, content, application and evaluation stages are positive; however, some expectations are expressed such as conducting seminars to teachers on curriculum at regular intervals and not considering the program steps independent from each other during the preparation of the new program.

THE EVALUATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE’S AND EDUCATION AUTHORITY’S APPLICATIONS ABOUT “BAĞLAMA” FROM PAST TO PRESENT

Gökhan EKİM — 2026-07-16

The Music became as a subject of Westernization movement from begining Tanzimat era and declaration of Republic of Turkey to present, including government agencies and social structure. Turkish Folk Music has been accpeted as an our own music, we try to be included in the new civilization is mainly processed in accordance with the ideal that is connected to our self understanding and technics, The “ Bağlama” has been accepted become Chief Ensturiment of Turkish Folk Music. “Yurttan Sesler” chorus Has been founded 1940’s, after that approximately 35 years later Turkish music conservatory established. The technics of conservatories, assist to Public Enterprise’s perspective by the Academic has been in the form with the theoreticals and practicals. If we look at the basic approach this technics, the concept of "tavır", shaped by the local, melodic and rhythmic structures, and we can see that “Tezene” shots, on the basis of a stylized sense of focus of the edited. At the begining, the instrument constituting the backbone of the Bağlama in a scheme of providing domestic partnership aspect also needed and as an important step in later times this understanding, we are prepared to accept dogmatic beliefs and ideology features to the format. With the possible negative effects of this approach, "Arabeskçi", "Kısa Sapçı", "Şelpeçi", "Gelenekselci", "Neşetçi", as well as difference species, Edith or the region, focusing on the technics of their own outside of the performer connect themselves by closing or ignoring, like a train compartment on the railway has brought a decay. Training and Executive Directors in accordance with the amount of the deficiency should be formed as a sourced, is not a qualified training model and executive-level capture. In short, we try to take the topic of historical, social and cultural evaluation should be done according to the data. Thus, we need to finalized to differences between the students who wants to play “Bağlama” or their teacher at the Turkish Music.

A RESEARCH ON ENTREPRENEURIAL PROPENSITY FROM A CULTURAL VALUES PERSPECTIVE

İnan ERYILMAZ — 2026-07-16

Entrepreneurial behaviors of the individual have become a critical element for the welfare of both individuals and societies. Entrepreneurial is a function of both contextual and individual variables such as the situation that characterizes an individual’s employment opportunities and their achievement orientation. It is expected that the cultural environment in which the individual lives together with his / her personality and shapes the socialization process intensively will affect the behaviors that are the core of economic development. In this context, this study investigates the relationship and interaction between cultural values of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, and masculinity and entrepreneurial propensity on a sample of young adults. In order to investigate the potential influence of a set of cultural values on entrepreneurial propensity, a total of 290 university students were contacted to participate in a survey designed for investigating the aforementioned research problem. According to the findings of the study, power distance, collectivism, and masculinity are positively correlated with entrepreneurial propensity, whereas uncertainty avoidance is negatively correlated. The hierarchical regression analysis shows that the cultural values of power distance, masculinity and collectivism make the greatest contribution respectively to explain the variance in entrepreneurial propensity. As for the demographic variables, men and women have statistically different entrepreneurial propensity scores whereas the number of years spent at university, family income, whether the parents work or not, and place of residence do not have any significant influence on the dependent variable.

Semih Sait Umar’s Works and His Place in Our Literature.

Hüseyin EZİLMEZ — 2026-07-16

Semih Sait Umar (1923-2009), was one of the “Generation of 40” writers. He was versatile and productive. He began writing poetry in his student days, and continued with short stories, anecdotes, essays, articles, memories, travel writing, biography, philosophical texts, and translations from English literature. With his short stories he was among the Çiğ group; he was writing anecdotes and essays on current events in the Söz and Hürsöz newspapers; again, he was writing poems, short stories, philosophical texts and biography in the magazıne Ocak using three different pen names. Also in Ocak, he published some translations from English Literature. One of the important quality of Semih Sami Umar was his passion for science and philosophy. His passion came from his student days living in his uncle’s, philosopher Dr. Saffet Engin’s house in Ankara, who was a close colleague of Atatürk. In time he followed the new discoveries in science and compound these with problems of philosophy; he created a synthesis and used them in his work. After living in England for a long time he returned to Cyprus and wrote anecdotes in the Halkın Sesi newspaper in the 80’s. Umar’s first work was published in Çığ in 1943 and since then he continued to write but some of his works such as Dünyanın Büyük Felsefeleri, İnsan ve Evren, Uygarlık Tarihinde Kemalizm ve Komünizm, Diriliş were published in the second part of the 80’s. Nonetheless, many texts, poems and serials have remained in that era’s periodicals, never to become a book. In this article, will be examine Semih Sait Umar’s published works and also some prose, poems and translations which have remained in the newspapers and magazines. Thus, the writer’s place in our literature, will be put forward.

AN UNKNOWN BUILDING IN URFA; THE AGHIZ KHAN

Mustafa GÜLER — 2026-07-16

Aghiz Khan is located at about 35 km north of Urfa and of the old city centre. There is no information on who had commissioned the building or a construction and date inscription plate on it. For this reason, it is not known when and by whom the structure was built. Aghiz Khan is a rectangular building in the northeast-southwest direction. The structure in the shape of a transverse rectangle consists of a middle part and two sections on both sides. Nowadays, the middle part and the southwest side of the building, which is in a state of dereliction, are in ruins. The other pavilions of the building are filled with the earth to the approximate ceiling height. As it is known, the most important points of international trade and transportation in every period in Anatolia are caravansary buildings until today's modern transportation vehicles are used. These khan and caravansary structures (although some of them did not reach to daylight) are the most important piece of evidence that we have of Urfa, which is an urban city, was on the trade routes in history. Aghiz Khan was neither detected nor published in any form until today. In this study, it is aimed to be introduced to the world of science by analysing the history, its construction period, the original state and discussing its relation with other inn-caravanserai structures by evaluating the structure in terms of architectural history.

DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY INVESTMENTS IN TURKEY

Ufuk GÜLTEKİN — 2026-07-16

The share of renewable energy sources in electricity production in Turkey is increasing. It is aimed to increase the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation to 30% by 2023 and to increase the installed capacity of wind energy to 20,000 MW by 2023. In this study, over the last decade in Turkey (20082018) electricity generation from wind energy has been evaluated. Turkey's goal is to meet the electrical energy consumed in 2020, 10% of the wind. Furthermore, it is aimed to commission 16000 MW wind power capacity by 2027. Turkey's potential of 37000 MW of onshore wind, offshore (offshore) of the wind energy potential is estimated to be 11000 MW. Turkey, with a total of 48,000 MW of wind energy potential, half of its electricity needs from this source has the potential to meet. The total installed capacity of wind power plants (WPP) in Turkey, while the level of 363.7 W in 2008, has reached the level of 7369.35 MW in 2018. 19752.159 MWh of electricity generated in 2018 total is the picture in Turkey. In 2018, monthly average electricity production in WPPs was 1646.013 MWh. Turkey has a total of 180 units in WPP company. The total installed capacity of the WPPs in the enterprise is 7369.35 MW. 38.43% of WPP companies is located in the Aegean region in Turkey. As of January 2019, the total installed capacity of 18 WPPs under construction is 606.20 MW. There are 54 licensed WPPs with a total capacity of 2239.96 MW designed by a total of 38 different investors in Turkey. There are 100 pre-licensed WPPs with a total of 4483.61 MW of installed capacity designed by a total of 18 different investors in Turkey.

THE VIEWS OF PRE-SERVICE MUSIC TEACHERS ABOUT THEIR OBSERVATIONS DURING SCHOOL EXPERIENCE COURSE

Elvan GÜNUlaş ÖZKASNAKLI — 2026-07-16

This study aims to determine the views of the pre-service music teachers about the observations they made in the school experience course. For this purpose, in the 2018-2019 academic year, the last year students who attended the school experience course in the music education department of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University were selected as the sample group of the study. The study was conducted with qualitative research method and semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used as data collection tool. The interview form consisted of 4 open-ended questions, and the answers of the pre-service music teachers to the interview questions were analyzed and interpreted through content analysis. The questions in the interview form also constitute the sub-problems of the research. In the study, the views of pre-service music teachers was determined about, music teacher's classroom domination and the language of communication used in the lesson; the professional motivation of the teacher; students' interests in music lesson. As a result; it was observed that the pre-service music teachers only had positive views about the music teacher's class dominance; It was determined that the pre-service music teachers had negative views about communication language used by the teacher in the course, professional motivation, education and training opportunities of the school and the students' interest in music lesson. Based on the findings of the study, it was determined that the pre-service music teachers had mostly negative views about the observations they made in the school experience course and important problems were determined related to the schools where teachers observe, music teachers and music lesson environment. Suggestions that could contribute to the field for solving these problems were developed by the researchers.

The Investigation of Prospective Teachers’ Conflict Action Style According to the Levels of Their Emotional Self-Efficacy

Fatma Ebru İKİZUmut ÇATAL — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between pre-service teachers' conflict-action styles and emotional self-efficacy levels, and to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the levels of conflict action styles and emotional self-efficacy in terms of gender, class level, and the part they study in the undergraduate program. The population of the study consists of prospective teachers who continue their undergraduate education in the academic year 2018-2019. The participants of the study consisted of 300 undergraduate students in Dokuz Eylül University, Buca Faculty of Education. The PDR department consisted of 300 students in the fields of numerical, verbal, fine arts and foreign languages. Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale (SCES), Conflict Action Styles Scale (SPES) and Personal Information Form prepared by the researcher were used for data collection. To determine whether the data show normal distribution, the results of the skewness-baseline analysis were examined. In this direction, Independent Two Sample T Test and One-Way ANOVA analysis were used to analyze the data.The significance level of .05 was used to evaluate whether the findings were meaningful or not. For correlation analysis, Pearson Correlation technique was used. Linear regression analysis was conducted between variables to determine how emotional self-efficacy predicts conflict action styles.As a result of the study, a significant relationship was found between the trait action styles and emotional self-efficacy of paticipants. A positive and significant relationship was found between the level of regulating emotions and the level of coercive, facilitating, conciliatory, antagonistic conflict styles of action. According to the results of multiple regression analysis of the effect of emotional self-efficacy on the style of avoidant conflict action; emotional self-efficacy sub-dimensions; It was found that approximately 7% of the change in the style of coercive conflict action, approximately 17% of the change in the style of facilitating conflict action, 15% of the change in the conciliatory conflict style of action, and 15% of the change in the conflict style of action can be predicted by emotional self-efficacy levels of teacher trainees .

AN INTERTEXTUAL COMPARISON OF THE NOVEL THOMAS MANN’S WÄLSUNGENBLUT WITH THE OPERA RICHARD WAGNER’S THE VALKYRIE

Süreyya İLKILIÇ — 2026-07-16

Intertextuality, which has been already used earlier, and whose theoretical framework was already determined in the 1960s in the wake of postmodernism and deconstructionism, points to the connection between a text and earlier texts. As a result, each text is connected with other texts in different ways (cite, send, parody, pastiche). In this context, texts gain importance regarding to their relationship to other texts as well as to the reader's experience, and they are thereby being commented. In this essay, Thomas Mann's work Wälsungenblut, one of the author's first works and written in 1905, is analyzed in terms of intertextuality. It is well known that Thomas Mann frequently uses Richard Wagner’s music as a motif in his works. The aim of the essay is to analyze how Thomas Mann was influenced by Wagner's opera “The Valkyrie” while writing his novella and how he combines his novella with this work.

VALUES EDUCATION IN KUTADGU IN THE CONTEXT OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE

Ömer İNCEMehmet AKKAYA , Nevin AKKAYA , Tuğba ŞİMŞEK — 2026-07-16

Today, it seems that many values are lost due to various values because of especially technological progresses. Cultural elements are needed to transfer national and spiritual values to future generations. At the beginning of these elements are important works in terms of our national history. It has been seen that when these programs are examined in terms of education of values, the Turkish lesson program, important contributions to the education of the values of the field in the formation and transfer of national-spiritual, religious moral and social values have been observed and this view has been supported with similar studies. Kutadgu Bilig, the first national work after the Turks' acceptance of Islam, is one of these important works. This important work bearing a book on ethics feature that emphasizes national and universal values far beyond being a politics is a unique resource for values education. It is aimed to give our unchanging values for centuries to a historical source from centuries ago. It is also aimed to revive our forgotten national and moral values ant attract the attention of students to historical sources. Kutadgu Bilig is therefore considered to be a major contributor to education-training in examining values in terms of education. It is thought that the transfer of the values it contains to children and young people with a suitable language method is both important and necessary in terms of history and nationality. Descriptive and content analysis method was used for qualitative research methods. As a result of examining Kutadgu Bilig in terms of Güngör’rating scale, it was seen that all valueswerw included in the work. When the cuuplets are evaluated aesthetics in 30 couplets, in the ethics of 20 couplets, scientific in 40 couplets, economic in 40 couplets, other in 32 couplets, political in 35 couplets and social values in 24 couplets have been found. All of these values included in the national education program. As a result of this research, an ordinal scale was proposed by the reseachers.

SEMANTIC TRAJECTORY OF AN EXTRAORDINARY MATHEMATICAL TERM IN TURKISH: QARA JUMLA

Şermin KALAFAT — 2026-07-16

Qara jumla is an Ottoman arithmetical term formed by one Turkish particle and another, Arabic. In the term examined here, qara has the meaning of popular and/or simple. In Arabic, jumla has several meanings: 1. Phrase; 2. Society; 3. Overall and 4. Quantity. As an Ottoman arithmetical term, it has the sense of sum, addition and completeness. Thence, we can deduce that qara jumla has the meaning of “simple addition”. However, its translation in some major dictionnaries such as the TDKs as “pun, by pun, nonsensical prose” renders complexe the understanding of this term. As a firt constatation one cannot find in ancient sources its meaning around pun or by funny ways etc. Moreover, we cannot trace how from simple addition this term came to signify the four operations. Our aim in this article is to find out how these three definitions came gradually to be attributed to the term. In this article, our aim is to clarify multiple meanings of this term from Old Ottoman to actual Turkish as well to interpret the sense that it took in the History of Sciences andHistory of Education in a chronological manner so as to grasp the socio-cultural variants. The findings were supported with examples and a semantic path was followed starting from the Ottoman Empire and covering the first period of the Republic. By this way, we intend to make a contribution to its different significations in the particular dictionnaires of these fields by pointing out how these different meanings were given to explain this term.

A Social, Mental and Verbal-Written Activity in Education: Argumentation

Jale KALEMKUŞŞule BAYRAKTAR , Sabahattin ÇİFTÇİ — 2026-07-16

Today's education systems, unlike traditional education, take the student to the center in the teaching-learning process instead of the teacher. In this process in which the teacher guides the student to learn, the student is more active and makes it necessary to access information rather than just learn. Therefore, the student has the opportunity to know the ways to reach the information needed, to compare with the preliminary information and to make an evaluation. In this way, it can be said that this process, in which the student is more active, will gain skills beyond knowledge. Students who have acquired 21st century skills will be able to experience the processes experienced by scientists in acquiring knowledge. In the learning process students search , ask questions, design experiments, make observations, compare and evaluate the information they have reached and thus reach a conclusion. In this study, it is aimed to put forward argumentation-based teaching which was started to attract attention especially in science education in different contexts. In this review type, firstly, arguments and argumentation were presented based on both national and international literature and Toulmin's argument model was introduced and the limitations of this model were discussed. In this study, information is given about the elements that the quality of an argument depends on and then the place and potential contributions of argumentation in science teaching are examined, the reasons why argumentation applications are not preferred in class are presented, suggestions for the application of argumentation applications in teaching environments are evaluated and the argumentation strategies that can be used in the teaching process are explained.

Investigation of Teachers' Views on Teaching Practice Course

Murat KANGALGİLFatih ÖZGÜL — 2026-07-16

This research was carried out to examine the attitudes of the practice teachers towards the teaching practice course according to some variables. A total of 250 teachers (122 female and 118 male) participated in the study. In the study, ”Attitude Scale towards Teaching Practice Lesson of Practice Teacher" developed by Çevik and Alat (2012) was used. The scale is scored as 5-point Likert-type and consists of 5 sub-dimensions: Willingness, Communication, Evaluation, Professional Competence and Requirement. The Cronbach's alpha (α) internal consistency coefficient of the original scale was calculated as .86 and .85 for this study. The data obtained from the study were analyzed by using frequencies, percentages, t test and one way variance analysis (ANOVA) test techniques. According to the findings of the study, the high scores obtained from the scale indicate that the attitudes of the practice teachers towards the teaching practice lesson are high. When attitude scores of the practice teachers' towards teaching practice lesson were examined in terms of variables of gender, age and years of service, there was not found any significant difference between them (p> 0.05).

DETERMINING THE LEADERSHIP EXPECTATIONS OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS FROM THEIR COACHES IN TERMS OF SOME VARIABLES

Erdi KAYASerkan ZENGİN — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to determine the leadership expectations of football players from their coaches for sports in terms of some variables. In line with this purpose, within the two-part questionnaire, ‘Personal Information Form’ consisting of 7 items is used to determine the demographic variables in the first part, and ‘Leadership Scale for Sport’ consisting of 40 questions is used to determine the leadership scale for sports in the second part. While the first part includes demographic information of the participants and the second part includes the scale items. Five Point Likert Scale (‘Always’, ‘Frequently, ‘Occasional’, ‘Rarely’, ‘Never’) is used for the scale items in the second part. The study is conducted on 160 amateur football players. SPSS 22.0 program is used for the analysis of the obtained data. While ‘Independent Sample T-Test’ is used to compare the leadership characteristics of participants according to the duration they have played football and whether they have been the captain of the team, ‘One-Way ANOVA’ is used to compare leadership characteristics according to age groups, income status, number of teams they have played in, educational status and positions they have played. As a result of the research, it is found out that the leadership expectations of the football players from the team coaches do not significantly differ according to the age, monthly income, duration they have played football, how many clubs they have played in so far, whether they have been the captain of the team and positions they have played. It is also observed that while there is no statistically significant difference in the dimensions of educational and supportive behavior and autocratic behavior among the subscales of the 'Leadership for Sports Scale' according to the educational status of the participants, democratic behavior, and explanatory and rewarding behavior levels differ significantly according to the educational level. In terms of democratic behavior which differs significantly, it is discovered that the level of democratic behavior of participants with a bachelor’s degree is significantly higher than those with high school and associate’s degree. In terms of explanatory and rewarding behavior which differs significantly, it is concluded that the level of democratic behavior of participants with a bachelor’s degree is significantly higher than those with high school degree.

THE STUDENTS’ VIEWS RELATED TO CIRCLE COURSE MODULE APPLIED IN THE SMART BOARD ENVIRONMENT

Murat KESKİNMenekşe Seden TAPAN,BROUTİN — 2026-07-16

The aim of this stuy was to design and implement a smart board interactive course module for the teaching of concepts and generalizations related to Circle subject in the 11th grade geometry curriculum of high schools and to investigate students’ views according to the 5E instructional model based on Constructivist Teaching Approach. In this study, Qualitive Research design was used. Two groups of 11th grade high school students in Afyonkarahisar province during the 2014-2015 academic year were chosen as the participants through the cluster sampling of probability-based sampling methods. One of the classes was labelled as experimetal group and the other one as control group neutrally. The experimental group included 28 students and the control group consisted of 24 students. The experimental group was taught through the Circle Course Module– developed for this study – based on the 5E instructional model and the control group continued to the standard school curriculum by the teacher. The datas for the study were collected through Student Interview Form. Student interviews were audiotaped. The qualitative datas were analyzed through content analysis methods. The results of the study indicated the positive contributions of designed Circle Course Module to the teaching of circle concept and related generalizations. Finally, the use of Circle Course Model based on the the 5E instructional model through the smart boards in teaching Circle subject and the development of interactive instruction modules in Mathematics and other subject fields was suggested.

WORKING ON THE REFLECTION OF NATIONALISM IN SPORTS TO VIOLENCE

Oktay KIZARCumali YAVUZ — 2026-07-16

Abstract: Aim: The aim of this review is to examine the perception of nationalism in the context of violence. Aggression and violence take place between individuals or groups who know each other in social actions. It can be seen in the style of individuals deviating from their actions with the confidence given by being able to take part in the group and turning them to acts of violence. This situation can be understood as the images that fanaticism is the source of violence. Fanaticism and violence are a social problem that is characterized by the outward expression of social issues. Method: In the study, the data in the research were collected and the studies in this field. Results: A literature review on nationalism and violence in sports was conducted. Web of Scine, Google scholar databases as a result of a total of 54 studies have been reached. Of the 54 studies obtained from different databases, 20 repetitions were excluded. In addition, due to the fact that it was designed to examine the studies in detail, the remaining 32 studies could not be reached and 12 studies were provided which only access to the summary section. The data in the study were analyzed by means of reviewing the data obtained from 22 studies.. Conclusion: It is observed that the style of violence in sports is concentrated in many different forms today in social and individual form. The perception of nationalism among the audience is important to observe and interpret the culture of cheering. For this, it is necessary to examine the whole stage as a spectator goes to a war or a festival. Extreme nationalism approaches in sport have been observed in different degrees in societies as violence. The discourse of nationalism is like a friend who visits us in football and media power. The nationalism produced by images and symbols, not the language and style used; It is seen that there is an effort to establish a continuous relationship with the past through football. Due to the nature of the sport, the competitor can take power from the distinction of us and them. It can be seen that nationalism is a producer of different meanings, especially in the context of countries' national sports matches. As a result, it can be seen that in sport, it is seen that there are violent incidents and individual and social characteristics in regional nationalism. The cult identity as a psychological defense tool due to the lack of personal understanding of the fans is reflected in the culture of cheering by the success of the team and the understanding of being a member of this team by developing the perception of nationalism. When the nationalist fanatic approach turns to fanaticism, it can turn into an act of violence within the group as a means of forgetting supporters and fans.

PROFESSİONAL PRACTİCE İN HIGHER RELİGİOUS EDUCATİON İN THE CONTEXT OF RELİGİOUS SERVİCES IN TURKEY

Kasım KOCAMAN — 2026-07-16

A significant rate of graduates of higher religious education institutions in Turkey also is employed in the field of religion serve as religious official. Religious service refers to a multi-dimensional service network, such as practical religious practices within the mosque and outside the mosque, widespread religious education and guidance, religious counseling and guidance. In this sense, high religious education institutions are religious high schools of religious education which train religious officials. In order to have the qualifications of a profession in vocational education, besides the theoretical knowledge and skills, the professional experience and competence developed by the practice are also required. The first high religious education institute established in the Republican period was established to educate the scientists not only for educating the religious services. However, as a result of the employment of religious graduates in religious / religious services and the expansion and differentiation of the area of religious service, some courses have begun to be included in the higher religious education curriculum. These courses have never been in the quality and quantity to meet the need. It is observed that a few courses are included in the curriculum as theoric and elective courses. Moreover, it is not possible to talk about a vocational practice or an internship similar to the teaching practice of these courses. From past to present, there have been changes in the programs of the higher education institutions from time to time, but these changes have not been made considering the religious service, which is one of the two main areas where graduates are employed. However, religious vocational practice is the nature of the education process in higher religious education institutions which exist under different names as vocational education institutions. In the context of religious service, it is seen that the theoretical courses in high religious education institutions and the vocational practice training related to them are very inadequate when we consider the historical process. In this study, it has been tried to focus on whether or not professional practice training is given in relation to the religious services of the graduates of higher religious education institutions from the past to the present by using the resource screening method. In addition, an awareness was requested.

COUNTRY IMAGE EFFECT OF TURKEY ON INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS' DESTINATION CHOICE: AN EXAMPLE OF KYRGYZSTAN

Azamat MAKSÜDÜNOVHasan GÜL , Meerim ASANBEKOVA — 2026-07-16

Economic and socio-cultural effects created by international students' mobility have reached a level that shouldn't be ignored. There is a growing global competition between countries to gain higher share of international student market. The Republic of Turkey is one of the main actors of this market. One of the factors influencing international students' country preferences is a country image. In this context, this study aims to reveal the image of Turkey as an international education destination in terms of Kyrgyz students and to evaluate the effect of country image on destination choice. For this purpose, first of all, indicators related to the global movement of students, leading countries for international students and the position of Turkey are discussed on the basis of secondary data. Then, the primary data obtained from undergraduate students (n=1000) studying at four big universities in Bishkek (capital city of Kyrgyzstan) through questionnaire method are evaluated. The research findings showed that overall Kyrgyz students' have positive perceptions toward the image of Turkey, moreover the results revealed three different market segments (low, medium and high) in terms of perceived country image. Country image dimensions such the quality of education and life, symphaty and interest have positive effects on destination choice. On the other hand, historical and socio-cultural characteristics and human characteristics negatively affect the country preferences. The findings of this study are thought to provide important clues both for Republic of Turkey and Kyrgyz Republic. Consequently, international student mobility is of great importance not only for hosting countries, but also in terms of source countries.

Vocabulary Teaching Strategies Scale: A Study of Development, Validity and Reliability

Muhammet MEMİŞ — 2026-07-16

The aim of this research is to develop a vocabulary teaching strategies scale (VTSS) for determining the strategies that teachers use in vocabulary teaching practices within language education and teaching process. During the development process of the scale, a road map was followed in the way that reviewing of literature, determining strategies and writing them item-by-item, taking expert opinion, implementing the scale and conducting validity and reliability studies of the scale. The study group of the research consist of 567 instructors who work in the field of language education. The data were collected in the 2018-2019 academic year via printed and virtual form. Firstly, exploratory factor analysis was applied to the data that are obtained from implementation of 5-point Likert type scale. According to the result of exploratory factor analysis, a structure which consisted of 6 factors and 50 items was emerged, and it was understood that these factors explain 65.92% of the total variance. Then confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the data and indexes were found to be compatible. In order to reveal the reliability of the scale, Cronbach Alpha analysis was conducted and the value of the reliability of the scale was calculated as .89. All these results show that the Vocabulary Teaching Strategies Scale is valid and reliable. With this scale, it is aimed to determine the strategies preferred by teachers, as they are teaching vocabulary, and the frequency of the use of these strategies. In this way, it will be possible to reveal sufficiency and deficiencies of vocabulary teaching, and learning-teaching activities in the education of vocabulary teaching can be arranged accordingly. Besides, this scale is qualified for being used as a guide to show instructors how they can teach vocabulary.

A REVIEW ON THE TRANSFER OF LOCAL CULTURE ELEMENTS IN ARABIC TRANSLATIONS OF THE NOVEL TENEKE IN THE CONTEXT OF NEWMARK'S TRANSLATION METHODS AND STRATEGIES

Tarek Abdelgalil MORSY — 2026-07-16

This academic paper aims to explain the procedures that were used for translation of cultural elements o Yaşar Kemal’s famous novel called Teneke from Turkish into Arabic by two differrent translators according to Newmark’s translation procedures. The two translator have aplied differrent translation procedures for cultural elements reffering their local / native cultural habbit even though the translation processed into the same standart literal language. The paper shows preferrence and tendency of translators in choice of translation procedure.

Hacking The Democracy: Cyber Democracy Tools

Celil ÖZTÜRK — 2026-07-16

As a new tool for the individuals participation and representation in decision-making process and governance mechanisms, social networks and cyber-democracy tools offers significant opportunities for individuals on behalf of the development of an ideal model of democracy. In the first section of this article which focuses on the opportunities offered by internet technology in terms of participation and representation skills of individuals, Twitter is evaluated for its effects as a micro blogging service on the start and dissipation of and creation of national and international public opinion about Wall Street protests, Arab Spring and Gezi protests. In the second section,the structure and working systems of the platforms such as DemocracyOS, Loomio and Change.org, which individuals gather and use to create public opinion about the matters they prefer relating to the legal regulations and governance practices, are introduced. In the third section, the data are presented with the international events in which the concepts such as e- democracy, e-governance, mobile governance, e-participation, e-voting and e-politics are tried to be handled and discussed theoretically with the scientific methods. In the conclusion section, the importance of internet-based applications in the participation and representation of individuals in the management processes in the context of the globalization process and the developments in information technologies which are mutually supportive for each other, are emphasized. Numerous statistical data and case studies have been utilized in the context of the topics discussed in the chapters of the article and a future projection has been put forward regarding the possible results of the effective use of internet-based applications as cyber-democracy tools by individuals in terms of individual-state relationship in the near future.

RELATION BETWEEN TEACHERS' JOB SATISFACTION AND THEIR MOTIVATION FOR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

İsmet POTERAFatmir MEHMETİ — 2026-07-16

Finding the answer to this question is the main purpose of this research. This we have tried to do through quantitative research with a sample of teachers. The degree of job satisfaction and the increased demand / need for participation in various forms of continuous professional development assume that they are not reciprocally linked. Research is quantitative. The data was collected by the questionnaire. The sample consists of 170 teachers belonging to genders, low secondary school, rural and urban school. If teachers' satisfaction that comes as a result of receiving appreciation for their work is high, then each individual will push for higher achievement in his / her career. Higher students' learning achievements cannot be realized without investing in teachers’ continuous professional development. School and educational policy should therefore determine modalities that increase the degree of satisfaction at work. The factors that increase the highest level of satisfaction at work will be expressed/displayed in the research results. The concept of 'motivation based on inertia factor' remains to be explored and analyzed more profoundly through qualitative approach.

EVALUATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE PROGRAM AT THE LEVEL OF SCHOOLS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS

Enver ŞAHANMehmet TAŞDEMİR — 2026-07-16

It is vital for the future of countries to acquire a place in the producing and rapidly developing world and to adapt to the contemporary lifestyle. Progress in science and technology in the 21st century increases its importance and influence in every field from the field of business to the sociological structures of the societies, from industrialization to military power. In this context, the quality of Science education and training to be given to children is thought to be one of the key roles for the formation of a producing and developing society. Teachers are one of the main factors in the implementation of programs and the success of education. Science teachers are seen as experts who need to be consulted in determining the applicability and quality of the current Science program in this process. From this point of view, it is aimed to get the opinions of secondary school Science teachers about the applicability, success and weaknesses of the current program. In addition, the administrators of these schools were asked to make evaluations on the same subject, considering the fact that they are important stakeholders of the educational environment and they may have impacts on the success of the program. The study is a qualitative study. The study group consists of 16 science teachers and 14 school administrators working in 6 different secondary schools in Kırşehir. The scope is not limited to a single region to improve its validity; 2 schools were identified randomly from the centers, districts and villages. In the study, semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used. The qualitative data obtained were analyzed and evaluated by the researchers. The study has been finalized with the suggestions presented.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTİVE READING SELF-EFFİCACY PERCEPTİON SCALE: STUDY ON THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Ersin ŞAHİNİbrahim ÖZTAHTALI — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study was to develop ameasurement tool for determining students’ effective reading self-efficacy perceptions. The study group of the research was composed of a total of 677 secondary school students (345 boys and 332 girls) receiving education at schools located in central districts of theprovince of Bursa during the 2016-2017 academic year, plus 10 domain experts.The students were selected by the random sampling method from 5 different secondary schools.At the scale development stage, 56 action items were created, and after the item-total correlation values of these items had been calculated, items with low values were removed from the scale, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed by using the remaining 41 item data.After items had been removed according to the results of these analyses, the remaining 21 items were presented in a four-factor structure.The eigenvalues of the 4 factors, which explained 56.83% of the cumulative variance, were determined to be 4.180 for the first factor, 2.512 for the second factor, 4.096 for the third factor and 1.153 for the fourthfactor, respectively.Regarding internal consistency of the scale as a whole, a Cronbach’s alpha value of ⍺=0.876 was calculated.According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA=0.070; SRMR=0.073;NNFI= 0.91; CFI =0.94), it was found that the model fit was at an acceptable level for the fit index values and also that the chi-square value (477.07; p<0.05) was significant, indicating that the data had the characteristic of normal distribution.Following the analysis performed for the scale validity, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between the application results (r=0.82; p<0.01).This situation reveals that the scale has criterion validity.The obtained findings are such as to support the idea that the present effective reading scale has validity and reliability.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEVICING LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOUR OF THE SCHOOL MANAGERS AND TEACHERS’ JOB SATISFACTION

Zeynep Meral TANRIÖĞENOrhan ÇOBAN — 2026-07-16

This research was aimed to determine the relationship between secondary school principals 'servant leadership behaviors and teachers' job satisfaction according to teachers perception. The data was obtained from the surveys of 326 teachers from Pamukkale, Denizli in 2018 year. The Pearson Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the servant leadership behaviors of secondary school managers and teachers' job satisfaction. Regression analysis test was used to measure the relationship between the servant leadership behaviors of secondary school managers and the job satisfaction of the teachers. When the relationship between the scales and their sub-dimensions were to be examined, there was a moderate positive relationship between servant leadership and the externality sub-dimension of job satisfaction, a modest positive relationship between the sub-dimensions of modest and responsible management of the servant leadership scale and the externality sub-dimension of the job satisfaction scale. There is a weak positive relationship between the other dimensions. It was observed that the job satisfaction of secondary school teachers showed a significant correlation with sub-dimensions of servant leadership scale. When the t-test results of the significance of the regression analysis are examined, it is seen that only modesty and responsible managerial variable is a significant (meaningful) predictor on job satisfaction. Other variables do not have a significant effect.

PEDAGOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE BRANCH TEACHERS' TEACHING ALL CLASSES IN THE 4TH AND 5TH GRADES IN PRIMARY EDUCATION

Serdarhan Musa TAŞKAYA — 2026-07-16

In Turkey, primary school teachers form the largest group among all teachers. Primary school teachers teach the classes from the 1st to 5th grades of primary education. However, since 2003, some branch teachers have been teaching in the 4th and 5th grades in public primary schools as well. As for the other classes that the branch teachers don't teach, primary school teachers continue to teach. This situation has risen some discussions in recent years. In this research, it was aimed to evaluate the branch teachers' teaching all classes in the 4th and 5th grades in primary education pedagogically. For this purpose, the opinions of the teachers, school managers and education inspectors serving in the primary schools were taken. The research data designed by the survey method. The population of the study consists of the teachers, school managers and education inspectors serving in the primary schools. The sampling constitutes 2217 people randomly selected from 12 provinces. The research data were collected via Likert-type scale developed by the researcher. In the data analysis, LISREL and SPSS package programs were used. In the study, it was found that the views of the educational employees about the pedagogical benefits of the branch teachers' teaching all the classes in the 4th and 5th grades instead of primary school teachers caused a significant difference in terms of seniority in the service and the state of duty but no significant difference in terms of educational level, gender, the school they graduated, and the place where the school is located. In the lights of the results obtained, some suggestions were provided to especially the Ministry of Education, the universities training teachers, and the individuals and the institutes doing research on this subject.

A Research About Sâmiha Ayverdi and Annemarie Schimmel's Letters

Hülya TEPEDELEN — 2026-07-16

Although phone or internet are the generally used means for communication in these days, writing letter was the preferred method for communication in older times. Even though writing letter had emerged as a means for communication, it had also started to serve other purposes in over time such as reinforcing the communication and the bond of love between people, enabling them to express their emotions and thoughts. Along with memoirs, diaries and travel articles, the letters also provide various information about period to which they belong. The author writes about his own life, his family, his feelings, etc… At the same time he discusses the social life, the changes in life, the events which affects the society and explains his opinions about the subject. He also uses a sincere tone when writing about these things. He expresses himself openly in these letters without any publishing related anxiety. In this book of Mektuplar-2, which contains the letters of Annemarie Schimmel, an academician who had carried out valuable studies and Sâmiha Ayverdi, one of the most prominent writers of her period, the perception of a period is presented through the points of view of two people belonging to different cultures. Therefore this book is very important in this is aspect. The letters were written during a period between 1953 and 1991. They contain various materials in terms of our understanding of their own lives and studies and understanding of the perception of their period. In addition, it is possible to observe the changes in individuals and also the society as the letters spread over a long period of time. In this study, we evaluated the opinions of Samiha Ayverdi and Annemarie Schimmel about each other, what they said about emotions, compassion and love, Schimmel's longing for her home town and the works they made.

PROTECTION OF PERSONALITY AGANIST EXTERNAL

Siğnem TİNNİ — 2026-07-16

Especially in recent years, with the technological developments, the use of social media has accelerated the problems of individuals related to their personal rights. Even if people are willing to share their private lives so much, it is not only a matter of law but also a sociological point of view. In this study, it is mentioned what personality refers to from a legal point of view.

GAZI UNIVERSITY DIPLOMA, SEAL AND IMAGERY DESIGN ELEMENTS

Abbas KETİZMEN — 2026-07-16

A diploma is the most significant document proving successful completion of an educational phase. In the year 1996, the Rector of Gazi University at that time , requested a redesign of Gazi University diplomas. Four designer faculty members were selected and commenced their studies. At the end of a four year process, a satisfactory result could not be produced. In the year 2000, the next Rector of the university requested the same study. Following another failed process, a design was requested from an academician and graphic designer in 2001. It was Gazi University’s priority to be a pioneer and provide an example of corporate promotion through its diploma design. Hundreds of designs made by designer were discussed several times by the university senate. The “Gazi University Seal” he designed was widely appreciated. The seal was approved as the most significant visual element of the diploma. Gazi University Seal was created through symbolic and abstract interpretation of imagery design relevant to educational fields of faculties for each of all 19 academic units. These imagery designs in the form of a logo were studied to be evaluated as the logo design for faculties. Each of the designs were approved following hundreds of work pieces and dozens of presentations. The symbol related to medicine was used by Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine for fifteen years as Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Hospital logo. In addition, “vocational field symbols” constituting the Gazi University Seal were used together with original symbols of individual faculties on relevant diplomas. For thirteen years, the seal appeared on Gazi University diplomas, received annually by fifteen to twentythousand graduates. Gazi University is symbolized by the“Shams” (“the Sun”)pattern formed of nineteen stars around the armada. The nineteen stars design surrounding symbols of individual faculties, making up the Sun, was inspired by Selcuklu motifs and is an expression of a comet. Gazi University Seal was developed in the form of fully vectoral form mostly as thick as a strand of hair and printed by line engraving-typography method (such as the methods used in valuable paper printing). The examined patent by Abbas Ketizmen that was used in the first printing series in 2005 (Non-Copiable Pattern Printing method -TPE 2008/09199) was attached for the sake of security, and thus became the first and only diploma that is protected by a patent against forgery.

The Role of Family In Selection of Occupation for Students in High Schools

Ümran TURANKemal KAYIKÇI — 2026-07-16

This study aims to determine the role of the family in the choice of high school senior students based on the opinions of the guidance teachers, parents and students. This research has been prepared according to qualitative research method. The research is prepared in the phenomenology pattern. The semi-structured interview form consisting of the questions prepared by the researchers was used as data collection tool. Data were analyzed by content analysis method. The study group consisted of 17 guidance teachers, 52 high school senior students and 46 high school senior parents working in six high schools in Kepez, Muratpaşa, Konyaaltı in Antalya. According to the results of the study; high school senior students' priorities in the choice of profession; “satisfying financial gain”, “prestige”,” social dignity”, “ meeting the expectations of the family”, “acquiring a profession suitable for their interests and abilities”, “not being unemployed”, “working conditions attractive”. Parents' priorities in choosing the profession are “their preferences”, “financial gain”, “prestige” and “dignity”. Most of the students find their families' role in the career choice very much. The high school senior students stated that their families have a democratic, autocratic, free attitude, guiding and helpful attitude. It was determined that the students had a confrontational attitude to implement their own preferences in response to their parents' attitudes in the choice of profession. In choosing a profession, families can be educated in recognizing and directing their children. The school and the family should work in collaboration on career choice.

AN EXPERİMENT DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN TURKISH TEACHİNG: THE LEGEND OF PETRIFIED SHEPHERD

Salih TUZLUKAYA — 2026-07-16

The legends that contain the philosophy of life, the way of life, the way of morality, the values that the society glorifies, and the traces of history and beliefs for hundreds or even thousands of years are extremely important literary products in terms of creating national consciousness. It is a method of analysis that enables to present and interpret the values and elements of national consciousness in such literary products. In this study, discourse analysis method was used as a method and an attempt to analyze such phenomena as providing belonging to a society through other literary genres as a legend, gaining national consciousness, being a virtuous individual, and thinking differently and creative thinking. The method of discourse analysis used in the research is aimed at understanding the language characteristics of the text and revealing the implicit meanings that the producer of the text does not express directly. In this study, A Discourse Analysis of The Legend Of The Petrıfıed Shepherd, which belongs to Alaçayır village of Refahiye, was attempted in his book “A Research on Erzincan Legends” by Ruhi Kara. The legend says, J. P. Gee's method of discourse analysis has been tried to be studied. According to this method, the legend was examined under three main headings. J. in three topics: legend form analysis, meaning analysis and language analysis. P. Gee's analysis of discourse has been examined in twenty-seven sub-headings. In form analysis, the tools used by the author to create the discourse were revealed and associated with the fictional nature of the legend. In the analysis of meaning, the semantic links that form the discourse are explained by taking into account the structural elements that form the fiction. In language analysis, especially concentrated words of the author, and consciously preferred structures were revealed. The study aims to show that discourse analysis is an effective way of analyzing literary texts belonging to folk literature and by the reader to better understand the legends.

Nominalkomposita in Turkish and German

Ayşe UYANIK — 2026-07-16

Nominalkomposita in Turkish and German Nominal composites are among the most commonly used word formations in the German language. They are compositions whose members arise from at least two nouns. They also exist in the Turkish language, but their numbers are inferior and education varies. Since the students do not master these deviations and similarities of word formation processes from the mentioned language pairs, they prefer other formations and utterances that actually prevent a fluent German. In contrast, the incomplete genitives in Turkish correspond to German nominal compounds. But the GFL learners are not informed about this correspondence.This thesis intends to propose to GFL learners the possibility of translation of Turkish incomplete genitive constructions by nominal composite into German For this purpose, the nominal components in Turkish and German are presented in the theoretical part. After that, a translation task tries to pin down how to translate incomplete genitives from Turkish into German. In this implementation can be seen that the learners in this area are ignorant. They are as alien to the composition of nouns as the joint elements necessary for the suture of these nominal compounds. When the DaF learners are introduced to these word formation processes and are taught these constructions, they can express themselves much better in the target language and have a higher level of language proficiency. Keywords: compounds, nominal compounds, incomplete genitive constructions, word formation

BURNOUT AND JOB SATISFACTION LEVELS OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN ACCOUNTING EDUCATION

Selçuk YALÇIN — 2026-07-16

In this study, a questionnaire form was applied to measure the general attitudes, burnout and job satisfaction levels of undergraduate students studying accounting. According to the results, a very weak and negative correlation was found between burnout and job satisfaction at 0.01 level of significance. Moderate burnout was found in the sub-scales of the burnout scale and moderate job satisfaction was found in the sub-scales of the job satisfaction scale. According to the averages of expressions regarding general attitudes, participants stated attitudes towards agree about that it is difficult to be a professional accountant, but they would start their internship immediately after graduation, and they would be working in their own offices or in another workplace as certificate holder in the next 10 years. On the other hand, the participants stated attitudes towards neutral about being an auditor, an inspector, a teacher or an academician in the next 10 years. Senior students are aware of the difficulty of being an accountant and an auditor and they are pessimistic about it. According to the averages obtained from the emotional exhaustion sub-scale, participants stated as often about that they felt spiritually exhausted at the end of the day and they felt the school was exhausting them. According to the averages obtained from the desensitization sub-scale, the participants stated as sometimes about that they felt they had solidified against people since they started school, and that they felt afraid that their education would solidify them and that they would not care what happened to the other students. According to the averages of answers to the personal achievement subs-cale, participants stated often that they could understand what people felt when they met due to education, that they found the most appropriate solutions to their problems and that they felt revived when they were closely interested in their friends and teachers at school. Intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction levels of the participants were moderate. In terms of intrinsic job satisfaction, participants have expressed satisfaction about that a sense of success, a stable job, dignity, the chance to implement their own decisions and methods, and the opportunity to do something for others. Regarding extrinsic job satisfaction, the participants expressed satisfaction in terms of appreciation, implementation of business decisions and the possibility of promotion.

INVESTIGATION OF TEACHING-LEARNING CONCEPTIONS OF TEACHER CANDIDATES IN TERMS OF VARIOUS VARIABLES (KAFKAS UNIVERSITY EXAMPLE)

Dilek YARALI — 2026-07-16

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the teaching-learning conceptions of teacher candidates. Also, it is aimed to investigate whether constructivist and traditional teaching-learning conceptions of teacher candidates differed a significantly difference as statistically or not in terms of gender, type of program, class level, academic average and age range variables. The survey method was used to collect data in the research. The sampling of the research consisted of 343 teacher candidates who studying in various programs of the Kafkas University during the spring semester of 2017-2018. Datas were gathered through “Teaching-Learning Conceptions Questionnaire” in the research. Teaching-Learning Conceptions Questionnaire was developed by Chan & Elliot (2004) and which was made to adapted to Turkish by Aypay (2011). SPSS program was used to analysis of the data which obtained from the research. Arithmetic mean, frequencies, percentage, standard deviation, minimum-maximum values, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H tests were utilized for analysis of the data. According to as a result of the findings which was obtained from the research, it was seen that teacher candidates adopted constructivist teaching-learning conception. However, they were determined to be undecided about the traditional teaching-learning conception. Based on this finding, it can be said that teacher candidates who participated in the research adopted constructivist conception more than traditional conception. In the research, significant differences as statistically were found in the only constructivist conception sub-dimension according to the program type variable. Besides, significant differences as statistically were found in the only traditional conception sub-dimension according to academic mean and age range variables. But, significant differences as statistically weren't found in the constructivist and traditional conception according to gender and class level variables of teacher candidates.

EVALUATION OF ARABIC WRITTEN SKILLS OF TURKISH STUDENTS (SAMPLE OF ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY)

Hacı YILMAZ — 2026-07-16

It is perhaps one of the most important goals of teachers or programs to acquire writing skills which are one of the four skills in foreign language teaching. Although language skills are considered, writing skills are the last point in a foreign language, although writing, speaking and reading are the last ones. At the same time, written expression is an important measurement technique in teaching a foreign language. In this study, in the 2018-2019 academic year, the students of Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Arabic Translation and Interpretation Department have been able to identify the systematic errors in Arabic written expression course, classify them in the light of error analysis, explain the reasons of errors and help students in order to be interpreted linguistically and psychologically. In the research, two different composition subjects were given to the students of the Department of Arabic Translation and Interpretation at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University and in one of these subjects, they were asked to write an essay by considering the basic rules of composition and fifty minutes were given to write this composition. In this study, the data obtained were evaluated according to the wrong analysis approach. Data were analyzed and grouped. As a result, most of the mistakes made in the first place are errors that we call partial errors and do not interfere with our communication. This is pleasing. Because these errors have the chance to be corrected over time. Most of the partial errors are composed of grammatical errors. It was seen that there were too many mistakes in Arabic sentence institutions and especially in the name sentence. On the other hand, the morphological structure is not well known and spelling mistakes also play an important role. The fact that the rate of total errors is 13% in the obtained data is an indication that the students learn the basic structures of Arabic.

EFFECT OF AIRLINE SERVICE QUALITY ON PASSENGER SATISFACTION

Canan YILMAZ UZNur ÖZER CANARSLAN — 2026-07-16

New trends in the global world have affected many sectors. These sectors’ operations is only possible with a rapid adaptation process. The rapid changes in the transportation sector change people’s way of travel in order to adapt to the fast-flowing world and make them prefer faster means of transportation. Due to this advantage, providing passenger satisfaction in airline transportation, which is one of the most preferred transportation types plays a vital role due to the increasing number of competitors. In the airline transportation sector, which can be defined as an intangible product rather than a tangible product, the product perception of passengers is the result of each transaction. Therefore, it is thought that all the operations which are necessary to ensure a flight affect the passenger satisfaction. It is possible to say that these operations do not only cover the moment of flight, it is almost starting with the formation of the flight idea and continuing after the destination and also include both tangible and intangible elements. Since it is thought that knowing how these stages affect passenger satisfaction is especially important for companies, it is aimed to investigate the effects of pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight service quality separately. The research data were collected by questionnaire method and the survey application was applied via social media. The sample of the study consisted of people traveling at least once. As a result of this study, it has been tried to answer the effect of different service stages in passenger transportation on passenger satisfaction and to determine the direction of this effect.