Turkish Studies - International, Year 2019 Issue Volume 14 Issue 1

HÜSEYİN SU’YA SAYGIYLA

Yavuz Ahmet KOÇ — 2026-07-16

The Poetic Objection of Necip Fazil Against the Mission and Practice of Turkish Modernization

Kemal ŞAMLIOĞLU — 2026-07-16

Necip Fazıl poetry, which is one of the main determinants of the poem, loneliness, death and the image of the ordeal, poetically, can be defined as the psychosis created by the poet against the process of modernization. With the transition of the Turkish literature to the westernization phase with the Tanzimat and the increasing and widening Europeanization policy with the single-party practices of the Republican period, it influenced the many writers and poets of the period, but also paved the way for the formation of the approachable and reactive group against this effect. Necip Fazıl's mental transformation after meeting Abdülhakîm Arvâsî is the main reason for the objection to Turkish Westernization and single-party practices on literary and political grounds. Kısakürek's intellectual reaction to fevral acts leads to the formation of the image of fear. Because what modernized life has to do is defeat the traditional and cultural defeat and destruction under the new concept; Necip Fazıl, who uses this disorder frequently in his poems and literary writings, in his poetic discourse against it; The ordeal finds itself as melancholic, gloomy, and with the word headings that make the feeling of death dominant, which means the metaphysical mood of the poet against the strengthening of the ethos in the positivist and materialist orbit. In this article, we will focus on the psychosis of Necip Fazıl against modernization, showing conservative resistance to materialist and positivist literature created with the motive of Europeanization.

ON A NEW INTERPRETATION OF THE YASIN SURAH IN TURKISH BY HIZIR BEG CHELEBI (KASTAMONU EDITION)

Ergün ACAR — 2026-07-16

This study was carried out on the interpretation of Surah Yasin belonging to Hızır Beg Chelebi, that was found in the Kastamonu Manuscript Library with the archive number 4226. Hızır Beg Chelebi is one of the leading scholars of Sultan Mehmet II period in the 15th century. After the conquest of Istanbul, he was the first kadi [Islamic judge] and a mayor of Istanbul. This is a copy written in the 15th century which was not investigated by researchers so far and was not mentioned in the interpretation bibliographies. The interpretation of the Yasin, which is the subject of the examination here, is included in the pages 33b-83b of a magazine with two works. The Yasin Surah was described by Prophet Muhammad as the heart of the Quran. In this respect, this interpretation of Yasin will become very important for the Turkish interpretation culture. The language of such works written for the public to read and understand contains very rich language elements for the period in which they were written. In addition to the two copies of the work in the Millet Manuscript Library, Ali Emiri Department, 58/A and 59, there ise one more copy which is registered with the number 140 in İbrahim Efendi Department of Süleymaniye Library. In this study, firstly, the content and method features of the work are mentioned, and then, information about the author and other copies are given. Next, spelling, sound, and shape characteristics of the work are mentioned as they reflect the language characteristics of the period. Finally, examples of the vocabulary of the work were given and the state of Turkish moral concepts was determined. In this study, with revealing this work belonging to Old Anatolian Turkish period, it was aimed to contribute to language research.

The Relationship between Budget Deficit and Current Account Deficit in the Turkish Economy

Adil AKINCI — 2026-07-16

One of the important economic phenomena that emerged from the 1980s during which global trade began to increase and capital flows began to move freely among the countries was the twin deficits hypothesis. Twin deficits hypothesis is defined as the fact that the budget deficits and the current account deficit affect each other. While the Keynesian approach argues that there is a relationship between budget deficits and the current account deficit, Ricardo Equivalence hypothesis argues that there is no relationship between budget deficits and the current account deficit. In this study, whether the twin deficits hypothesis was valid during the 2006:Q1-2018:Q2 period in Turkey was examined by the time series analysis method. In this context, Johansen cointegration analysis, error correction model, effect-response functions and variance decomposition methods were used. According to the results obtained, it was determined that there was a long-term relationship between budget deficits and the current account deficit and therefore the twin deficits hypothesis was valid during the 2006:Q1-2018:Q2 period in Turkey.

THE BASIC CONCEPTS COMPOSING THE POETICS OF SEZGİN KAYMAZ

Osman ARICAN, İrem HATIL — 2026-07-16

Sezgin Kaymaz is one of the most popular avant-garde writers of recent Turkish literature. Although his name is nor referred in the literary encyclopedias, he has written many novels and short stories in the last two decades. Each author has their own poetic approach forming their writing style. And this style creates elements for the analysis of works. Again author bears both concrete and abstract traces from the period in which they live. Therefore an author is always considered to represent the society in some way. Since the early ages, poetics has always been the center of attention. As concrete boundaries cannot be fully drawn in poetics, it has been the subject of many research. Poetics field relevant with multiple disciplines. Therefore, any study made in this field can be accepted as a reference for further studies. This study aims to be a reference source as well. It only covers eleven novels by Kaymaz and is intended to other works. This study, called The Basic Concepts Composing The Poetics of Sezgin Kaymaz, includes some determinations as to vocabulary preference, style and data in Kaymaz’s works. In the study, the poetic elements that make up the poetics of the author and the prominent elements around five main concepts “Ankara”, “dog” , “death” , “slang” , “epigraph”. These concepts have been studied and classified main and sub-categories and also visualized with graphics and tables. This article also contains a brief summary about Sezgin Kaymaz's life and a conclusion section.

AN EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT NEWS PUBLISHED ON PRINT MEDIA IN TURKEY

Simge Deniz DEMİREL — 2026-07-16

The fact that environmental problems that are observed globally and have a negative impact on the lives of all living creatures in the era we are living in have been increasing gradually requires the subject of environment to be examined by different fields of science. How social awareness related to environmental problems will be created and what will be done for the solution of environmental problems increases the number and variety of studies in the field of social sciences. In order to find a solution and take precautions for the increasing environmental problems and environmental degradation, studies that are carried out within science of communication and media studies under the umbrella of social sciences will be evaluated. As a main sub-field of environmental communication, environmental journalism enables environmental news to be created properly and levelly to create awareness by journalists. Today, we come across news on environmental issues more often and these news remain insufficient to increase participation in the solution to environmental problems, to ensure critical thinking and to mold public opinion because of the insufficiency of specialization in the related field. In this regard, the aim of this study is to investigate the environmental news on international media with content analysis, identify the deficiencies in this direction and develop suggestions for the development of the field. General evaluation related to environmental news on print media in Turkey will be made and within the context of deficiencies and suggestions, the things that need to be done for the development of environmental journalism will be examined in the study.

VIEWS AND APPROACHES OF PERFORMERS AND INSTRUCTORS ON THE USE OF CELLO IN TURKISH MUSIC

Burcu AVCI AKBEL — 2026-07-16

This is a descriptive study which is aimed at revealing views of instructors and performers on the use of cello in Turkish Music both today and in the past, the performance style they adopt, the points of importance and criticism, and the suggestions regarding the learning process. Phenomenological methodology and maximum variation sampling were utilized in the research. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. The data obtained were analyzed by the content analysis method; NVivo12 software was used for the analysis. The study revealed that contemporarily cello in Turkish Music is usually aimed for having a bass tone, or cello performers are expected to play the instrument for such kind of performance. Additionally, it was found out that the performance style is often acquired by listening to Turkish Music performers. It was also found out that the participants pay due attention to the criteria primarily including knowledge of maqams, listening to the right sources, accurate finger pressures in Turkish Music, performance with adherence to the traditional style, being faithful to the original performance of a musical piece, technical exercises, transposing exercises, prominence of emotions, and ability to express emotion in performance; and the participants also suggest that due attention should be paid to the mentioned criteria in the learning - teaching process.

THE INVESTIGATION OF LIFELONG LEARNING TENDENCIES OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS ATTENDING PEDAGOGİCAL FORMATION PROGRAM

Murtaza AYKAÇ, Buket ASLANDAĞ — 2026-07-16

In today’s ever-changing and developing world, people are in need of keeping up with the changes in educational areas as well as in various domains. The 20th century as an era of change has caused various economic and political formations in countries. Both the process of European Union and global changes have led Turkey to focus on quality studies in education. Educators have become aware of the fact that there should be innovative changes in educational applications as a consequence of developments in information and communication technologies, socio-political collapses or rises and the removal of frontiers. As such, it has been necessary for nations to have educational systems to train wholly-developed citizens. In the present study, the concept of lifelong learning which emphasizes the importance of training high-qualified individuals has been under the scope. In addition to conceptual framework, it was aimed to identify the lifelong tendencies of 217 pre-service teachers attending the pedagogical formation program in a state university in Turkey. The lifelong learning tendencies of the target group were also evaluated depending on the variables such as gender, age and department. The data collected via “Lifelong Tendency Scale” indicated that the participants had a high level of lifelong tendencies. However, it was found out that variables had different levels of significance in line with lifelong learning tendency. In the light of the results of the research, the additional activities supporting and diversifying the lifelong tendencies of undergraduates at faculties of education are to be recommended.

Ottoman Roots of Ombudsman

Mehmet AYKANAT — 2026-07-16

Turkish Ombudsman Institution has been established in 2010 by a constitutional amendment. The institution is known as ombudsman in the World. The Ombudsman’s Office was founded by the Swedish King Charles XII in 1713. Because the king of Sweden was in the Ottoman country at the time of the establishment of the ombudsman, it was accepted that the institution has Ottoman roots. Studies on the subject mentioned a number of Ottoman institutions. It is not clear that which Ottoman institution inspired the King. There are not enough studies comparing the Ottoman institutions with the ombudsman institution. In the study, the Ottoman institutions, which are shown as the source of the ombudsman institution, were compared with the ombudsman institution. In this way, it has been tried to determine which institutions may have been the source of ombudsman and which institutions are irrelevant. It has been claimed that Ottoman institutions such as Mazalim Court, Imperial Council, Divan-i Ishraf, injustice inspectors, grand vizier, kazasker, qadi al-kudat, mufti, sheik al-islam, qadi, muhtesib, futuwwah and Ahi Organization have been related to ombudsman. All of the aforementioned Ottoman institutions carried out audit activities. In this study, the status, duties and powers, qualifications, functions, starting of research and research methods, operations and the binding of the decisions of the ombudsman are discussed. Mazalim Court, Divan-i Ishraf and qadi al-kudat are institutions that have taken part in the Islamic State Organization. Different institutions took their places in the Ottoman organization. Kazasker and qadi are members of judiciary. Ahi Organization weakened during the ombudsman’s establishment. For these reasons these institutions cannot have the origin of ombudsman. Imperial Council, injustice inspector and grand vizier had similar and different characteristics with ombudsman. Some characteristics of ombudsman may be taken from these institutions. The mufti are more similar to the ombudsman than other Ottoman institutions. Deeper studies are needed comparing mufti and ombudsman.

BYZANTINE EMPIRE LANDSYSTEM AND EFFECT ON THE ECONOMY IN EARLY MEDIEVAL AGE

Mehmet Ertan BAMYACI, Sezgin GÜÇLÜAY — 2026-07-16

One of the factors that empowered States and economies throughout the ages has undoubtedly been the land.Especially until the Industrial Revolution, societies have shaped their political and military structures on the land or around it.Thereby, the land, while holding a very important place in human life, played a vital role in the formation of state systems.The use of this important lands in the optimised way had been one of the issues that the states had been thinking about.At the end of this search, land systems which is the administrative and military system, were used, where the land was used as the source of both production and military power.The Byzantine system of land ownership and the Thema system became one of the best-functioning administrative and military systems of the era, providing the continuity of production, the regular collection of taxes and the procurement of army power.The Byzantine Empire grasped the value of the land as a prerequisite for its existence and tried to shape and develop the system on its land in such a way as to provide the greatest benefit.The success in this field has been one of the most important factors for its existence for centuries.The Byzantine territorial system ensured the survival of the Empire in military and economic threats.Both the Slavs and the Arabs, who had been settled on fertile lands, had a great impact on production by preventing the land from being vacant and the empire was relieved of paying the salary to the military power it needed.

STRESS FACTORS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Yaşar BARUT — 2026-07-16

Stress factors are defined as all factors that cause stress reactions in the organism, regardless of origin. Stress factors can be varied, such as physiological, biological, psychological, social events and life events. Life events constitute an important part of stress factors. Life events constitute an important part of stress factors. Although such researches have been carried out in our big cities such as Ankara, Izmir and Istanbul, we believe that such research has not been carried out in other provinces. In line with the findings of this study, it was tried to make a contribution toliterature, but also to determine the situation in Van, which is a more developed city compared to other provinces in eastern Anatolia.

ADAPTATION of SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL AND CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT SCALE to TURKISH: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY

Kayhan BOZGÜN, Kemal BAYTEMİR — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to adapt to Turkish the Social-Emotional and Character Development Scale developed by Ji, DuBois and Flay (2013) in order to determine the social-emotional and character development of children between the ages of 8-12. In this study, data were collected from two different groups as elementary and secondary school students. The first sample group of the study consists of 458 elementary school students studying in 3rd, 4th and 5th grades in three different elementary schools in the central district of a province of Southeastern Anatolia. The second sample group of the study consisted of 340 secondary school students studying in the 6th, 7th and 8th grades in two different elementary schools in the same region and province. The construct validity of the scale was tested by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and the criterion validity was examined. For both study groups, it was observed that the model was significant and produced good fit values. The criterion validity of the scale was examined using the Perceived Social Competence Scale. Accordingly, in both study groups, the sub-dimensions and total score of the Social-Emotional and Character Development Scale were found to have a moderate and high significant relationship with the Perceived Social Competence Scale. In the reliability study of the scale, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the Social-Emotional and Character Development Scale was found to be .88 for in both studies. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for sub-dimesnsions of the scale were found between .48 - .69 in the first study group; and between .60 - .72 in the second study group.

SYRIAN REFUGEES IN TURKEY DIGITAL NEWSPAPERS REPRESENTATION PROBLEM

Sinem ONAR — 2026-07-16

Negative conditions such as increasing war, violence tendencies and economic imbalances all over the world lead to an increase in forced migration tendencies and a rapid increase in the number of asylum seekers. Turkey towards Syria following the war, especially the influx of refugees in our country experienced social features led to the emergence of serious problems economically and culturally. It is noteworthy that even more serious problems in social and cultural terms have been added to the problems caused by immigration through news generated through the media. It is seen that these problems increase in time when digital media, which has the opportunity to reach wider masses, eliminates the concept of time and space. As an environment where information can be transmitted instantly and interactively, digital newspapers have an important power to reach more readers and create public opinion on important current issues. Taking this idea into consideration, considering the public opinion power of digital newspapers, it is necessary to evaluate the news about refugees within the framework of ethical reporting values. While it is thought that negative news about Syrian refugees in the digital media environment leads to the formation of negative perception towards the Syrian refugees, discrimination and otherization in the society, the main purpose of this study is to determine how the Syrian refugees are represented in digital newspapers and to determine how social perception is formed in this direction. The news about the refugees in digital newspapers builds a perception of threat to Syrians and creates fear and anxiety. The basic problematic of the study is to determine how the perception of Syrians is established in digital newspapers and how this community is represented in digital media. For this purpose, the news published in digital newspapers were analyzed to determine how the Syrians are positioned socially through the language, photography, adjectives and stampings used in the news.

Comparıson of Dichotomous Item Response Theory Models and Nominal Response Model

Serpil ÇELİKTEN, Emine ÖNEN — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this study is to examine the dichotomous item response theory models and nominal response model in terms of model-data fit, accuracy of ability estimation, and test information functions in a comparative way. The study group was composed of 1500 students taken 2012-SBS. For the research purposes, the analysis were conducted through the R Studio software, Multilog, Lisrel 8.80 and SPSS. In terms of model data fit, it was observed that nominal response model, 2 parameter logistic model and 3 parameter logistic model fits the data both in terms of overall fit and item fit, and 3PLM is the best fitting model among them. The abilities were most precisely estimated with NRM . Lastly, in terms of test information functions, NRM provided the most information than the dichotomus IRT models at the low ability range. However, NRM provided less information in terms of total test information function than 3PLM, although the ability parameters were estimated with better accuracy with NRM than 3PLM. However, it is considered that nominal response model would be beneficial to be improved of items with all aspcets by examining the effectiveness of distractors. Therefore, it is believed that nominal response model, especially in practice, would contribute to studies aimed at constructing item bank.

THE CASE OF MENZİL CEMAATİ IN TERMS OF RELIGION-STATE RELATIONS

Rahman DAĞ, Ali Riza KİLİC — 2026-07-16

From the Ottoman Empire to present, there has been an interaction between political powers and religious groups in almost every period in the direction of mutual interests. In some periods religious groups affected the political authority, but in some periods political powers affected the religious groups in their own interests. The focus of this study is to examine the state-religion relations through the case of Menzil Cemaati in Turkey.

EVALUATİON OF NEW GENERATİON JOURNALİSM EDUCATİON İN THE CONTEXT OF EMPLOYMENT ADVANTAGE OF JOURNALİSM DEPARTMENT STUDENTS

Çiğdem DİRİK, Sinem ÇAMBAY — 2026-07-16

Today, with the new communication technologies, the inevitable transformation in the media requires the transformation of the journalist identity and the concept of the journalist is reshaped. The success of journalists in a changing journalism environment is compatible with a new generation of journalism that will enable them to adapt to the dynamics of the era. Being research oriented, being expert in data analysis, being knowledgeable about economics, law and politics, having ability to understand and expressing, ability of thinking fast and decision making, having professional ethics, technological competence, using time effectively, stress to be able to manage, to manage the crisis, to have a sense of team spirit, to follow the agenda has critical principles. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the new generation journalism education and employment program in the context of journalism department graduates' advantage of employment and the contribution of education to journalist candidates to be a new generation journalist will be determined. The study was conducted with a data collection scale based on semi-structured in-depth interview method which is one of the qualitative research techniques. The descriptive approach was used to evaluate the data obtained. In this research, semi-structured question scale which is directed to the students of Izmir offices of İŞKUR and Press Advertisements Agency and ten journalism students who were recruited within the scope of the training, organized in cooperation with the new generation journalism education and employment program, and in-depth interview technique were used.

Investigation of Primary School 4th Grade Students' Metaphorical Perceptions of Mathematics Course

Zeynep DOĞAN, Damla SÖNMEZ — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to reveal the metaphorical perceptions of 4th grade students in mathematics related to visual materials. The sample of the study consisted of 39 primary school 4th grade students who were studying in a public school in Bakırköy district of İstanbul in the 2017-2018 academic year. A case study which is one of the qualitative research methods is used as research design. As a means of collecting data, students were given written papers on the subject of mathematics. In the analysis of the data, the visuals or drawings of the students were examined in detail. The metaphors formed by the students were gathered under 4 main titles as a result of the opinions taken from the experts. All the metaphors formed by the students were collected under the headings of affective situations, impact on life, school and classroom environment, mathematical expressions and concepts. At the end of the study, it was seen that the students perceived mathematics as a tool of the course they learned and also affected the students' emotions. In the affective situations category, while female students create more negative metaphors, the metaphors formed by girls in the life effect category are equal or negative.

LİQUEFACTİON OF BİOMASS BY CATALYTİC HYDROTHERMAL LİQUEFACTİON PROCESS

Halil DURAK — 2026-07-16

Biomass can be transformed into more valuable forms of energy by thermal, biological and physical methods. As a result of direct combustion of biomass by the traditional method, energy can be obtained and solid, liquid and gaseous fuels from biomass can be obtained with various thermochemical processes. Many thermochemical methods such as gasification, pyrolysis and liquefaction are used for biofuel biofuel production. Biomass bio-oil has many advantages over conventional use. In this study, prosopis farcta plant was converted into liquid and solid products by catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction method at 350 oC. The products were analyzed by GC-MS analysis method. In the GC-MS analysis of the liquid products obtained, a large number of different compounds, generally composed of monoaromatic, aliphatic, heterocyclic and oxygenated compounds, were obtained.

Investigation of Despair Levels of Families with Down Syndrome Child and Their Parental Attitudes on Perception and Coping with Stress

Aykut DÜNDAR, Ümit YETİŞ — 2026-07-16

This study has been carried out in Adiyaman, Turkey with a group of families, who have children with down syndrome (CDS), to investigate the despair levels of families and their parental attitudes on perception and coping with stress in August-October 2018. The population of the study consists from parents of 148 CDS who live in Adiyaman/Turkey. The sample group includes 82 volunteer fathers and mothers. Data has been collected by survey methodology. The survey has 4 stages. The first stage includes five specifications which aim to detect the demographical information. Second stage is “Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)”, third stage is “Overcoming the Stress Method Scale (OSMS)” and the last stage is “Despair Scale (DS)”. The obtained data have been summarized by frequency analysis, SPSS 15 suit of program was used to analyze the data. As the education level increases, the despair level decreases. The samples who have graduated from primary school or high school have low despair level but the samples who have graduated from university still have hope. When the income considered there is no difference at the perceived stress. But the despair level increases as the income decreases. It has been concluded that as the monthly income increases the self-confidence approach increases. The parents who have consanguinity marriage are more desperate. It has been concluded that stress perceived by mothers who have CDS is higher than fathers.

THE STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CYNICISM OF THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT HIGH SCHOOL LECTURERS

Yeliz ERATLI ŞİRİN, Özge AYDIN , Günseli ÖZ , Tayfun ŞİRİN — 2026-07-16

Comparison of 1PL, 2PL, 3PL and 4 PL item response theory models

Ayşenur ERDEMİR, Emine ÖNEN — 2026-07-16

In this study model-data fit studies were conducted for 1PLM, 2PLM, 3PLM and 4PLM, accuracy of item and ability parameter estimation was compared, and item and test information functions were provided. To be able to compare models on these issue, 2012 SBS (high school entrance exam) Turkish subtest were taken from Ministry of Education. The study group was comprised by 1500 examinee. Before the analysis of research problems, the assumptions of IRT were checked. First, the data were checked for unidimensionality with EFA based upon tetrachoric correlation matrix, and it appeared essentially unidimensional. Then, all pairs of items were checked for local independence using Yen’s Q3. None of the pairwise residual correlations for all 4 models were greater than .20 in absolute value, which showed that local dependence did not appear to be a problem. The item and ability parameters were provided the property of invariance. In terms of model-data fit, it was found that 4PLM was the best fitting model of all. The items were calibrated with all related models using MML in R Studio. The standard errors for most of the item parameters were reasonably small. This showed that the item parameters were estimated with good accuracy. The abilities (θ) were estimated for each individual examinee with all 4 models using maximum likelihood estimation. The standard errors of ability estimate were compared using Analysis of Variance for the degree of estimation accuracy. It was found that the estimation with 4PLM had smaller standard errors than the other 3 models, and the abilities were most precisely estimated with 4PLM. In addition, the most information was provided by 4PLM for the related test. All the models provided more information on the theta interval -1 and 0 than the other θ levels.

LIQUIDITY ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS AND JOURNALISM: A NEWSPAPER CASE

İrfan ERTEKİN — 2026-07-16

In this study, the purpose was to make a Liquidity Analysis of a national newspaper, which sustains its activities in our country, for the years 2016-2017 by dealing with the process of journalism as an important factor in communication sector throughout history. It may also be claimed that public relations affect financial statements, financial structures and the liquidity structures of newspapers directly or indirectly. The application data for analyses were obtained from the Public Disclosure Platform (PDP) website. The interpretation of the application was limited with mere liquidity analysis and activity rates. The Comparison Method was made use of in the study. According to the Liquidity Analysis of the press business in question for the year 2016-2017, it was determined that the company did not have any problems in terms of paying its debts and sustaining its business, and it was above the standard rates. The The Acid-test Ratio, which shows the short-term solvency of the business in Liquid Assets that remain after the deduction of stocks and prepaid advances, was close to 1 in the previous year, which means a relatively low level; however, this ratio increased in the current year. When compared between years, the Acid-test Ratio for 2017 was higher, which means above the standard ratio. The Cash Ratio, which shows the short-term solvency even if there are no current values in the company and even if there are no receivables, also shows that the Cash Ratio was low in 2016; however, it recovered in 2017, and exceeded the ideal ratio of 20%. The Cash Ratio in the current year is better compared to that of the previous year. When the activity ratios were evalauted, it was determined that the stocks of the business were continuous 22 times in 2017, and the collection time of the receivables was 149 days. Research is important in that it is a multidisciplinary study that targets public relations, journalism and accounting-financing fields.

THE PLACE OF LITERACY IN HIGH SCHOOL LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE COURSES - A COMPARISON STUDY-

Ayşe Derya ESKİMEN — 2026-07-16

In recent years, the concept of literacy and types literacybased on many different disciplines have emerged. This concept entered into the education system of many countries and even became one of the main aims of the education system. In language and literature education, especially in America related with our study subject, the student profile which is intended to be raised is shaped around the concept of 21st century literacy. This understanding has focused on skill education and multiple literacy. In the process of education, all these skills and multiple literacies are tried to be redounded to students and individuals are expected to be raised according to those skills.It is necessary to follow the developments in the field of education and to determine the educational approaches, similarities and differences of education in different countries. The aim of the study carried out in this context is to determine the locations of the media literacy, visual literacy and knowledge literacy types in language and literature lessons in Turkey and America. Document analysis method was used for data collection. Therefore, United States Indiana state english language arts lesson guide and Turkey language and literature course schedules were investigated. The obtained data were analyzed by content analysis method. According to the conclusions drawn from the study it can be stated that language and literature education in America is supported by lessons focusing on languıage skill fields and multiple literacy types while this variety is not present for highschool language-literature lessons in Turkey. Hence it should be expressed that the requirement of lesson charts, education programs and also visual literacy, media literacy and knowledge literacy in textbooks should be incorporated to the education process much more.

The Way Pablo Picasso Handles Figurative Images in Ceramic Works and the Reflection of His Paintings on Ceramic Works

Fahrettin GEÇEN, Tahir ÇELİKBAĞ — 2026-07-16

Seen as one of the most famous painters of the 20th century world of the painting and regarded as a pioneer of the art movement of Cubism, Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, is an artist who graces the walls of museums around the world with his unique works which he redounded to painting art and has an important place in the art community. The artist is recognized ceramic works with many products especially in the arts of painting and sculpture. The artist reflected his distinctive style in the paintings to other artistic works. After realistic works, contributed to the Cubism movement with numerous publications studies,the artist come to the fore with his the pattern drawn with simple contour lines in the form of the work. One of the important features of the artist is to reflect styles, carrying himself to the history of art , to ceramics and sculpture works as three-dimensional and two-dimensional. In the research, it is purposed to find out the reflection of the geometric expression that Pablo Picasso used in his paintings, simultaneous display, a three dimensional expression on a two-dimensional surface and the childish linear form expression in the ceramic works. It has a significant role to reveal the three dimensional reflection and the success of the three dimensional expression on a two-dimensional surface on the paintings, three dimensional expression of the simplified imaginative expression in the ceramic works and simple images on ceramics in the research. In the research, in two-dimensional and three-dimensional ceramics made by Picasso gives the universe sample and also figures and symbols on ceramic gives limitation sample. In the Research the main purpose of engaging with the figure images is to come to the foreground the images by issuing three-dimensional image of the figure on the two-dimensional plane. The research was made with qualitative design and information about Picasso and his artistic work was obtained by scanning the literature.The images of the artist's works in the data has been analyzed through descriptive analysis and research have reached new information on the subject of the procedure by the means of analysis by comparison with the artist's pictorial work.

DOES HAND GRASPING FORCE AFFECT SHOT HIT RATES?

2026-07-16

This study aims to review the relation between shots and support hand grasping force with shot hit rates on the licensed male basketballers in city of Van. The participants of this study was volunteers of 40 licensed male basketball players who have shooting hands of (dominant) right, aged between 13-17. The participants went through shot and hand grasping force tests and then the effect of shooting hand (dominant) and support hand (non-dominant) on shot hit rates are reviewed. After seeing that the obtained data showed normal distribution, Pearson Correlation Test is applied in order to define the relation between the groups. The mean age of basketballers is found to be 15,15±1,44, mean height is 174,08±9,88 cm and mean weight is 63,07±11,90 kg. The mean of free shot test which basketballers had is measured to be 16,97±5,04. A significant difference is found between shooting hand grasping force and free shot hit rates (p<0,05). However, no significant relation is found between supporting hand grasping force and free shot test (p>0,05). As a result, the fact that the supporting hand grasping force of participating basketball players, which is the hand that keeps the ball in balance for shooting (non-dominant), does not have a significant effect on the shot hit rates (p>0,05), and the fact that the shooting hand of basketballers is the dominant hand and also that force values are significantly different which is not in favor of the non-dominant hand shows that only shooting hand grasping force affects free shot hit rates in basketball, consequently affecting the success of the competition.

THE EFFECT OF 8 WEEKLY ALPIENT DISCIPLINE BASIC SKI TRAINING ON BALANCE, FLEXIBILITY, QUICKNESS AND DURABILITY IN CHILDREN 8-10 AGE GROUPS

Sait GÜNEŞ, Feyzullah KOCA , Osman İMAMOĞLU — 2026-07-16

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of basic ski training on balance, flexibility, quickness and endurance in 8-10 age group children. Method: The measurements were taken in the project of snow storms carried out by Kayseri Provincial Directorate of Youth Services and Sports. The participants were the volunteers who did not know the total of 21 skiing sport consisting of 13 boys and 8 girls. Ski basic training was applied 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Dependent group t and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the data between groups. Findings: A statistically significant difference was found in pre-test and post-test body weight parameters of boys and girls (p <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in height (p> 0.05). While there were significant differences in the flamingo test, 10x5 shuttle run tests and girls' sit-up test and mini-Cooper test in the pre- and post-test (p <0.05), there was no significant change in the velocity movement in both groups (p> 0, 05). While there was a significant change in systolic blood pressure in boys (p <0.001), the change in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was not significant (p> 0.05). Conclusion: As a result, it has been found that the basic ski training has a positive effect on balance, flexibility, quickness and endurance in 8-10 age group children. The fact that this effect is higher in girls suggests that they are more passive before they start their education. Similar studies can be performed in different age groups and in different regions. When organizing the training program, coaches should consider the difference between boys and girls in children aged 8-10.

A MODEL PROPOSAL FOR VOCATIONAL TRAINING OF DISABLED PEOPLE

Dilek KARAHOCA, Yıldız ÇOKCOŞKUN — 2026-07-16

With the high advances in information technologies, a lot of novelties and changes in educational systems emerged. IT based educational systems allow to reach specific groups of people much more easily although the traditional education system couldn't. People with disabilities can have the equal opportunity in education. Like all other people, a person with a disability has the right to get education and employment. Technological improvements will allow them to access educational facilities until the rest of their life and to obtain vocational training by use of information technologies. The main purpose of the model is to convey to the people with learning difficulties the capabilities of DJing through an educational platform for which several evaluations will be made to estimate the possibility of performing on that database. The test group of this research consists of "Bremen Mizikacilari Percussion Band", a percussion group of young people with mental disabilities which is linked to "MEB Ozel Yeni Tomurcuk Private Rehabilitation and Research Center" and a primary school student with learning disabilities. The research ran with qualitative research techniques, consists of case study examples. Explorations, video recordings and speech transcriptions have been used to collect data. Analysis of groups and specific cases have been made, reviews of experts, professors and parents have been taken with semi-structured forms in order to obtain their ideas on the contribution of distance learning to educate people with disabilities. For the evaluation of the usage of that specific design, a tool has been developed by the researcher by getting benefits from Nielsen's heuristics.

Investigation of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors of University Students

Tahir KILIÇ, Tuba Sıdıka BALTA — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study was to compare the healthy lifestyle behaviours of the students of the school of physical education and sports (n216), whose physical activity participation are high, and the students of the faculty of law (n184), who are in mostly a theoretical curriculum. In accordance with the purpose of this study, this study was designed as a descriptive study according to the purpose of it, a survey study according to the method of data collection, and a cross-sectional research according to the time of collection of data. The method of measuring healthy lifestyle behaviors consists of 6 sub-dimensions. These are self-efficacy, health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, Interpersonal Relationship and stress management. The Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale (HLBS), consisted of 52 questions and developed by Walker et al. (1987), aims to determine the patterns and determinants of health-promoting lifestyle and the effects of interventions aimed at changing the lifestyle. The reliability and validity of the scale in Turkey was made in 2008 by Bahar et al. to adapt it into Turkish. In the research, frequency (%), arithmetic mean (X) and standard deviation (SD) were used as descriptive statistical methods. In order to determine the difference, Mann-Whitney U and One Way Anova Tests were used. Significance level was set at 0.05. The HLBS mean score of the students of the school of physical education and sports is 142,61 ±18,02. On the other hand, the HLBS mean score of the faculty of law students is 133,99± 19,00. It was determined that the HLBS scores of the students of the school of physical education and sports were statistically significant (p <0.05). While significant differences were found in self-efficacy, health responsibility, interpersonal support and exercise sub-dimensions, there were no significant differences in nutrition and stress management sub-dimensions.

As Inheritance Of The Prophet To Their Umma : “al- Kitâb”

Şemsettin KIRIŞ — 2026-07-16

Although the role to be put in the book is important in revealing the relation between the Book and Sunnah, there are almost no studies on this subject. In this context: "I've left you two things" is noteworthy about the work done. Narrations about the second thing left by Prophet Muhammad(pbuh) Sunnah and Ahl al-Bayt. In this study, the first thing that the Prophet had left will be the subject. Understanding of Allah's book (Kitabullah) as mere texts is not a subject of consensus. al-Kitâb can be understood as the basic limits, commandments and prohibitions of Allah for people in all centuries. Divine resource-based piety was praised in the Qur'an. In the case of the divine source of religiosity, the "practice" act has a prioritized position from the understanding action. Because the introduction of divine provisions is an indication of the highest level of understanding. It is not enough for the protection of the divine message to be physically subjugated. The preservation of the divine message depends on the continuation of the generations applying the ahkam-i ilah which it contains. The non-implementation of divine provisions should also be considered a type of falsification. It is necessary to establish a righteous approach to Allah's book before constructing religious knowledge that will constitute the basis of the religiousness of the modern world Muslim. Allah's book, on which theoretical discussion is not a text to be implemented rather than to be put into practice. If the practice is not taken as a basis, the discussion and discussion of superstition are the subject of all religious content. God's wisdom is a nebulae inherited in divine terms. From the point of view of the application of divine provisions, there is no problem of understanding of the spiritual heritage left by the Prophet to the ummah and there is no problem of retreatment from superstition.

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIOSCIENTIFIC ISSUES-BASED ANIMATIONS

Ali KOLOMUÇ — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of socioscientific issues-based animations on pre-service social studies teachers’ scientific habits of mind regarding socio-scientific issues. The sample consisted of 59 pre-service social studies teachers drawn from the first year of the study at Artvin Çoruh University. Within a quasi-experimental research design, the Scientific Habits of Mind Scale by Çalik and Coll (2012) was administered as pre- and post-test. The results of independent samples t-test between post-test mean scores of the experimental and control groups only showed a significant difference at ‘curiosity’ sub-factor in favor of the experimental one. In light of the results, the current study recommends that further studies employing qualitative or mixed methods should inquiry pre-service social studies teachers’ reasons of scientific habits of mind via socioscientific issues.

Johansen Cointegration and Frequency Domain Causality Analysis Between Volatility Index (VIX) and BIST 100

Serdar KUZU — 2026-07-16

Along with the development of information and communication technologies, the integration between financial markets has gradually increased with the elimination of obstacles limiting the movement of capital. However, the financial liberalization process brought about by this integration, in addition to the positive aspects in the developing countries, the transition to financial liberalization without creating the necessary macroeconomic conditions increased the volatility in the financial market. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the VIX index and the BIST 100, also called fear or zymni volatility index, in the short, medium and long term with causality analysis. In this study, the relationship between VIX and BIST 100 was discussed by means of frequency domain causality and Johansen mapping tests and Vector Error Correction (VEC). The difference of the study from other studies that Frequency domain causality and Johansen co-integration tests and VEC model are very limited studies. BIST 100 and VIX index is that the two variables can provide useful information in predicting each other. As a result of the study, neither the short, medium nor long-term causality relationship from the BIS 100 index to the VIX index could be predicted. On the other hand, from the VIX index to BIST 100, one-way causality relationship was determined in both short and medium and long terms. This situation has shown that investing in BIST 100 could provide foreseen about BIST 100 for the VIX index for investors.

NUR AL-DIN MAHMUD ZANKI’S RELATIONS WITH ISLAMIC STATES IN HIS NORTHERN FRONTIER (1146-1174)

Ahmet KÜTÜK — 2026-07-16

Zangids which is divided into two main branches as Haleb and Mosul after İmad-al-Din Zanki’s death, thanks to the ruler of Haleb Nur al-Din’s intelligent management and courage, remained in the region spiritedly for another century. Nur al-Din managed to eliminate all threats to his country by winning the sovereignty struggle with his opponents who tried to enter Syria and al-Jazeera with the opportunity of his father's death. Firstly he made Crusaders dysfunctional on the northern border and afterwards he had to pursue a sensitive policy towards Islamic states like Saldjukids and Artukids. Especially against the most serious opponent the Saldjukids, both in the time of Mesud I and his son Kilidj Arslan II, he followed a functional policy that prevented them in east of Anatolia and Al-Jazeera. Nevertheless, Nureddin did not establish his relations with Muslim states on the northern border on a purely hostile policy. He followed a competitive policy that could be tolerated from time to time to form an alliance against the non-Muslim states operating in the same region. In this article, it will be tried to explain Nureddin's struggle for dominance with the Islamic states on the northern border and during the 30 years of his reign, the principles of the politics he pursued against Muslim states will be put forward

The organization of non-governmental organizations for children in the Eastern Black Sea Region: an analysis on associations

Yasemin MAMUR IŞIKÇI — 2026-07-16

Turkey as well as in the entire world is experiencing major problems in the field of child rights and intensive discussions are conducted in order to overcome these problems. It is possible to evaluate civil society organizations as part of the proposed solutions. Because the problems mentioned are too complex and large enough to be overthrown by governments. Today, civil society actors are expected to play a greater role in solving these problems. The main purpose of this study is to determine the institutional structures and qualifications of non-governmental organizations in the Eastern Black Sea Region in terms of their contribution to children's rights. In this context, in this study, the institutional structures, organization forms, member structures, activities, relationships, problems of children, sensitivity to children's rights, perception of problems related to children are analyzed in detail. Within the scope of the study, data were obtained by interviewing the managers of non-governmental organizations for children operating in the mentioned provinces and these data were evaluated with content analysis method. Research results in the classification of types of associations associations located in Turkey is quite limited for children in general, and in some cities have been identified where there were no associations directly related to the child. It is observed that a limited number of non-governmental organizations related to children are not strong and qualified in the policy making process related to children. At the end of the research, suggestions were made on the quality of the civil society structure related to children.

Turkey's Energy Security of Supply and Demand in the Global Scale

Mustafa ÖZALP — 2026-07-16

Energy is a basic source of life that continues to increase day by day from the existence of mankind. As the industrialization of the world accelerates and technological developments progress very fast, the number of energy-centered blood, tears and wars has increased. Energy is a serious need for countries to ensure sustainable growth and development. For this reason, energy supply for a country must be provided at reasonable prices from secure sources and routes, without interruption. Turkey ranks first among the EU and OECD countries at the rate of increase in energy demand and second in the world after China. Turkey imports a large portion of its oil and almost all of its natural gas. Turkey imports more than 75% of its energy. In this case, the security of energy supply for Turkey is a national matter. In the last 10 years, Turkey paid an average of 55 billion dollars annually for energy imports. These costs that Turkey paid for energy imports vary in parallel with the rise of oil prices in the world and fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate in Turkey. Energy security and national security are directly proportional. In order to ensure security in energy supply, Turkey must first produce its energy with domestic and national technologies and supply it from its own sources. The main objective of this study is to emphasize the importance of domestic and renewable resources, resource diversification, nuclear energy (with national technologies and/or technology transfer), energy pipelines passing through Turkey and are planned to passing through Turkey in order to ensure energy security of Turkey. The intended result of this study is to analyse the impact on Turkey’s national energy security of existing and ongoing construction of energy pipelines in Turkey (BTC, TANAP, Turkish Current, etc.) with domestic and renewable resources within the framework of Turkey's geopolitical position.

THE IMPACTS OF THE TÂRÎH-İ NİŞÂNCI PAŞA(lit. The History of Nişancı Pasha) OF RAMAZÂN-ZÂDE ON THE TEVÂRÎH-İ ÂL-İ OSMÂNS (lit. The History of the Ottoman Dynasties)

Rukiye ÖZDEMİR — 2026-07-16

When the history of the foundation of the Ottoman State and the dates of the writings about the historiography reaching up today are compared, it is observed that historiography in the Ottoman State was initiated in much later periods. However, by the time, the development of historiography accelerated particularly with the reign of Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512), during which the examples of tradition of Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmâns were initiated. Meaning, in today's terms, The History of the Ottoman Dynasties, in this type, there are numerous pieces of information in political, military, social, and economic fields experienced in the Ottoman State since its foundation. The best examples of this type are observed in Kemalpaşazâde, Hasan Bey-zâde and Peçevî Efendi. Besides the Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmâns in the historiography, the writings of general history also have an important place in the Ottoman historiography. This type of writings, in general, included a wide array of issues ranging from the history of humanity since the creation, Islamic history, pre-Ottoman period, to the Ottoman State with its contemporary states. This type of writings evaluated the Ottoman State in a holistic approach, while providing an opportunity to compare it with the other stated in the world. Examples of this type were committed to paper by authors like Ramazân-zâde Nişancı Mehmed Paşa, Hazerfen Hüseyin Efendi, and Cenabi. The aouthors of this first type, which has an important place in the historiography, had been influenced from each other in terms of both content and the presentation style of the information. In this study, it was investigated how the authors benefited from the Târîh-i Nişâncı Paşa of Ramazân-zâde in their own writings, in which they used it as a reference, like Hasan Bey-zâde Ahmed Paşa in his Hasan Bey-zâde Târihi, İbrahim Peçevî Efendi in his Peçevî Târihi, and Nevʻî-zâde Atâyî in his Hadâikuʼl-hakâʼik fî Tekmiletiʼş-Şakâʼik (in the addendum named Nevʻî-zâde Atâyîʼnin Şekâʼik). In an attempt to determine the style of benefiting from this writing by means of comperative examples, it was investigated which issues were directly quoted, which were quoted in meaning, and which were quoted via hazif method (rephrasing sentences without using the letters with dots in the Ottoman language) Thus, concerning the authors of Tevarih-i Âl-i Osmans and General History, their styles of benefiting from each other were investigated under two types.

On Some Language Characteristics of Yûsuf u Zelîhâ in Nehcü’l-Ferâdis and Şeyyad Hamza's Yûsuf u Zelîha

Erol ÖZTÜRK — 2026-07-16

The first example of the story of Yusuf in Turkish literature whose source is the Torah and the Qur'an was introduced by Ali in the 13th century. From the 13th century to the 19th century, many Yusuf u Zelîhâ stories were written. Yûsuf u Zelîha mesnevi which Şeyyad Hamza, estimated to have lived at the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century, wrote with Old Anatolian Turkish is one of the first works to reflect the Turkish language of the foundation age. It was written in Pure Oguz Turkish and contains some characteristic features and archaic elements. Oguz Turkish became a writing language in Anatolia independently from Karahanid Turkish. Kaşgarlı Mahmud Divânu gives information in Lügâti’t-Türk about the situation of Oguz Turkish in the 11th century when there were no written texts. Şeyhad Hamza's Yûsuf u Zelâha was written in pure Oguz Turkish without the influence of Eastern Turkish. Most researchers agree with this idea. There is a ten-page section of Yusuf Parable under the title of Declaration of The Evil of Adultery in the second chapter in the 42 th Hadei Hadith book, Nefcü Kl-Ferâdis, which was estimated to have been written before 1358 at Khwarezm area. The Khwarezm Turkish bearing the predominant traces of Eastern Turkish was also used by the Oguz tribes living in the Khwarezm region and was exposed to the effects of Oguz Turkish. The Yusuf parables, written in the Oguz and Khwarezm dialects, normally reflect the dialectic and linguistic features of the period in which they were written. However, it is known that these dialects affect each other, and some of the works of Khwarezm Turkish were written by Oguz authors. For this reason, comparison of sound-shape characteristics, vocabulary and obsolescence is important for revealing the relationship of these parables. In this study, both texts were compared, and sound-shape characteristics and vocabulary of Yusuf Parables written at a very close time and in a different dialect were evaluated in terms of veracity and obsolescence.

A Comparative Investigation of the University Expenses in the Case of the State Universities

Meryem ÖZTÜRK — 2026-07-16

Higher education institutions are among the non-profit institutions and the main sources of funding are appropriations allocated from the state budget. In terms of both the public and the individuals, the financing of higher education institutions by public resources requires the efficient and productivity use of public resources, which are scarce. In this context, it is purposed to examine the expenses of the universities in 2017 in which the audit reports are published by the Turkish Court of Accounts. The official website of the Court of Auditors contains the audit reports of 85 universities and the expenses of 81 universities have been examined in the study. The average expenditure of universities is 317 million and lowest expense (47.1 million) occurs in Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University while the highest (2.4 trillion) expense occurs in Ondokuz Mayıs University. Six of the ten universities that have the highest expenses (Istanbul University, Ankara University, Hacettepe University, Gazi University, Istanbul Technical University, Middle East Technical University, Erciyes University) are comprised of the universities announced as Research University in 2017. Personnel expenses constitute the biggest expense item of universities and average of personnel expenses in total expenditures is 52.4 percent. The average amount of personnel expenses of universities is 157 million and the lowest personnel expense (15.4 million) occurs in Ankara University of Social Sciences while the highest personnel expense (675.3 million) occurs in Istanbul University. The second major expense item within the expenses of universities is depreciation expenses. The average depreciation expenses of universities are 56.2 million and the average of the depreciation expenses in total expenses is 15.1%. The university with the highest depreciation expense is Ondokuz Mayıs University and the lowest university is Istanbul University.

THE PERCEPTION OF FULCHER OF CHARTRES TO ISLAM AND MUSLIM

Ziya POLAT — 2026-07-16

One of the main reasons that started the crusades was the perception of Islam and Muslim that have emerged in Western society. This perception, which took place over a centuries-long process, has been moved to the extreme by the impact of the chaos in the West on the one hand and the victories of Muslims in Andalusia on the other. The successes in Spain, which are referred to as Reconquista (the retrieval of the lands dominated by Muslims in Andalusia), directed the violence in the West to the Anatolian and the Syrian regions, grounded around Jerusalem, with the claim of protecting the Christians in the east. This study will describe the work of Fulcheri Carnotensis, one of the eye witnesses of the First Crusade, in his book “Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Pregrinantium” and how he perceives Islam and Muslims. The basic tools that reflect the perception are the concepts used by the author. Therefore, the identification of the concepts used by the author about Islam and Muslims will facilitate a better understanding as well as interpreting the mind structure that constitutes this perception. The author shaped the concepts he uses to describe Islam and Muslims on the basis of Pope Urbanus II 's speech at the Council of Clermont. This provides important data to the article in terms of the origins of these perceptions. The author's reference to the Pope explains that he is directly acting on a religious basis. The concepts such as Sarasen, Pagan and infidel which he used to describe Islam and Muslims point to this. This study, first of all, will draw on the theoretical framework of this perception that the author created about Islam and Muslims. Then it will be exemplified from the experiences of the Crusaders during their encounter with the Muslims for about thirty years after occupying the region.

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE CHRISTIANITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV AND THE CINEMA FILM ORDET

Necati SÜMER — 2026-07-16

Brothers Karamazov is the masterpiece work of Russian novelist Mihaylovich Dostoyevsky that was written towards the end of his life is. The novel is about a family's drama in which personal, social and religious interrogations have been taken as a topic through a father and his sons. In this composition, Dostoevsky, who tried to examine the depths of the human spirit through his psychological analysis, has questioned the belief in Christianity in detail. On the other hand Ordet is a movie that produced in 1955 by Danish filmmaker Carl Theodor Dreyer. Same as Brothers Karamazov, this work take subject of a father and his sons' about questioning of Christianity by a farmer's family. One of which is literary and the other visual, these two different branches of art have similarity in many ways. The both work are subject of conflict and reconciliation between Christianity and the mind. Here, Christianity is scrutinised in depth through the heroes of these work. In this study, through disciplinary perspective of history of religions and in a context of cinema and literature arts, how the Christianity was handled in novel Brothers Karamazov and movie work Ordet. While the texts and characters were being analyzing, the phenomenological and comparative approach of the history of religions has been used.

THE INVESTIGATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TEACHERS’ IN-CLASS APPROACH IN TERMS OF TEACHING STYLES AND COMPARING IT WITH THEIR CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT APPROACH

Serhat SÜRAL — 2026-07-16

This paper aims to identify teachers’ viewpoints regarding their teaching style and to find out whether they use student-centered or teacher-centered approach and how teachers’ classroom management approaches differentiate in terms of various variables. The study was designed as a quantitative study and the general screening model was used. Initially, the study population was defined. Disproportional cluster sampling was employed to identify the population, in other words, the number of teachers. Disproportionate stratified sampling was used to select equal number of teachers from each cluster. “Grasha’s Teaching Style Scale” (1996) and “Classroom Management Scale” developed by Yasar (2008) was employed to identify teachers’ teaching styles and their attitudes and approaches towards classroom management, respectively. The findings revealed that student-centered and teacher-centered approaches were adopted in different dimensions in terms of both teaching styles and classroom management approaches.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES PROVIDED WITH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN THE LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF 48-60 MONTHS CHILDREN

Meral TANER DERMAN, Arzu ERGİŞİ BİRGÜL , Elvan ŞAHİN ZETEROĞLU — 2026-07-16

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of different techniques in Turkish language activities on language development of children aged 48-60 months. The research is an "experimental" study based on the "pretest-posttest and experiment-control group". The working group constitutes a total of 40 children, 20 children in the experimental group and 20 children in the control group, who attend the kindergarten in Bursa in Nilüfer district in 2016-2017 academic year. Denver II Developmental Screening Test was used as data collection tool in the study. While preparing language activities using different techniques, the attainments and indicators for the language development of the children in the Ministry of Education Preschool Education Program have been determined. Language (Turkish) activities prepared by using 10 different techniques are used to reach determined attainments and indicators. As a result of the study, the presentation of language (Turkish) activities to children with different techniques has been achieved as a positive influence on children's language development.

The wiev at the violence against women ın the context of kinship system, gender and pedigree of women

Ertuğrul TAŞ — 2026-07-16

Conflicting male and female relations are observed in the social, political and economical areas, in the family and couple’s life. Gender conflict can be explained by different reasons such as pressure and violence against women, use of men’s physical force and personality disorders. Neverthless, clinical anthropology argues that clinical cases allow to analyse and obtain information about the individual, social structure and process. In this context, it is necessary to take account the structural processess such as the social structure and kinship system that prepare the ground for conflicting women and men relations. The belonging kinship system identifies the paternity and continuing bloodline, marriage and settlement rule and positions in the kinship terminology of male and female. It relates these features to their biological sexes through social represantations related to the construction of the child. Patriarchal and paternal social structure and continuing bloodline in the kinship system continue through men. Thus, while the male remains stationary and possession position, woman becomes circular and in the belonging position. Male is the owner of the pedigree on kinship system and register of persons. On the other hand woman has no pedigree and remains register of her father or her husband. These features turn into gender characteristics for men and women. Women’s behaviors that question the ownership of men and women’a autonomy have the risk of turning to women as violence and pressure. In particular, the laws regulating relationships between men and women should take this into account. The laws regulating the relations between men and women without being aware of this structural situation are causing tension in the identity of men and women.

Uncovering Translation Plagiarism: A Case Study on The Life of Abdul Hamid II in Turkish

Seda TAŞ — 2026-07-16

Abstract: Although plagiarism as a significant problem in literary works as well as various fields of art and media faced frequently and is realized from now and then, “translation plagiarism” has been scrutinized especially in the last 10-15 years in the context of translation studies with its diversified aspects by translation studies researchers. In this study, English writer, also known as a biography writer, Joan Haslip’s work called The Sultan. The Life of Abdul Hamid II (1958) and its five different Turkish translations made in 1964, 1998, 2001, 2008 and 2009 are examined in the focus of “translation plagiarism”. In the analysis, the similarities and differences of these target texts translated by different translators and published by different publishing houses are dwelt on. Thus, it is aimed to uncover whether there are “translation plagiarisms” in these target texts despite being “reprints” presented to Turkish readers. In this regard, firstly “translation plagiarism” is discussed taking into account researches carried out in this subject. Later, being the research objects of this present study the source text and the target texts are examined comparatively with respect to paratextual and textual elements. The study determines that the second and third target texts asserted to be translated by two different translators and the last translation lacking a translator name are “reprints” of the first translated text and for they were presented as new translations, they can be regarded as “translation plagiarism”, only the fourth target text is a new “translation” in the conclusion. It is thought that this study will help to exemplify and detect “translation plagiarism”, to uncover the ways of translation plagiarizing and especially to understand and make sense of the dimensions of “translation plagiarism”.

THE COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE FOR LANGUAGES (CEFR) AND ENGLISH PREPARATORY PROGRAMS IN TURKEY

İrfan TOSUNCUOĞLU, Davut PEACI — 2026-07-16

Language, especially a foreign language is one of the most important vehicles enabling communication between people-this is the fact known by everybody and this situation can not be denied in our world. The perception of a great need for English is accelerating efforts towards its effective teaching Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is based on the socio-cognitive and action-oriented approach. CEFR is an international standard that defines language aptitude and it does not entail a method of assessment in itself. In this study, English Language Teaching in Turkey has been evaluated on the basis of European Union criteria for accession, emphasizing the significance of English as a global language. The study also addresses, in detail, the fact the Turkish Ministry of National Education and the Higher Education Council have adopted the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) as a guide for their foreign language teaching policies. It is expressed in the study that the matter of "Foreign Language Education" in primary, secondary and higher education is one of the significant factors of accession to Europe beyond proving merely an "internal matter", in this era where foreign language knowledge is important in terms of being able to keep up with professional life and academic studies as well as where Turkey's efforts to integrate with the European Union continue. Furthermore, the case of certain compulsory preparatory classes having been rendered optional by law in 2014 and its effects are examined within the context of CEFR.

SELF IMAGE OF HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS HAVING DROPPED OUT OF SCHOOL AND SUPPLY LEVELS OF NEEDS FOR COUNSELLING

Erhan TUNÇ — 2026-07-16

In this study, the reasons of having dropped out of the school of the individuals while they were attending to high school in Erzurum, whether they make use of the services of PDR while their attneding duration, the types of their schools, the levels the class they left, the situation of drop out in the duration of their attendence, the situation of their disciplines during attendence, their residences, revenue levels of their families according to their psychological, social, adaptional, familial, sexual and total self image points and whether their total educational, vocational, personal-social needs scores became different were examined. The target population of the study consisted of the individuals having dropped out of high school for different reasons in Erzurum city center between 2006 and 2009. Study sample consisted of 200 individuals who involved in study population and attended to center for vocational educaiton, public training center, open High School or unqualified employee with low wage. In the study, The Scale of Offer Sel İmages in which individuals’ sense of self was developed by Offer, Ostrov, Howard and Dolan (1962), and the adaptation studies of which was performed by Özbay, Şahin, Hıncal, Güngör, Kılıç, Mavili, Aktaş, Aybaş and Göka (1991) was used. The supply level of individuals’ counselling needs was determined by means of “Supply Level Form of Counseling Needs” developed by Erkan (1997). The data optained were by means of t Testi Cruskall Wallis Analysis Teqniques and Dunnett’s T3 subanalisis technique in SPSS 17.00 statistic packet programme. In the result of study, it was observed that dropping out of fhe school was more common among male students, public high schools, at the level of tenth class, in individual without having disciplines and the individuals with middle income-level and those residing in the city centre, people with absenteismproblems, being unsuccesful, those who seldom use the school counseling services. İn addition it was observed that there were significant differentations among supply educational, vocational, personal-social, and total counselling needs scores of female and male students having dropped out of school; among scores of supply vocational counseling needs with regard to absenteesizm during their attendance to school; among total self scores, psychological, adaptational, familial with regard to their parents’ income level; among adaptational self scores as regards to reasons for dropping out of school.

MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS' INTEREST İN SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY-ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) CAREER

Mustafa UĞRAŞ — 2026-07-16

This study was aimed to determine the level of interest of a sample of fifth-and eighth-graders students in STEM careers on the basis of gender, where they lived, grade levels, their parents’ educational status and levels of income. The research is of the type of survey model which is within the scope of quantitative research method. The data were conducted with 758 fifth-and eighth-graders students’. The sample consists of ten middle schools in Elazıg. The data were collected through Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Career Interest Survey (STEM-CIS). STEM-CIS was developed by Kier, Blanchard, Osborne and Albert (2014) and adapted to Turkish by Koyunlu Unlu, Dokme and Unlu (2016). The scale is made up of 4 sub-scales, that is, the scale is a 5-likert type scale consisting of four sub-scales, that is, “science career” “technology career”, “engineering career” and “mathematics career” and 40 items. Mean, mode, median, skewness and kurtosis values of variables were examined. In the analysis of the data, Independent Samples t Test, ANOVA tests and Tukey test were used. According to research findings, it was determined that fifth-and eighth-graders students had a significant difference according to gender, where they lived, grade levels, their parents’ educational status and the levels of income of the family. At the end of the study, suggestions were made according to the findings.

INVESTIGATION OF 60-72 MONTH-OLD CHILDREN’S EARLY ACADEMİC AND LANGUAGE SKILLS IN TERMS OF VARIOUS VARIABLES

Özgün UYANIK AKTULUN — 2026-07-16

In early childhood, which is considered to be the most critical period of life in terms of developmental aspects, children, especially with the support of their family members, gain various experiences about language and academic skills. In this context, it can be said that the demographic characteristics of the family lead to different effects in supporting the child's early academic and language skills. From this point of view, the research was conducted in order to evaluate the early academic and language skills of 60-72 month-old children attending preschool education in terms of some variables. For the general purpose of the study, answer to the question “whether there was a significant difference between the scores of 60-72 months old children in terms of gender, number of siblings, maternal education, maternal education, maternal occupation and occupational status according to their average scores of Kaufman Early Academic and Language Skills Research Test” was sought. The population of the study consisted of 60-72 month-old children attending to the kindergartens and nursery classes of elementary schools in the province of Afyonkarahisar in 2016-2017 academic year. The sample of the study consisted of 420 children, who were determined by maximum diversity sampling from the purpose-oriented sampling method among 60-72 months old children attending kindergartens and nursery classes of elementary schools in Afyonkarahisar city center. “General Information Form” was used to gather demographical information about children and their families, and “Kaufman Survey of Early Academic and Language Skills” was used to evaluate the early academic and language skills of children. In order to analyze the data obtained from the study, t-test and ANOVA were used. It was found out that the number of siblings, the level of parents' education, and the parental profession was significantly effective in the early academic and language skills of the children, while the gender variable was effective only in articulation skills.

THE EFFECTS OF TEACHING LEARNING STRATEGIES ON STRATEGY USING OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS

Levent VURAL, Kıymet SELVİ — 2026-07-16

This study aims to examine the effects of teaching learning strategies conducted to prospective teachers on learning strategies they use and to determine which teaching approach gives more effective results in teaching strategies. Direct and indirect strategy teaching methods are used in teaching learning strategies. In this study conducted with experimental pattern with pretest- posttest control groups, two experimental groups and one control group are used. Teaching learning strategies are applied directly to one group and indirectly to the other. The experimental process of the study is conducted by the researcher in principles and methods course of the Department of Primary School Teaching of the Faculty of Education, Anadolu University. Research data are obtained through “mixed method” and qualitative and quantitative data acquisition tools are used. Interviews with prospective teachers and data from study texts constitute qualitative data of the research, while data obtained from learning strategies scale constitute quantitative data. MSLQ (Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire) developed by Pintrich et al. is used for obtaining quantitative data. According to data obtained from learning strategies scale and study texts, teaching conducted to both experiment groups has no effect on strategy use of prospective teachers. In post-experimental interviews, prospective teachers stated to have increased awareness towards learning strategies through strategy teaching, begin to use different cognitive strategies in their studies and take a different approach regarding environment and endeavour management after teaching process. In addition, it is observed that there is no significant difference in the experiment groups between direct and indirect teaching in terms of teaching learning strategies, however the prospective teachers in the group of direct teaching have slightly more effective results of their strategy use.

A Research on the Works of Melahat Pars, One of the Turkish Women Composers in Early Republican Period

Safiye YAĞCI — 2026-07-16

Women composers have an important place in traditional Turkish music. Women who were busy with music from the times of the Ottoman period continued their music studies with the Republican Era. Starting with Reftar Kalfa and going on with Dilhayat Kalfa, Composition school of women has continued up to now. Melahat Pars, one of these female composers, lived in the early Republican era and continued her musical career at Turkish Music Education Institutions at that time. Examination of her works is also important in terms of examining the musical developments of the period. In the time of the Ottomans, this musical movement, which began with women composers in the 17th century, has continued until today. The existence of women performers, educators and composers in the music organizations and societies that were established before the Republican period and continued for a long time has increased considerably. So the positive effects of developments in Turkish music in the Republican period are reflected today. Based on these informations, female composers of the Republican Period were taken into consideration and their works were examined.and also Melahat Pars’s compositions were examined. In the conceptual framework of the study, information was given about the developments in Turkish music in the Republican period, women composers in general terms and female composers in Turkish Music and Melahat Pars's music life. Her works recorded in TRT oral works repertoire were listed and their musical structures were appreciated. This research is expected to contribute to that important area as to the lack of a sufficient number of studies done on women composers in Turkey.

The Effects of Reforms on Improving the Business and Investment Environment in the World on Economic Growth: Panel Cointegration Analysis According to Income Groups

Ercan YAŞAR — 2026-07-16

The fact that the economic structure is aimed at reducing the barriers to entrepreneurs enables the emergence of new initiatives that contribute to economic growth and the development of the private sector. For this reason, to promote economic growth, many countries focused on simplifying the enterprise process and have begun to implement reforms that reduce the time and costs caused by all officially formalized procedures to start a business. In this study, the relationship between the ease of starting a business and GNP per capita for the period 2007-2017 was analyzed by panel data analysis method for 170 countries. Countries are divided into four groups according to income groups (World Bank 2018 income thresholds) that 28 countries with low income levels, 43 countries with lower-middle income levels, 49 countries with upper-middle income levels and 50 groups with high income. Firstly, the stationary of variables that "proximity to best practice in starting to work" as independent variable (DTF) and GNP as dependent variable is investigated in the study. For this purpose, in panel data analysis, firstly, data for each income group whether includes unit root is tested with Im, Pesaran and Shin (2003), Levin et al. (2002) and Breitung (2000) unit root tests. Then Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests are applied to determine the long-term relationship between the variables. After these tests, DOLS (Dynamic Least Squares) and FMOLS (Fully Modified Least Squares) estimators, which is developed by Pedroni (2000,2001), is being used to estimate the coefficients of the long-term relationship between the cointegrated variables. In addition, the findings are interpreted by comparing for each income group.

(THE PERSPECTİVES OF POLİTİCAL PARTİES TOWARDS NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANİZATİONS İN TERMS OF THEİR 24 JUNE 2018 GENERAL ELECTİONS DECLARATİONS İN TURKEY)

Battal YILMAZ — 2026-07-16

Although the origin of civil society goes back to Ancient Greece, its view as an area independent from the state apparatus emerges as the 19th century in a uniform manner with the development of liberalism. Recently civil society is a sine qua non with the crisis of representative democracy and as a requirement of participatory democracy. In this regard, civil society, which has different dynamics in the reality of each country, has become a structure needs to be developed. Indeed, civil society is considered as a lever for boosting democratic standards, especially in developing countries such as Turkey. That is why civil society perspective on some sort of democratic standards in Turkey political parties represented in parliament in reality the nature of how carries the presumption that they desire. Neo-liberal economics, on the other hand, brought similarities in political party programs. In this context, a positive step taken by any political party will affect the other political parties as a program and discourse. The mission of civil society organizations in the world examples, direct involvement in governance and decision-making mechanisms, the roof and representation duty in the identity policies triggered by neo-liberal policies, the impact on social policy and distribution policies, and even the undertaking of a buffer mission against the distortions posed by the market economy it is installed. In contrast to civil society organizations in Turkey are opting not given a role in a desired level. Turkey is expected to have a direct impact on the development of democracy in this context the role will be given to civil society organizations. In this study, political parties represented in the parliament on June 24, 2018 will be subjected to comparative analysis in the context of their declarations of election.

EVALUATION OF PERCEPTIONS OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION TEACHER CANDIDATES TOWARDS DRAMA

Aslı YÜKSEL, Tuğçe AKYOL , Fatma Betül ŞENOL — 2026-07-16

Drama has greatly contributed to gaining required skills for an individual in 21st century. To effectively realise drama applications during preschool period, preschool teachers must have adequate knowledge and skills. Opinions and attitudes of preschool teachers towards drama directly effects application processes. It is important to determine perceptions of teachers who will plan and realise drama applications towards drama. This study was conducted to reveal the perceptions of preschool education teacher candidates towards drama by using metaphors. Phenomenological approach under qualitative research method was adopted in this study. The study group consisted of 138 second grade preschool education teacher candidates participating in drama class in Afyon Kocatepe University Education Faculty, Preschool Education Department during the spring semester of the 2014-2015 academic year. An opinion statement form consisting of 7 open-ended questions was used as a data collection tool. Content analysis was applied to the data of this study and the data were represented with numerical values. The results of this study indicated that preschool education teacher candidates produced different metaphors for drama, stages of drama, roles of teacher and children in drama (n=523), different metaphors for drama and drama stages, and produced “life” (n=42) category metaphors for drama and “leader/guide” (n=63) category metaphors for role of teacher.