Turkish Studies - Language and Literature, Year 2025 Issue Volume 20 Issue Ö1

The General and Specific Maqāṣid of Arabic Grammar: A Descriptive and Analytical Study in Light of the Linguistic Heritage

Mohamed ABDELREHEM — 2026-07-16

This study explores the general and specific maqāṣid (objectives and purposes) of Arabic grammar within the framework of classical linguistic heritage. It arises from a central question: Does Arabic grammar possess an intentional structure comparable to the purposive system of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah in legal theory, and how can this perspective reshape our understanding and teaching of grammar? Using a descriptive–analytical methodology, the research investigates classical grammatical texts to identify explicit and implicit statements revealing the grammarians’ underlying aims. The findings show that Arabic grammar was not merely a set of formal rules, but a purposeful intellectual system designed to preserve linguistic integrity, ensure accurate interpretation of the Qurʾān and ḥadīth, and sustain Arab-Islamic cultural identity. The study classifies grammatical objectives into two interrelated levels. General objectives include protecting the tongue from error, maintaining the unity and purity of Arabic, facilitating the comprehension of revelation, promoting eloquent expression, and supporting the continuity of literary creativity. Specific objectives relate to functional linguistic principles such as clarity and precision (ifādah), avoidance of ambiguity (amn al-labs), phonetic and structural harmony (ittibāʿ), conciseness (istighnāʾ), and analogy or resemblance (mushābahah). These purposes demonstrate that grammatical reasoning in the heritage tradition was guided by communicative, aesthetic, and cognitive considerations rather than by formalism alone. The research concludes that the awareness of these objectives was present among classical grammarians, even if not systematized within a unified theoretical framework. Accordingly, it proposes establishing “Maqāṣid al-Naḥw” (the purposive study of grammar) as a new interdisciplinary field combining Arabic linguistics, maqāṣid theory, and applied linguistics. Adopting this framework in grammar pedagogy—especially in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers—can bridge form and meaning, simplify instruction, and restore grammar’s original function as a living, meaning-oriented discipline.

An Analysis of the Thematic Codes of Water Imagery in Erzurum Folk Songs

Sıtkı AKARSU — 2026-07-16

Water, as in many cultures, is a fundamental element attributed with sacredness in Turkish culture. The meanings attributed to water in various societies throughout history have led to it gaining a divine quality and being referred to as a "water cult." In pre-Islamic Turkish communities, rivers, lakes, and seas were believed to carry spirits; this belief continued with cultural continuity after Islam. In Turkish mythology, water, as an element that initiates, protects, and transforms life, has been central to social order and belief systems.

This research aims to examine the cultural, symbolic, and emotional aspects of the "water" imagery in folk songs from the Erzurum region. The study utilizes qualitative research approaches such as literature review and document analysis. The research sources comprised 308 folk songs from the Erzurum region included in the TRT Turkish Folk Music repertoire. These works were evaluated through musical notation and written lyrics, and the analysis process was conducted using content analysis. The data obtained were classified using thematic coding and interpreted through water and water-related images (stream, stream, snow, ice, tears, black water, etc.). According to the analysis results, the image of water has been used as a symbol of purity, cleanliness, abundance, and the continuity of life in Turkish culture. "Black water" represents death and separation, "tear" represents sorrow and reproach towards a loved one, and "stream" and "tea" represent the cycle of life. It was determined that the mani genre is used extensively in the folk songs, which clearly reflects the emotional world of the people. It was also observed that regional dialect characteristics, musical motifs, and Sufi elements are strongly present in the folk songs. In conclusion, the image of water in Erzurum folk songs reveals the deep connection the Turkish people have with nature, life, and spirituality, a unique reflection of cultural identity.

Urban Representations in Modern Turkish Poetry: A Sociological Analysis

Eyyüp AKYÜZ — 2026-07-16

The city in modern Turkish poetry is not merely a physical space; it is conceived as a multidimensional arena where social transformations, individual experiences, and sociological phenomena intersect. The central problem of this article is to identify through which social and cultural dynamics the city is represented in modern Turkish poetry. Drawing on urban sociology and cultural theory, the study aims to reveal how processes such as modernization, capitalist accumulation, migration, unemployment, poverty, and alienation are reflected in the poetic language. In this study, document analysis, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was employed, and selected texts from modern Turkish poetry were systematically analyzed. The findings are grouped into four axes: The city as a space of capitalist hegemony, the cradle of unemployment and poverty, the locus of alienation, and the arena of bureaucracy. These axes also demonstrate how the city reflects the tension between individual experiences and social structures. The analyses show that poetic images integrate individual experience with social processes, representing the city both as a space of personal existence and as a stage of social critique in modern Turkish poetry. Consequently, the poems function as sociological documents, generating a critical discourse that makes social structures visible beyond personal sentiments. In this respect, the study positions modern Turkish poetry as a significant source that enables a sociological reading. Although the study is limited to a selection of 25 poets and 40 poems, its findings highlight the broader potential of literary texts as sociological sources. In this respect, the article not only positions modern Turkish poetry as a significant resource for sociological readings but also contributes to bridging literary analysis with urban sociology.

A Functional And Semantic Study On The Suffixes +lX And +sXz

Öznur ALİOĞLU — 2026-07-16

In Turkish, which is classified as an agglutinative language, affixes are the most important resources to be used in word formation. Since the Orkhon Inscriptions, the oldest known written sources of Turkish, suffixes need to be analyzed in detail. When the suffixes +lX and +sXz, which are the main roles of this study, are analyzed in terms of their semantic and functional properties in diachronic and synchronic works, it has been determined that these suffixes are used in different functions in addition to their known properties, as well as giving unique meanings to the words they are added to. The most important feature that can be said about both suffixes is that they are live suffixes that are frequently used in other periods of Turkish starting from Orkhon Turkish. Apart from this feature, the common functions of +lX and +sXz suffixes are as follows: adjective-making, adverb-making, passive participle-making, permanent noun-making, pattern/idiomatic expression-making, reduplication-making, abstract noun-making, Turkification of foreign words, reinforcement of meaning, expansion of meaning functions. The suffix +lX is one of the productive construction suffixes with widespread use. In addition to its common functions with the suffix +sXz, it has the functions of making prepositions, giving the meaning of -DAn, alternating with the definite noun phrase, giving the meanings of formal difference, intensity, excess and exaggeration, and giving the meaning of superiority/comparison by fusing with the suffix -rAk. Of these functions, only the function of alternation with the definite noun phrase could not be exemplified from the texts. The most interesting feature of the suffix +sXz is that it is used after inflectional suffixes in some cases even though it is a construction suffix. In Turkish, construction suffixes come after inflectional suffixes. However, when we look at some words with +sXz suffix, we see that this order is broken. The meaning relationship between +lX and +sXz suffixes is also discussed in the study. The common view in Turkish grammar sources on this subject is that these suffixes are opposite to each other. According to some uses in selected works from different periods of Turkish, these affixes prove that they are opposite to each other in the Turkish grammatical category, but in some cases, it has been determined that this opposition is not provided.

An Investigation into Secondary School Students’ Media Text Evaluation Skills Within The Scope of Reading Education in Turkish Lessons

Füsun ARICIBora BAYRAM — 2026-07-16

The use of media texts in secondary school Turkish textbooks has increased in recent years. This increase continues due to both the requirements of the age and the contribution of media texts to teaching. However, children of the internet age are extremely successful in using social media and technology. Media texts can contain more than one communication element such as writing, sound and image. It is inevitable that these features have positive and negative consequences. Based on the fact that media texts are included as learning outcomes in the renewed 2024 Turkish Lesson Teaching Programme and as texts in textbooks, this study examined the 7th and 8th grade students' ability to evaluate informative and event-based media texts. The study, which was carried out in accordance with document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was carried out with a total of 153 students at the 7th and 8th grade level in a state secondary school in Manavgat district of Antalya province. The data, which were examined in line with 12 basic criteria determined by the researchers by reviewing the relevant literature, were analysed by content analysis, and the students' skills of analysing texts were tabulated and presented in the light of their correct, incorrect and partially correct answers to the questions. As a result of the research, it was observed that 7th and 8th grade students were successful in determining whether informative and event-based media texts were appropriate for their level, but they could not evaluate media texts by analysing them in depth. A significant failure was found especially in the items of making inferences about rights and freedoms, making inferences about the author of the text based on the text, evaluating the text in terms of compliance with ethical rules, determining the persuasion techniques used in the text and evaluating the text in terms of language and expression. In this direction, it is recommended to create awareness in classroom practices by making students think about intangible concepts such as rights, freedom, ethics and values towards media texts, to encourage students to question the owner or source of information in accessing information, and to integrate more practices into the curriculum to evaluate media texts and support students' critical perspective.

Adaptation of the Teacher Autonomy Scale into Turkish and an Examination of Teachers' Autonomy Levels Based on Demographic Variables

Mehmet ARSLAN — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to adapt the “Teacher Autonomy Scale,” originally developed by Pearson and Hall (1993), into Turkish and to examine its validity and reliability, as well as to analyze teacher autonomy levels based on gender, seniority, and educational background. Teacher autonomy refers to teachers’ competence in making independent decisions throughout pedagogical processes ranging from classroom practices to curriculum-related issues. The study was conducted within a quantitative research design, and the sample consisted of 426 teachers working in various provinces across Turkey. The adaptation process was carried out based on Brislin’s (1973) translation and back-translation model, and expert opinions from both linguistic and educational domains were sought during the process. To test the construct validity of the scale, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted. EFA revealed a two-factor structure—General Teaching Autonomy and Curriculum Autonomy—while CFA results indicated that the model demonstrated acceptable levels of fit (CFI = 0.840; TLI = 0.820; RMSEA = 0.077; SRMR = 0.069). The internal consistency of the scale was found to be high, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .936 for the overall scale and .913 and .901 for the subdimensions. Additionally, independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to examine whether autonomy scores differed based on demographic variables. The findings indicated no significant differences in autonomy levels based on gender or seniority, whereas curriculum autonomy scores significantly varied according to teachers' educational level. In conclusion, the Turkish version of the Teacher Autonomy Scale has been shown to be a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the autonomy of teachers in pedagogical decision-making processes. It is suggested that this scale may be effectively utilized in future studies examining its relationship with teacher competencies, job satisfaction, and school leadership.

Narrative Strategies In The Plays “Asiye Nasıl Kurtulur?” And “Fehim Paşa Konağı”

Derya ATMACATamer TEMEL — 2026-07-16

This article examines the role of narrative in theater, tracing its evolution from traditional structures to contemporary forms and highlighting its theoretical and practical significance. Since Aristotle’s Poetics, classical theater has prioritized mimesis over diegesis, often minimizing the function of direct storytelling in favor of enacted representation. Within this framework, the audience was expected to experience the dramatic action as if it were reality, while narration was relegated to a marginal role. However, the twentieth century introduced a fundamental shift. Brecht’s theory and practice of Epic Theater reintroduced narration not as a supplementary element but as a central device designed to disrupt dramatic illusion, expose the mechanics of representation, and encourage spectators to adopt a critical rather than passive stance. Rather than being confined to an ancillary role, narration in contemporary theater functions as a structural and dramaturgical tool. It mediates between storytelling and performance, shaping both the rhythm of the play and the interpretive possibilities available to the audience. Historically, narrative devices such as the chorus in Ancient Greek drama already demonstrated how narration could frame, comment upon, or even contest stage action. Modern and postmodern plays, however, have expanded this function by assigning narrators explicit roles that directly address the audience, guide interpretation, and foreground the constructed nature of theatrical illusion. Through an analysis of Vasıf Öngören’s Asiye Nasıl Kurtulur? (How Can Asiye Be Saved?) and Turgut Özakman’s Fehim Paşa Konağı (Fehim Pasha Mansion), this study explores how heterodiegetic, homodiegetic, and metatheatrical narrators operate within performance. It argues that narration shapes theatrical experience, alters the dynamics of audience engagement, and redefines the narrative strategies of contemporary drama, thereby revealing its enduring significance as both an aesthetic and ideological practice.

A Press-Oriented Approach to the Linguistic Landscape of Azerbaijan (1991–2003)

Betül AYDOĞAN — 2026-07-16

Linguistic landscape, one of the research areas within sociolinguistics, concerns the choice of language(s) used in written materials placed in public spaces, such as signs, posters, billboards, graffiti, advertisements, street and avenue names, and product labels. The linguistic landscape of a region reflects the societal transformations occurring in that region, as well as the language attitudes and behaviors of both the public and authorities. This study aims to examine how the economic, ideological, and cultural changes that occurred in Azerbaijan during the post-Soviet period are reflected in its linguistic landscape, to identify which languages are visible in public spaces, and to uncover the political orientations behind this visibility. The research focuses on the period between 1991 and 2003, which witnessed rapid political changes and intense structural reorganization following Azerbaijan's declaration of independence. The data concerning the linguistic landscape of this period were obtained by photographing opinion columns and news reports on language-related legislation published in the newspapers Azərbaycan, Azadlıq, and Yeni Azərbaycan. The findings indicate that Azerbaijan's linguistic landscape evolved along two main axes: nation-building and globalization. The process of nation-building aimed at de-Sovietization, while globalization sought Westernization and Europeanization. In this context, Azerbaijani, English, and Russian were found to be prominent in public spaces. It was observed that, with the influence of globalization, English gained a stronger position compared to Russian. Additionally, legal regulations on language enacted in 2001 and 2002 marked significant steps toward increasing the public visibility of the state language.

Traces of the Repression Period in Beyimbet Maylin's Story Uncertain Fate (Bayansız Bak)

Yılmaz BACAKLI — 2026-07-16

This study examines the reflections of the Soviet repressiya period on individuals and society in Beyimbet Maylin’s short story Uncertain Fate (Bayansız Baq). The research interprets ideological pressure, bureaucratic domination, guilt, fear, and alienation through the protagonist Nurlıbay, a dismissed judge struggling to write a defense petition. His growing anxiety—shaped by his Alaş past and constant surveillance—reveals the psychological fragmentation of the Kazakh intellectual. Objects such as the desk, mirror, and mysterious package function as symbolic devices: the desk mirrors artificial harmony with authority, the mirror reflects identity rupture, and the package embodies the impending threat of punishment. Although Maylin wrote within strict ideological boundaries, he employs irony, subtle symbolism, and psychological realism to expose the moral and emotional destruction caused by totalitarian control. Using qualitative textual analysis, the story is contextualized within early Soviet Kazakhstan’s historical and ideological framework. Findings indicate that Uncertain Fate is not merely a narrative of personal conscience but a coded form of resistance to ideological domination. Nurlıbay’s inability to write symbolizes the transformation of justice into ideological discourse, while domestic tension and the nameless child reveal how fear penetrates private life. Ultimately, the story stands as both historical testimony and an artistic warning about human fragility under totalitarian regimes.

Hüseyin Su and The Journey To Truth In "Life is Heavy, Death is Light" (A Chapter-Based Assessment

Sıddık BAKIREbru ÇAKMAK ,Mesut TOPRAK — 2026-07-16

: This study aims to analysis Hüseyin Su's work "Life is Heavy, Death is Light" thematically and symbolically. The story, which consists of 24 chapters, features inter-chapter references, with prominent themes being death, pain, longing, and anxiety. The study analyzes the concepts of existential questioning, self-discovery, and pain and true death. In each chapter, the author expresses the pain and suffering felt after death. Death is a painful process and difficult to accept. The author strives to convey this process to his readers in each chapter, virtually making them experience it. The phrase "Life is Heavy, Death is Light" appears in almost every chapter. The helplessness felt in the face of death and the forced acceptance of it are exhausting.

The author depicts the process of confronting oneself through symbols and imagery. This is an internal reckoning. This reckoning is a void the reader must fill in each chapter, a process they must confront. Death is not an end, but a beginning. These beginnings sometimes lead to loneliness. The author succeeds in conveying the agony of loneliness to the reader through the protagonist's experiences.

An Assessment of the Use of the Verb “Olmak (To be)” in the Language of Generation Z and Social Media

Yahya Kemal BEYİTOĞLU — 2026-07-16

Today, Turkish is under the influence of linguistic trends observed in the spoken language of young people, especially those called “Generation Z”, and in virtual environments such as social media. These uses, which mostly do not conform to the structure of Turkish, are spreading rapidly through the communication channels in which they emerged. This study examines the increasing use of the structure “noun/adjective + olmak”, which is preferred over the rich verb vocabulary of Turkish to express abstract and concrete situations. Although structures such as “üzgün olmak” instead of “üzülmek”, “heyecanlı olmak” instead of “heyecanlanmak”, and even “cringe olmak” formed from words of English origin are compatible with theories such as “principle of least effort” and “grammaticalization” from a linguistic perspective and facilitate rapid adaptation to global concepts, they weaken the expressive power of Turkish. The study examines the linguistic and social influences behind this trend; the speed of digital communication, the structural influence of English, and the verb “olmak” functioning as a “linking verb” are analyzed. In this context, new usage areas of the verb “olmak” have been determined as follows; its use in place of emotion and state verbs, its use with words of foreign (Western / English) origin, its use with nouns for new state expressions, its use with the adverb “bir (one)” for emphasis and instant transition, and its use in place of verbs related to physical states. Thus, it can be said that the verb "to be", with its expanding areas of use and increasing usage in recent years, has begun to become one of the important linguistic criteria that must be followed in order to understand the future course of Turkish.

Evidential Strategies in Iranian Azerbaijani

Halis Emrah BİNGÖL — 2026-07-16

Evidentiality is the linguistic encoding of the source of information. In linguistic typology, it represents a grammatical and semantic category which indicates the manner in which a speaker has obtained knowledge. This study examines the morphological, lexical, and syntactic features of evidentiality in Iranian Azerbaijani. Most previous research on Turkic evidentiality has largely concentrated on Standard Turkish or northern Turkic varieties, leaving Iranian Azerbaijani relatively underresearched. This gap in the literature motivates the present study, which intends to provide a typological and functional description of evidential strategies in this contact-influenced variety. The primary objective of the study is to establish how information sources are linguistically encoded in Iranian Azerbaijani. Special attention is given to the interaction between the morphological markers -mXš, -XB, imiš, the complementizer ki, and lexical verbs such as dä- (‘say’), äšit- (‘hear’), and danıš- (‘speak’), which play a key role in evidential constructions.
The research is corpus-based and depends on written narrative data, employing a qualitative descriptive approach. The data are drawn from literary and folkloric texts such as Azerbaijan Tales, Katl Günü and Şahsevenler which were systematically annotated and classified according to information source, evidential type (reportive, inferential, perceptive), and the presence of double marking of information source. The analysis integrates Aikhenvald’s typological model of evidential strategies with Johanson’s model of indirectivity in Turkic languages. The findings reveal that evidentiality in Iranian Azerbaijani operates on multiple grammatical levels: morphological, lexical, and syntactic. The complementizer ki, functions as a syntactic intermediary facilitating evidential expression, while communication verbs such as dä-, äšit-, and danıš- interact with morphological markers to produce double evidential marking. The study concludes that Iranian Azerbaijani exhibits a hybrid evidential system shaped by both Turkic and Iranian typological features.

Could Some of the Couplets Mentioned in the Publications of Tuhfetü'l-Hakir by Celal Muhibbi Belong to Sheikh Esref b. Ahmed?

Esra BOZYİĞİT — 2026-07-16

With the reproduction of mawlid texts starting from the beginning of the 15th century, hundreds of copies of mawlids have emerged. The disappearance of many of the author's copies of the works over time and the fact that a significant part of the copies that have survived are worn or incomplete make it difficult to identify the mawlid texts. In addition to these adversities, the carelessness of the scribes sometimes caused the mawlid texts to be mixed with one another. This situation led to the attribution of hundreds of couplets to other poets. The subject of the present study is the couplets determined in the publications of the Mawlid, named Tuhfetü'l-Hakir by Celal Muhibbî, and which we believe belong to Sheikh Esref b. Ahmed. This study was conducted to determine the common couplets registered in Tuhfetü'l-Hakir and the Mawlid by Sheikh Esref and to identify which poet they belong to. In the study, first of all, information was provided about Sheikh Esref b. Ahmed, his Mawlid and the copy in which the work was registered, and Celal Muhibbi and his Mawlid. Then, the subject of Tuhfetü'l-Hakir was briefly discussed, and the copies of the work were introduced. In the next section, the information about the common couplets in the two Mawlid texts was brought to the attention of the researchers, and evaluations were made about who the couplets belonged to. Finally, evaluations were made regarding the fact that the couplets provided with their transcriptions disrupt the content of Tuhfetü'l-Hakir. In the determination of the aforementioned common couplets to be included in the study, the copy including Sheikh Esref's Mawlid and two master's degree research papers on Tuhfetü'l-Hakir authored by Nefise Salis and Bestami Bilge were taken as the basis. The variants of the determined couplets in Tuhfetü'l-Hakir were checked and recorded from the four copies used in the research papers mentioned in the study. In addition, six copies of the work newly determined by Bestami Bilge were included in the study; five of these copies were accessed and examined, and it was investigated whether there were any common couplets in the aforementioned copies and Sheikh Esref's Mawlid.

An Overview of Cengiz Şenol's Poems in the Context of Oedipus Complex

Şeyma BÜYÜKKAVAS KURANYasemin ÖSKEN — 2026-07-16

In this study, Cengiz Şenol's Ev Yarası is analyzed with the method of psychoanalytic literary criticism based on the ideas of Freud, Jung, Adler, Rank and Lacan. Ev Yaarası reflects Cengiz Şenol's twenty-five-year poetry adventure. His poetry is based on the tradition of Turkish poetry and philosophical and psychological foundations. With its title and content, the work is appropriate to be analyzed with the method of psychoanalytic literary criticism. For this reason, the poems titled Hata Payı, Ev Yarası, Ev Korkusu, Kör Ezberi and Körleşme from the section titled Ev Yarası of the book were analyzed. According to the results of the analysis, the Oedipus complex is the basic element that constitutes the universe of meaning of these poems. The concept of home gains meaning in the poems as the place where this complex is experienced. The house witnesses the conflicts between the subject and authority/power and the neuroses it triggers. Concepts or images in the poems such as father, mother, crime, punishment, prohibition, law, statute, dead well, darkness, bleeding, wound, pain, separation, front, flaw, Zeus, Kronos point to the Oedipus complex in the context of psychoanalysis. In these poems, one reads the neuroses, guilt and conflict of a child who is at the threshold, repressed, repressed, blocked, wounded and sad. The metaphors of house, room, sea and garden in the poems point to the mother archetype in the context of psychoanalytic literary criticism. The elements of mirror, sea and water add psychoanalytic meaning to the poems in the context of attachment to the mother and the desire to return to the womb. In addition, Şenol's poems have a rich content that can be associated with Lacan's mirror phase and objet petit a concepts.

Translations of ‘Les Indes Noires’ into Turkish: A Comparison of Human and Artificial Intelligence Translations

Osman COŞKUN — 2026-07-16

Analytical methods are frequently used when conducting descriptive studies in literary translation. With these methods, works can be analysed and examined in terms of semantic errors, syntactic errors, terminological errors, inconsistencies and cultural incompatibilities. In contemporary translation studies, such work can be carried out by comparing human translation (HT) with artificial intelligence (AI) translation. This study will examine the translation of Jules Verne's novel ‘Les Indes noires’ from French into Turkish by human and artificial intelligence. The study will examine the concept of norm within the Toury's Target-Oriented Theory, based on examples from the source text's internal and external norms. In the study, based on examples of HT and AI translation of the source text, descriptions will be made through the concept of norm within the framework of Toury's Target-Oriented Theory and interpreted in the context of literary translation. For the artificial intelligence translation, the translations provided by Microsoft's Copilot application were used. The study presents examples of AI translation in a way that everyone can understand, without giving the final form to the translation with an expert eye and without undergoing processes that will cause changes, such as prompt management, pre-editing and post-editing. A text- and discourse-focused descriptive analysis will be conducted between the sourcetext, the human translation, and the AI translation. Thisanalysis will be conducted under five headings: semantic quality, stylistic transfer, culturaltransfer, figurative meaning, and fluency. The texts will be examined sentence by sentence or paragraph by paragraph. The statements given side by side in the table will be addressed categorically. The following questions will be answered: In which of the areas under examination is the source text stronger? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the target text? This study, which will evaluate the qualities of the source and target texts, aims to contribute to the field of translation studies.

National Romantic Perception Style and Its Reflections on Dilaver Cebeci’s Poetry

Bekir DEMİR — 2026-07-16

Abstract: The movement of romanticism, which began influencing Western societies towards the end of the 18th century, initiated a turn toward the "essence" that significantly shaped collective memory and accelerated the return to national values. national romanticism calls upon societies that have achieved national consciousness to reunite around their original resources and to construct their future upon these values. Its literary counterpart is referred to as the national romantic sensibility. This movement, which resonated broadly in the West, also produced notable effects in Turkish literature. Within this context, the poetry of Dilaver Cebeci [1943–2008], a prominent poet of the Republican era, vividly reflects the influence of the national romantic sensibility. This influence manifests in various themes and represents Cebeci’s personal interpretation of national values. Through his poetic expression, Cebeci envisions a Turkish generation founded upon national codes, perceiving this generation as the guarantor of the Turkish nation and state. These artistic endeavors, emerging as responses to the rapidly changing global political discourses and movements, may also be interpreted as ideological reflections in art. Cebeci's poems, which can be regarded as examples of the artist’s social responsibility, clearly convey a stance in these discussions. Believing that an artist can reflect ideology without sacrificing aesthetics, Cebeci filters his national sentiments through poetry. His poems have been categorized under various thematic headings, and the sources of this influence have been identified. The findings reveal how national memory can be expressed poetically by connecting the past with the present.

A Barbering Manual Written in Chagatai Turkish: Risale-i Serteraş

Hüseyin KABAÜmit Özgür DEMİRCİ — 2026-07-16

In the geographical region encompassing present-day Uzbekistan and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, there exists a deeply rooted tradition of risāle writing—manuals that provide information about the patrons (pīrs) of various professions, the methods of practice, and associated occupational rituals. These risāles served not only as professional guides for master artisans and their apprentices but also as moral and spiritual codes. It was believed that those who adhered to the principles outlined in these treatises would stand with dignity before their masters and patrons in the afterlife, while those who failed to comply would face disgrace and that their earnings from such professions would be deemed unlawful (harām). These pocket-sized works played a significant role in maintaining both professional discipline and moral order within the community. The present study examines a manuscript entitled Risāle-i Serterāş Bu Turur, preserved in a miscellany located in a private library in Kokand, Uzbekistan. The text exhibits characteristic features of Chagatai Turkish. In the introductory section, its orthographic, phonological, and morphological aspects are briefly analyzed to reveal its linguistic characteristics. The conclusion presents the findings obtained from the analysis, and a facsimile of the work is appended to facilitate comparative and philological studies.

An Analysis of Fantastic Narrative in the Works of Koray Avcı Çakman: A Theoretical Approach

Esma DUMANLI KADIZADEYusuf TATLI — 2026-07-16

Fantastic is a fictional genre created on a plane where the distinction between the real and the irreal world cannot be made. The fictional reality of this genre is shaken by the uncertainty of whether the events are fictional or not. While the concept of the uncanny refers to the plausibility of events in fiction, the situation in which supernatural events are experienced and explained by supernatural events is considered to be on the border of the concept of the extraordinary. A fantastic work is initiated when the protagonist encounters a situation that he cannot get out of in the real world. In order to find a solution to this problem, the protagonist travels between the real world and the irreal world, or in the real world or only in the irreal world. In these journeys, he gets help from people or some talismanic objects to solve the problem or the situation. During or after the journeys, the protagonist is expected to transform in order to solve the situation. Examples of the fantasy genre in world children's literature such as "The Wizard of Oz, The Chronicles of Narnia, The Little Prince, The Wizard of Earthsea" are important and can be considered classics. In this study, Turkish author Koray Avcı Çakman's works such as Almarpa’nın Gizemi, Gülen Sakız Ağacı, Işığın Çocuğu Arel, Dedemin Uçan Dairesi, Karga Beyaz ve Posbıyık Usta, Hayal Küre, examines Neil Gaiman's Odd and Frost Giants within the framework of the fantastic fiction theory developed by Prof. Dr. Esma Dumanlı Kadızade. As a result, the 'indecision' code and the 'dream' code, which are among the codes on the basis of fantastic fiction, were not evaluated functionally in the copyrighted works examined. Koray Avcı Çakman's copyrighted works, which was selected by simple random sampling method, was evaluated according to the codes of people-people, escape and distancing, space (time and place), journey, talismanic object, dream and indecision. In this framework, it can be said that fantastic fiction can be developed in Koray Avcı Çakman's works.

Commended Personal Characteristics of Poets in Latîfî’s Tezkire

Sibel ÜST ERDEM — 2026-07-16

This study examines Latîfî’s Tezkire, one of the most significant biographical sources of classical Turkish literature, in terms of the personality traits of poets. Written in the 16th century, the work reflects not only the literary power of poets but also their moral, social, and spiritual qualities. In this research, Latîfî’s descriptions of 111 poets (out of a total of 334) were analyzed and classified into thematic categories. Five major personality categories were identified: religious-mystical and spiritual identity, intellectual capacity and wit, moral values and elegance, sociability and cheerfulness, and leadership, justice, and courage. Latîfî portrayed Sufi poets as paragons of piety and asceticism, while poets distinguished by intellect and quick wit were presented as intellectual leaders of society. Moral integrity and refinement were highlighted as essential values shaping the poet’s social position, while cheerful and witty poets were described as central figures in cultural gatherings. Leadership, justice, and bravery, on the other hand, were particularly emphasized in poets who were statesmen or of military background. The study concludes that Latîfî’s biographical perspective demonstrates how Ottoman society evaluated poets not only by their literary talent but also by their personal integrity. Thus, Latîfî’s Tezkire emerges as a crucial source for both biographical tradition and the history of personality in Ottoman culture.

An Analysis of the Linguistic Features of Mehmetşah Akçurin’s Adaptation Hikâye-i Robenson

Eivina ER — 2026-07-16

In the nineteenth century, Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, one of the earliest works of European literature translated into Turkish, attracted considerable attention among Turkish intellectuals. This interest stemmed from the novel’s emphasis on the importance of diligence and perseverance in achieving success, as reflected in Robinson’s struggle for survival on a deserted island. Since one of the main goals of Turkish intellectuals during this period was to raise social awareness, the dissemination of such morally instructive works among the public was considered significant. Furthermore, the Robinson Crusoe translations, regarded as some of the earliest examples of modern Turkish prose, represent one of the first applications of a simplified and common literary Turkish. In this respect, these translations hold an important place in the history of the Turkish language. The first translations of the novel in the Turkic world were produced by Ottoman authors. The introduction of Robinson Crusoe to the Turkic readers of Russia, however, took place through the adaptation Hikâye-i Robenson, written by the Kazan Tatar intellectual Mehmetşah Akçurin and published in four editions in Crimea and Kazan. Akçurin adapted the work both literarily and culturally, drawing on Ottoman Turkish translations, and rendered it into the emerging common literary Turkish. This study introduces the second edition (1894) of Akçurin’s adaptation Hikâye-i Robenson, examines its linguistic features, and presents its transliteration. The analysis reveals that the text predominantly reflects Oghuz Turkish features in terms of phonology and morphology, while its vocabulary largely includes elements of Kipchak Turkish, as well as certain Oghuz and limited Chagatai influences. It was further determined that the most prominent Oghuz features in the text derive not only from Ottoman Turkish but also from the Southern dialect of Crimean Tatar.

On The Concept Of Evil İn Kutadgu Bilig

Asu ERSOY — 2026-07-16

The preservation of social peace and the moral responsibility of the individual are considered among the most important issues in ancient cultures. Kutadgu Bilig, also known as "happiness-giving knowledge," written in the form of a political treatise by Yusuf Has Hajib during the Karakhanid period in the 11th century, stands out as one of the works that best reflects the Turkish historical and cultural heritage of its time. The work's purpose was to teach the rulers of the time about fairness, the principles of statecraft, and to show individuals how to live moral, virtuous, and decent lives. Written by Yusuf Has Hajib, Kutadgu Bilig aims to guide the future by conveying, through a didactic approach, the damage and chaos inflicted on society by the ill-tempered people of the time. The work serves as an example for people to avoid repeating the same mistakes, harming the environment, and engaging in subversion. In Kutadgu Bilig, personal behavior is considered in relation to social harmony, and personal moral decay is equated with social disintegration. The concepts of fitna, esiz, kikne-, and mufsid encountered in the work explain individuals and events that lead to social deterioration rather than the negative aspects of behaviors and attitudes. The Arabic-origin words used in Kutadgu Bilig to denote evil, bela, fâsik, fesad, fitne, fısk, hata, mufsid, and şer, and Turkish-origin words such as agu, arta-, artat-, artak, bulgak, bulganuk, ınga, isiz, issizlik, kikne-, ot, tiken, and yaŋluk represent elements that threaten social order. This study examines the concepts in Kutadgu Bilig through their use of cultural models, categories, schemas, metaphors, and metonymies, and aims to uncover the social and moral messages the author wishes to convey to the reader.

The Idealized Types And Personality Traits İn The Terkîb-Bend Of Baghdadlı Rûhî And Its Nazıres

İzzet ESER — 2026-07-16

There are works in Classical Turkish literature that have set a precedent and whose influence continues from the time they were written to the present day. One such work is the famous terkîb-bend written by Baghdadlı Rûhî. Since its creation, this work has been edited and reinterpreted in every century, attracting attention with its content that challenges the boundaries of tradition. The work contains strong critiques about the social structure, human types, and behavioral traits of the period in which it was written. Numerous studies exist in the literature on this work, most of which focus on the satirical aspect of the text. It is clear that critique texts are not only written to satirize or make situational observations, but also to approach the ideal. In this context, this study aims to look at the aforementioned work from a different perspective, identifying the idealized human types and personality traits that the poet seeks to promote through his critiques. Firstly, information about the work and its imitations is provided, followed by an introduction to the types of rint, arif and kâmil human beings exalted by the poet, supported by examples from the poem. While introducing these types, the specific meanings attributed to them by the poet are also considered. The nazires of the terkîb-bend are examined, and the ideas presented are supported with examples taken from these texts. Subsequently, the personality traits praised by the poet in the poem are identified, and these traits are presented alongside examples from the nazires. As a result of the study, it is observed that the poet’s critiques not only make situational observations but also express a desire for a human type equipped with universal moral principles.

Common Vocabulary in Van Provınce Dıalects And Azerbaıjanı Turkısh II

Engin GÖKÇÜR — 2026-07-16

Many phonetic and morphological features of the Van dialects have been identified as being similar to those of Azerbaijani Turkish. Furthermore, when studies on the vocabulary of Van dialects and Azerbaijani Turkish are examined, it is clear that many words not used in written Turkish today are shared between Azerbaijani Turkish and Van dialects. In studies on Azerbaijani Turkish dialect atlases, it should be noted that common phonological and morphological features, as well as shared vocabulary, are important indicators for identifying dialect groups. In this study, "Van Province Dialects and Common Vocabulary in Azerbaijani Turkish," words from Van dialects were compiled through linguistic studies conducted on regional dialects. The initials of the source from which the words were taken are indicated in square brackets, abbreviated. Additionally, words were abbreviated according to the region from which they were collected. If the examples were taken from individuals for whom the compilation was made, they were indicated in the study by taking the initials of the individual's first and last names. Vocabulary related to Azerbaijani Turkish was obtained from Yaşar Akdoğan's work "The Great Dictionary from Azerbaijani Turkish to Turkey Turkish," Seyfettin Altaylı's "Dictionary of Azerbaijani Turkish," and the four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Azerbaijani Language" prepared by the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. The sources used and their abbreviations are listed in the bibliography at the end of the article

Challenges of Terminology and Classification Regarding Meeting Types in the MICE Industry in Türkiye

Nail HOŞCANEmel ADAMIŞ — 2026-07-16

This study examines the problems of terminology and classification of meeting types within the event industry in Türkiye. Meetings within the scope of the MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions) industry display diversity in terms of purpose, scale and content. However, they are often named according to the preferences and understanding of the organisers, independent of their actual objectives and content. Meeting terms of English, French, Latin, Greek, Turkish, Arabic and Persian origin are sometimes used interchangeably; careless transfers give rise to conceptual ambiguities, and definitions derived from the literature do not correspond with practice. The primary aim of the research is to contribute to the establishment of terminological standards regarding meeting types and to develop a consistent classification model within the context of the Turkish event industry. A qualitative document analysis method was adopted; terms relating to meeting types were evaluated with reference to their etymological origins, semantic dimensions and international equivalents. In addition to modern meeting types such as congress, conference, symposium, seminar, panel, forum, workshop and summit, the contemporary usage of concepts with deep roots in Turkish culture, such as Kurultay (Qurultai), Divan and Şûra (Shūrā), was also considered. The findings of the research reveal the necessity of terminological standardisation at both national and international levels in order to facilitate communication, clarify data collection processes and enable effective market segmentation within the meeting industry. It is argued that the term “meeting tourism” is more inclusive than the widely used concept of “congress tourism”. In conclusion, the study contributes to academic literature and offers classification proposals that may provide practical benefits for industry professionals.

Ancient Egyptian Cities from the Pen of Egyptian Lady Poet Gülperi Hanım

Abuzer KALYON — 2026-07-16

Divan poetry has a structure that deals with different elements such as space, time, people, and objects and combines these elements with metaphors. The fact that Divan poets used the places they lived or visited as subjects in their poems is a noteworthy feature in terms of introducing both the period they lived in and the place. One of the poets who used the places she visited and visited in her poems to introduce them is Gülperi Hanım. Gülperi Hanım, whose work Güldeste-i Hâtırat was published in Turkey, was a female poet who grew up in the Cairo palace in Egypt. The Turks established a very long-term rule in Egypt, including the Ottoman period. During this period of rule, the Turks, who had a visible share in the culture and civilization of Egypt, also left a significant historical and cultural heritage in the region. The Ottoman cultural accumulation, which developed in Egypt, especially in Cairo, eventually produced its own poets. Although these poets were few in number, their common feature is that they lived in more or less the same period. These poets, who were raised by the Ottoman culture and literature that developed in Egypt, are Çeşm-i âfet Hanım, Ayşe Teymuûrî Hanım and Gülperi Hanım. The works of these three Lady poets bear the characteristics of Ottoman poetry. The work Güldeste-i Hatırat, written by Gülperi Hanım, has a structure that mainly introduces the cities of Egypt. In this study, the places Gülperi Hanım visited are described, considering the period and geography in which she lived, and some cities of Egypt are introduced in the light of the study..

The Predicate and Judgment Function of the -AsIcA Suffix

Hasan KARACA — 2026-07-16

In Türkiye Turkish, the suffix -AsIcA is used in three primary functions across different syntactic domains of the language. The first is its role as a modifier or complement in adjectival phrases; the second is its use as a nominal element that functions as a sentence constituent (as a participle or participial phrase); and the third is its use as a predicate, conveying propositional meaning. Researchers have generally examined this suffix within the framework of participle formation. However, its role in expressing predication has received little attention. In particular, curses formed with the suffix -AsIcA exhibit the structural competence of independent clauses. In Türkiye Turkish, cursing is expressed through various grammatical moods, primarily imperative and optative. However, the suffix -AsIcA is generally used specifically for expressing curses. This reveals the suffix’s capacity to link the verb with mood, tense, and person. The temporal reference conveyed by the suffix aligns with the future tense, as is characteristic of desiderative moods that indicate intention or wish. Furthermore, both the morphological structure and historical usage of the suffix support its association with future temporality. In terms of person marking, the suffix is typically used with third person singular and plural forms. Thus, the suffix -AsIcA fulfills the essential requirements of a finite verb form. This study revisits the functional scope of the suffix -AsIcA, with particular emphasis on its capacity to serve as a predicate and convey assertive meaning.

A Diachronic and Synchronic Study On The Word Yavuz

Berrin KASIMOĞLU DÖNMEZ — 2026-07-16

Language is a dynamic system composed of linguistic signs, and both the signifier and signified planes can undergo change over time. Sometimes only these planes change, while at other times the sign itself may fall out of use. These changes generally occur over a long period, based on the consensus of speakers. This process is related to transformations in the social, cultural and intellectual structure of the language. There are many words in Turkish that have survived from Old Turkic to the present day. Some of these have undergone formal and semantic changes. These changes are the result of the historical, cultural and social transformations that Turkish has undergone from that time to the present, and of a necessity arising from the living nature of the language itself.

In this study, the historical development of the word yavuz has been examined both retrospectively and synchronically. This word, used in Old Turkic texts in the form yabız to mean ‘bad, evil, wretched,’ has undergone sound changes over time, transforming into the modern Turkish form yavuz and showing an improvement in meaning. Our study provides information on the etymology of the word yavuz, which has long been preserved in Turkish; then, using a linguistic approach involving diachronic and synchronic analysis, it demonstrates the formal and semantic changes the word has undergone throughout history. The usage of the word in proverbs in modern Turkish is also conveyed, and its presence in contemporary Turkish dialects and accents is also mentioned.

The study was conducted using qualitative research methods, with data obtained through document analysis and analysed using descriptive analysis methods. The findings revealed that the word yavuz underwent both formal and semantic changes throughout history, that the semantic change was positive in nature and corresponded to the New Turkish period, and that this change in meaning may have been influenced by Oğuz Turkish. Furthermore, the word's equivalents in contemporary Turkish dialects were evaluated to determine the direction and scope of the change in meaning. In this context, the study sheds light on the progression of long-lived words in Turkish in terms of meaning and reveals the transformation of signs within the historical continuity of the language.

Preservation and Sustainability of Seasonal Transition Rituals in Tunceli within the Framework of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Yılmaz KAVAL — 2026-07-16

Among Anatolia's rich cultural sites, the province of Tunceli also stands out with its striking cultural heritage elements. Looking at the region, it has been a settlement since ancient times and has been home to communities that have made their living mainly from agriculture and animal husbandry. This way of life, imposed on the local people by nature, has given rise to festivals, ceremonies and rituals centred on culture and belief, in line with the seasonal cycles. These practices, which feature rich content within Tunceli's cultural heritage, are carried out in various ways throughout the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons, in accordance with the folk calendar. These cultural events are shaped by the natural conditions of Tunceli as well as the Alevi faith prevalent in the region. Considering these factors, the festival known as ‘Kal Gağan’ (Gağan) is celebrated as the local New Year, especially in winter. When observed, it is seen that the most seasonal transition events in the region occur in spring, especially in March. In March, traditional events such as the ‘Black Wednesday’ ritual, the “Nevruz” festival, and the ‘Heftemal’ ritual take place. In summer and autumn, the nomadic people focus on ceremonies related to animal husbandry. In particular, the first milking day, the ram mating season, and the shearing of animals are occasions for ceremonies with rich ritualistic practices. During this period, various practices are carried out to determine whether the animals will be female or male. All of these activities observed in the region can be evaluated within the scope of Intangible Cultural Heritage. It is necessary to raise awareness of these elements, which are being intensively protected and preserved under the leadership of UNESCO, and to support their sustainability and transfer them to future generations. In this study, the seasonal transition practices that have been carried out in Tunceli for centuries as part of a tradition will be evaluated in a holistic manner, and the necessity of preserving and continuing them will be discussed.

A Linguistic and Ideological Analysis of Arab National Anthems: A Corpus-Based Study of 20 Countries

Mustafa KAYAPINAR — 2026-07-16

This article is a critical corpus linguistic study that analyzes the official national anthems of twenty member states of the Arab League in the context of language, ideology, and identity. A corpus comprising 8,132 words written in Modern Standard Arabic was constructed. Quantitative layers were computed using Python-based frequency counts, high mutual information collocation queries, type-token ratios, and readability indices. Thematic coding by Braun and Clarke and the discourse-historical model of Wodak provided the framework for the ideological contextualization of the texts. Findings reveal that all anthems share a common national discourse centered on homeland, ummah, and freedom, though this discourse diverges into three distinct regional directions. In Gulf monarchies, the triad “اللَّهُ – المَلِكُ – الوَطَنُ” (God – King – Homeland) emphasizes religious legitimacy and loyalty to the sovereign. In Maghreb countries, revolutionary rhetoric and anti-colonial narratives dominate, particularly through the theme of “دَمُ الشُّهَدَاءِ” (the blood of the martyrs). The Levant region, meanwhile, foregrounds a discourse of pan-Arab unity, resistance, and struggle. Anthem revisions observed in seven countries occurred on average one and a half years after regime change, indicating that these linguistic memory texts are rapidly updated with new ideological codes. Formulas such as “وَطَنٌ حُرٌّ” (a free homeland) and “شَعْبٌ وَاحِدٌ” (one people) function as rhythmic, easily memorized expressions reinforcing collective identity. The study demonstrates that Arab national anthems are not merely ceremonial poems, but also instruments of power production, reservoirs of collective memory, and tools of national identity engineering. The results show that applying corpus linguistics to political texts makes ideological patterns visible through quantifiable indicators. Future research is encouraged to expand in the directions of musical structure, minority representation, and comparisons with pre-colonial anthem versions. The Stanford Arabic NLP pipeline used in the study increased the accuracy of morphological segmentation, while the ARELex database played a critical role in identifying root-derivative relationships. The findings contribute both theoretical depth and methodological insight to interdisciplinary debates by rendering the linguistic projections of socio-political transformations measurable.

A Material Ecocritical Reading: Lightning As An Agent Peyami Safa’s Şimşek

Funda KESKİN ÜNLÜ — 2026-07-16

In ecocritical studies, there is a general tendency to analyze literary works by focusing on the impact of human activities on the environment and discussing their destructive consequences. However, the interaction between humans and matter has the potential to offer new perspectives. Peyami Safa’s novel Şimşek provides significant material in this regard, as it clearly illustrates this potential. Traditional literary analyses have predominantly adopted an anthropocentric perspective, emphasizing human-centered readings while overlooking the active role of nature within the narrative. In contrast, material ecocriticism argues that nonhuman elements can also generate meaning and influence both human actions and the narrative itself. In Şimşek, Müfid’s discovery of the truth about his marriage occurs when a flash of lightning -a natural phenomenon-illuminates the room they are in. This event demonstrates that lightning is not merely an atmospheric occurrence but an influential force in the course of events. In other words, lightning can be considered an agent with not only a physical but also a symbolic agency. Within this framework, this article examines the impact of lightning on the plot through the lens of material ecocriticism. To achieve this, the study first outlines the perspective of material ecocriticism and then analyzes Şimşek, concluding that lightning assumes an agentic role within the novel, influencing both the emotions and thoughts of the characters as well as playing a crucial role in the narrative structure.

Discourse, Institution, and Literature: The Multidimensional Structure of Orientalism in The Sparrow of the East

Mürsade Meryem KILIÇ — 2026-07-16

Tevfik el-Hakim’s The Sparrow of the East is one of the main novel of modern Egyptian literature. The novel has a layer of the East-West dichotomy through an Eastern protagonist’s firsthand experience in the West. Beyond this binary, the novel examines the multidimensional nature of Orientalism, addressing cultural, institutional, and economic exclusion. Within Edward Said’s framework of Orientalism, the novel provides insight into the protagonist’s position in the West, the discursive construction of the East, and the mechanisms of marginalization. This work conducts a theoretical analysis of the novel’s interdisciplinary references to Orientalism. On the other hand, within study, Homi Bhabha’s concept of “hybridity” will be used to examine the protagonist’s struggle between his own identity and the identity imposed by the West. And also, Jacques Derrida’s notions of “center” and “other” will help analyze the West’s positioning of the East. So, this study shares a thought that the novel demonstrates that Orientalism is not merely a cultural discourse but also a form of institutional and economic exclusion. In this respect, Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson’s concepts of “inclusive” and “extractive” frameworks will be applied to the protagonist’s exclusion from Western social, academic, and economic systems. Additionally, drawing on Grosrichard’s analyses of Orientalist literary representations, this study will explore the novel’s narrative style and the literary construction of the East. Finally, Erving Goffman’s concepts of “stigma” and “identity performance” will provide a theoretical framework for understanding the protagonist’s experiences in the West. The Sparrow of the East reveals Orientalism as both a cultural discourse and a structural mechanism of domination. This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach, analyzing the novel’s discursive, structural, and literary dimensions.

Examining Food Translation from an Eco-Translation Perspective on Chef’s Table

Seda KUŞÇU ÖZBUDAK — 2026-07-16

Eco-translation is a novel approach to translation studies that deals with the issues of ecology, environment and sustainability; thereby suggesting that translation has an ecological responsibility. This study examines the translation of food within the framework of Michael Cronin's eco-translation approach, considering its cultural and ecological dimensions, and analyzes the Musa Dağdeviren episode of the documentary series Chef's Table from this perspective as a case study. Eco-translation is a novel approach to translation studies that deals with the issues of ecology, environment and sustainability; thereby suggesting that translation has an ecological responsibility. Examining English subtitles and audiovisual presentations, the research investigates how food operates as an ecological and cultural text that transcends linguistic, geographic and semiotic limits. The analysis revealed three main translation methods: retention, omission and intralingual translation, while linking them to Cronin's essential concepts about migration, mutability, food ecology, and slow language. Audiovisual storytelling was observed to maintain or conceal cultural and ecological details through the use of italicized food terminology, on- and off-screen presentation, and scene settings. In addition, it was argued that broader ecological issues, such as cultural diversity, connectedness, technology, and labor, are also included in a comprehensive understanding of food in the eco-translation framework. The research demonstrates how eco-translation enables new perspectives on translation as a social and ecological practice, yet it requires further studies of different media genres and cultural settings to expand its findings.

Does Persistence Overcome Resistance? The Construction of Consent and Types of Consent in Early Republican Novels

Nihal ÖZCANSecaattin TURAL — 2026-07-16

The Turkish novel of the Early Republican Period (1923–1950) is a notable area of study for examining the construction of female consent within the context of gender and power relations. This study analyses how consent is not merely a matter of explicit approval, but it is instead shaped by marriage promises, psychological manipulation, and implicit assumptions of consent. It uses canonical works from this period as examples. In Peyami Safa's novel Sözde Kızlar (The So-Called Girls), the character Behiç, corrupted by the Westernised lifestyle, manipulates women into consenting to marriage. The novel contains situations that exemplify the concept of limited consent. It also addresses criticism of modernization within a moral framework, examining how female characters respond to the construction of consent. In Reşat Nuri Güntekin's works, the construction of consent is intertwined with social inequalities. In Miskinler Tekkesi (The Poorhouse), an orphaned girl is abused, and in Dudaktan Kalbe (From the Lips to the Heart), Lamia is deceived by Hüseyin Kenan through psychological manipulation. These examples show how the concept of consent can be distorted. Sabiha, a character in Sahnenin Dışındakiler (Those Outside the Stage) by Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, resists accepted male domination by rejecting the expectation of 'implicit consent'. However, the authors' critical perspective is limited by the ideology of the period. Safa emphasizes Westernisation, Güntekin social decay, and Tanpınar the tension between modernization and tradition; however, none of the authors fundamentally question the patriarchal structure. This study reveals the mechanisms by which consent is manufactured in these works and examines how they reflect the gender dynamics of the period.

Resurrection Aesthetics in Turkish Poetry: Sezai Karakoç’s Poetic Model

Adem POLAT — 2026-07-16

This article aims to demonstrate that evaluating Sezai Karakoç’s poetic vision within the framework of the Second New (İkinci Yeni) movement is theoretically and ontologically insufficient. Although Karakoç produced his works during the same period as the Second New poets and occasionally exhibited similar thematic sensibilities, his poetry clearly diverges from this poetic paradigm in terms of its metaphysical orientation, epistemological sources, and civilizational consciousness. Therefore, the study seeks to assess Karakoç’s poetry beyond generation-based or purely formal classifications, situating it instead within the context of historical continuity and ontological positioning. The research adopts a qualitative and interpretive methodology that centers on Sezai Karakoç’s poetic texts as well as his prose writings on literature, aesthetics, and civilization. These texts are examined through a comparative analysis with the Second New’s approaches to language, meaning, and poetic subjectivity. Additionally, the issue of tradition and continuity in Turkish poetry is discussed through the poetic and aesthetic frameworks of Şeyh Galib and Yahya Kemal. The analysis reveals that, in Karakoç’s poetry, tradition does not function as a nostalgic or imitative element but rather as a dynamic and constitutive structure reconstructed around the concept of “Diriliş” (Resurrection). The study concludes that Karakoç’s poetry offers a metaphysically grounded, integrative and constructive poetic model in response to the crises of meaning, ontological fragmentation and continuity generated by the process of modernization. In this respect, Sezai Karakoç is positioned as an original poet and thinker who reconstructs tradition and sustains continuity in modern Turkish poetry.

A Lasting Sufi Legacy: The Ṣūfī Influence of Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Bustī in Erbil

İdris POLAT — 2026-07-16

This article examines the spiritual and institutional influence of Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Bustī (d. 584/1188), a relatively understudied figure who left a profound Sufi imprint on Erbil in the 12th century (6th century AH). The study investigates his life, his ascetic-centered Sufi outlook, and his major work al-Riʿāya bi-Waṣiyyat al-Murīdīn fī Makārim al-Akhlāq, in order to explore his contributions to the Sufi life of the city. Drawing upon primary sources-especially Ibn al-Mustawfī’s Tārīkh Irbil and Usāma b. Munqidh’s autobiographical accounts-the article highlights how Bustī’s personal residence gradually came to be venerated as “Zāwiyat al-Bustī,” a spiritual landmark in Erbil. The article emphasizes Bustī’s distinctive approach in al-Riʿāya, where he systematizes spiritual “stations” (maqāmāt) and “states” (aḥwāl) with a Qur’an-centered methodology, placing “knowledge” (ʿilm) before “Islam” (islām) and “faith” (īmān), and treating “ethics” (akhlāq) as an independent station. This framework reflects his vision of Sufism as inseparable from the Sharīʿa and rooted in both intellectual and moral development. Bustī’s ascetic lifestyle and spiritual authority also provided a religious foundation for the wide-ranging patronage of pious endowments and social institutions initiated in Erbil by Atabeg Muẓaffar al-Dīn Kökböri (r. 1190–1233). Although Bustī’s legacy diminished in visibility after the Mongol invasions and the collapse of the Begteginid dynasty, this study seeks to reexamine his pivotal role in shaping the spiritual identity of Erbil and to underline the continuing relevance of his thought for contemporary discussions of authentic Sufism. In addition, the article examines the political, socio-cultural, and scholarly environment of Erbil under the Begteginids in order to contextualize al-Bustī’s activities. It demonstrates that the institutionalization of Sufism cannot be reduced to a purely spiritual phenomenon, but was closely interwoven with processes of urbanization, social solidarity, and intellectual production. In this way, the study not only addresses a gap in the historical record but also contributes an original perspective to the field of Sufi studies.

From Reine Vernunft to Turkish Minds: Translating the Hybridity of Rebecca Goldstein's Incompleteness

Sevcan SEÇKİN — 2026-07-16

This study explores the specific challenges and strategic decisions involved in translating a hybrid text, by focusing on Rebecca Goldstein's Incompleteness: Proof and Paradox of Kurt Gödel. This study argues that the hybrid nature of Goldstein’s biographical work, in which simplified explanations of complex mathematics are interwoven with dense accounts of the ideas and opinions of thinkers and scientists in a variety of fields, presents unique challenges to the translator, including cultural references spanning centuries, multidisciplinary terminology and the author’s distinctive stylistic idiosyncrasies. The study analyzes key passages to demonstrate the challenges faced and the strategies employed to achieve conceptual precision and accessibility for Turkish readers. The methodology of the study is based on Hatim and Mason's "theory of text types," Genette's "intertextuality" and Venuti's concepts of "translator's invisibility/visibility," "foreignization," "domestication". Sevcan Seçkin, the author of this study and the translator of Incompleteness, offers a self-reflexive approach to these challenges.

Civilizational Memory in Yahya Kemal Beyatlı and the Crisis of Consciousness in Paul Valéry

Kemal ŞAMLIOĞLU — 2026-07-16

This article examines the poetic worlds of Yahya Kemal Beyatlı and Paul Valéry within the framework of the epistemological and aesthetic crises brought about by modernity in a comparative perspective. Both poets conceive poetry not as the product of accidental inspiration but as a conscious act of construction grounded in measure, rhythm and form, yet the ontological foundations of this construction diverge. In Yahya Kemal, the verse becomes the audible form of civilizational memory within an Istanbul centered ontology of harmony, whereas in Valéry, poetry emerges as an autonomous order shaped by disciplined consciousness. Methodologically, the study combines close reading with conceptual comparison, discussing the poets’ positions along the axes of time, memory, harmony and consciousness, and mapping the aesthetic parameters by examining verse architecture and the structural role of musicality. The findings indicate that modern poetry, in Eastern and Western contexts, separates into two distinct organizing principles: a harmony that resonates with collective continuity and a formal autonomy that intensifies consciousness. Their common ground lies in a poetics that locates the value of poetry not in transmitted content but in the density of the order it establishes, while the fundamental divergence lies in the source of that order. Thus, Yahya Kemal proposes an aesthetic synthesis that translates the acoustic continuity of tradition into the present, while Valéry transforms the autonomy of consciousness constructed through rhythm and form into philosophical intensity. Ultimately, the article positions poetry not only as diagnosing crisis but also as an epistemic apparatus that transforms crisis into aesthetic form, offering a theoretical perspective that reconceptualizes modern poetry through the axes of rhythm, measure, harmony and form. Furthermore, the study emphasizes methodological consistency and grounds its claims through detailed textual analyses.

The Effects of Co-teaching on EFL Learners’ Reading Ability and their Attitudes towards it

Zahra TALEBI GHAHREMANLOUY OLYA — 2026-07-16

This study investigated the effects of co-teaching on EFL learners’ reading ability and their attitudes towards pedagogical approach. Employing a mixed-methods design, the researcher used both Quantitative and qualitative data. A quasi-experimental design with pre-tests and post-tests was utilized, involving 70 students from a high school. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, with language proficiency ensured via the Nelson Test. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS24, with mean scores and standard deviations computed for pre-test and post-test results. ANCOVA was performed to assess the effectiveness of coteaching on reading comprehension, while a dependent samples t-test evaluated changes in students ‘attitudes. Results showed a significant improvement in reading comprehension in the experimental group, with post-test scores (mean = 3.78) significantly higher than pre-test scores (mean = 1.83). The control group showed a minimal increase from pre-test (mean = 1.84) to post-test (mean = 1.87). The study highlights the effectiveness of co- teaching in enhancing reading comprehension among EFL students and provides insights into students’ attitudes towards this method. The findings contribute to understanding how co-teaching instructional strategies can address challenges in reading comprehension and support effective language learning.

From Leibniz to the Theory of Possible Worlds: Kara Kitap

Hayrunisa TOPÇUOgeday DUMLU — 2026-07-16

The theory of possible worlds, proposed based on the views of the 17th-century German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, is one of the fields of study in new approaches to narratology. The theory approaches narrative from many different angles, such as possible and actual worlds, the relationships of accessibility between these worlds, the consciousness of characters, the discursive structure of the text, and the attitude of the reader. This study evaluates Orhan Pamuk’s 1990 novel Kara Kitap in light of the views presented in Marie-Laure Ryan’s work Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence, and Narrative Theory. The evaluation is based on the theory's two fundamental criteria: actual and possible worlds, and recentering and inter-world accessibility relationships. In identifying real and possible worlds, the terms actual world, alternative possible world, textual reference world, textual actual world, and textual alternative possible world were used. Accessibility relations were analyzed within the framework of harmony and disharmony between possible and real worlds. The Kara Kitap is a narrative rich in possible worlds. The uncertainty in Galip’s search for his wife Rüya, the merging of his and Celâl’s identities, the dreams and visions he experiences during this process, and the historical references are elements that establish and reinforce possible worlds Galip’s occasionally ambiguous position as narrator and Celâl’s textual presence spreading across different worlds particularly highlight the transitions between possible worlds. Thus, the novel creates potential fields of meaning at both the epistemological and ontological levels, confronting the reader with the possibilities established by the text. This structure of The Kara Kitap makes visible the interpretive possibilities offered by the theory of possible worlds within the text.

The Psychological World of Namık Kemal: An Attempt at a Psychoanalytic Reading

Elif UYGUR — 2026-07-16

This article examines the personality, psychological development, and literary production of Namık Kemal, one of the most valuable figures in Turkish literature who devoted his life to the interests of his society and nation, in line with the basic principles of psychoanalytic theory. The study employs the “artist-oriented criticism” method to understand the author's inner world and psychological structure. Based on the relationship between literature and psychology, the psychological, social, and cultural processes that shaped Namık Kemal's personality are examined. In this context, Hippolyte Taine's concepts of “race,” “environment,” and “moment” and Mark Wolynn's approaches to epigenetics and intergenerational transmission were utilized. Freud's method of psychological analysis provided a theoretical basis for understanding the author's unconscious processes and evaluating the act of writing as a space of psychological balance. The findings reveal that Namık Kemal's writing transforms into a psychological equilibrium where repressed emotions, moral questioning, and the desire for freedom converge.

A Literary Comparison of Prisoner No. 407 and That Magnificent Darkness Novels

Alaaddin KİRAZ — 2026-07-16

This study focuses on the analysis of prison literature through a comparative examination of That Magnificent Darkness by Tahar Ben Jelloun and The Prisoner No. 407 by Tariq Bash. Both novels depict the experiences of individuals facing political oppression and imprisonment, each employing a distinct narrative style that offers a diverse perspective on life within prisons. The comparative analytical method was employed to examine narrative techniques, character development, the depiction of prison life, and the social and political messages conveyed by the authors. The study highlights the similarities and differences between the two novels while emphasizing how the cultural and political background of each author shapes their literary experience. This research also underlines the role of prison narratives as historical and ethical documents that reveal the intersection between literature and politics in the Arab world. By interpreting personal suffering as a collective condition, both authors transform individual experiences of captivity into universal reflections on justice, human rights, and the resilience of the human conscience. The significance of this research lies in demonstrating how literature can articulate the suffering of prisoners and expose political oppression, thereby enhancing our understanding of the role of prison literature in defending freedom and human dignity. The findings indicate that Tahar Ben Jelloun relies on psychological narrative and symbolism to depict the suffering of the soul, whereas Tariq Bash focuses on a realistic narrative that emphasizes physical suffering and continuous struggle.

Traces of Suicide in the Diaries of Nilgün Marmara and Sylvia Plath

Yasemin UZUNÖykü YUFKA — 2026-07-16
In this study, the posthumously published diaries of Nilgün Marmara and Sylvia Plath are examined in order to analyze the individual, social, and psychological factors that drove them toward suicide. The diaries are approached not only as internal monologues but also as literary texts, thereby revealing how the desire for death is aesthetically shaped through literary language. Although they lived in different periods and had no direct relationship, Marmara’s undergraduate thesis on Plath’s poetry constituted the first point of contact between the two poets, through which Marmara consciously established a connection with Plath. This connection demonstrates the power of literature to transcend the boundaries of time and space, creating a spiritual and intellectual bond between individuals. The aim of the study is to uncover the emotional parallels between the two poets through intertextual comparisons and to analyze their processes of gravitating toward suicide by identifying both the similarities and differences in their lives and worldviews. The study employs document analysis as its method. The findings indicate that both writers’ life stories reveal shared experiences, breaking points, and social pressures. The diaries particularly highlight themes such as existential anxieties, challenges related to female identity, struggles against gender norms, psychological disorders, conflicts within family relationships, alienation, and loneliness. It is concluded that these elements created deep ruptures in the poets’ inner worlds, ultimately accelerating and reinforcing the process that led them to suicide.

Narrative and Symbolic Transformations in the Post-2003 Iraqi Novel: A Critical Study of Literary Responses to Socio-political Change

Mohammed Abdulkareem YASEEN — 2026-07-16

Abstract: This study analyzes how the upheavals following 2003 reshaped the Iraqi novel’s narrative architecture and symbolic repertoire. It asks which narrative and symbolic shifts distinguish contemporary Iraqi fiction after 2003 and how those shifts translate, contest, and imaginatively remap sociopolitical transformation. Grounded in narratology and semiotics, the article undertakes a qualitative close reading and a comparative textual analysis of a purposive corpus of post-2003 Iraqi novels; selection is guided by period and thematic salience. The findings identify a clear movement beyond linear storytelling toward intertextual, polyphonic, and non-linear temporal designs; an intensified use of internal monologue and retrospective narration; and recurrent thematics of trauma, migration, and fractured belonging. Symbolic fields are reconfigured: homeland is recast as a nostalgically lost space; exile becomes a workshop of identity where hope and despair entangle; war operates as a principal metaphor for individual and collective injury; identity and memory appear as unstable, drifting signs that register fragmentation and ambiguity. The study concludes that the post-2003 Iraqi novel functions as a form of social and historical testimony, at once reflecting the country’s ongoing transitions and critically refracting them. By mapping the interplay of technique, metaphor, and context, it shows how aesthetic experiment becomes an ethics of witnessing, translating upheaval into legible patterns of meaning. It calls for further research on digital exile and identity politics to extend these insights within and beyond Iraqi literary studies, while underscoring the genre’s value for cultural memory.

From Throne To Throne: Poems On The Accession Of Sultan Selim III

Figen Özlem YASİNOĞLU — 2026-07-16

Derived from the Arabic root c-l-s, meaning “to sit,” the term cülus also refers to the accession of a new sultan to the throne within the Ottoman Empire. In classical Turkish literature, cülusiye denotes poems composed to praise and congratulate the newly enthroned sultan. These works were written in various poetic forms, both in verse and prose, serving as literary expressions of loyalty and celebration. During the eighteenth century, a period characterized by frequent changes of sultans, the production of cülusiyes increased significantly. These texts attracted considerable attention both within the palace and among literary circles, gradually becoming a prominent and popular genre. This study provides a detailed examination of a collection of cülusiyes composed specifically for the accession of Sultan Selim III. The manuscript, “Mecmûa-i Tevârîh-i Cülûsiyye,” catalogued under number 4346 in the Bursa Library of Manuscripts and Early Printed Works, was compiled by Enderunlu ârif and comprises seventy-one poems. The collection was produced during a period of intense political, military, and economic turmoil and reflects the accession of Selim III to the throne. The populace received his accession with profound joy and hope, sentiments that are vividly expressed in many of the poems contained in the anthology. Before analyzing the manuscript itself, this article first explores Selim III’s life, literary personality, accession, the rationale for date chronogram and the methods employed. Subsequently, the manuscript’s formal and orthographic features are examined, and its content is analyzed in detail, supported by illustrative couplets.

Speaking Strategies in Mother Tongue

Nurşen YILDIRIMHasan KAVRUK — 2026-07-16
The aim of this study is to identify speaking strategies in mother tongue by compiling them from the literature and to categorize them under certain headings. In line with this purpose, it was tried to reach the studies and postgraduate theses conducted both in Turkey and abroad within the scope of speaking, communication, verbal expression and narration, and this process was carried out using qualitative research method. The data obtained through document analysis were subjected to descriptive analysis. The strategies in the studies examined within the scope of the research were compared with each other and those with the same explanation but different names were taken as a single strategy. In line with the findings obtained, it was deemed appropriate to categorize the impromptu speaking strategies identified under four main headings. Sixteen speaking strategies identified within the scope of the research were categorized as direct strategies, indirect strategies, interaction strategies and translanguaging strategies. In this context, speech organization, analytical approach, complete transfer, excessive clarity, staying on topic, and pronouncing words correctly were considered as “Direct Strategies”. Restructuring, repair, message reduction and semantic proximity were named as “Indirect Strategies”. Checking comprehension, making eye contact, and following the rules of politeness were identified as “Interaction Strategies”. On the other hand, using body language effectively, using emphasis and intonation where appropriate, and speaking in an audible tone of voice were identified as “Translinguistic Strategies”. In the study, the general and distinctive features of all these strategies were explained, their functional roles in structuring speech were emphasized, and the importance of strategy use in speech education was pointed out

Transliteration as one of The Ways of Translating Non-Equivalent Vocabulary into Turkish (Based on The Material of Translated Russian Classical Literature)

Murat YILMAZ — 2026-07-16

Recently, in the theory of translation, there has been a growing tendency to the issue of translating non-equivalent vocabulary from one language to another. In this paper, we set the task of determining effective methods (transliteration) for the competent translation of specific original vocabulary of the Russian language into Turkish. The illustrative material was analyzed from the lexical-semantic and etymological sides, taking into account the ethnocultural factor in translation. As is known, each translator has his own rules and techniques for presenting the text from the source language to the target language. We selected materials from different translators of the same text in order to compare translations of non-equivalent vocabulary and annotate a certain definition. The purpose of our study is to analyze non-equivalent Russian vocabulary translated into Turkish using transliteration in order to determine its capabilities and limitations in preserving the semantic and cultural integrity of the original text. The results of the analysis will allow us to systematize the dictionary of non-equivalent vocabulary from Russian into Turkish. We have chosen transliteration as one of the methods of conveying non-equivalent vocabulary when translating Russian classical literature into Turkish. Its role in preserving the ethnocultural features of the original is analyzed, and its advantages and limitations are determined in comparison with other methods of conveying lexical units that have no direct analogues in the target language. When translating the gaps in the Russian language, the translator must have both linguistic competence and cultural competence in both languages.

Translation Studies and Sociology: Translation Sociology

Ulvican YAZAR — 2026-07-16
Today, it is acknowledged that translation is not only a linguistic process, but in addition, an interactive function and bridge-building between cultures, societies, and languages. Therefore, the view that translation studies is not confined to the linguistic domain, but rather defined as an interdisciplinary field, has become widespread. Translation is directly related not only to language and culture but also to social structures and relationships, and this is why its interaction with sociology plays a vital role in the development of translation studies. Translation studies, through increasing collaboration with the social sciences, delves into the societal context of translation and its relationship with social structures. The process of recognizing translation studies as an autonomous academic discipline necessitates the emergence of an interdisciplinary structure. Initially considered a part of applied linguistics, translation studies has gradually become an autonomous field of study. During this process, the idea that the translation act should consider both the linguistic aspects and the cultural and social contexts was reinforced through interdisciplinary studies. Translation studies has moved beyond language to directly engage with factors such as social structures, cultural norms, ideologies, and power relations. For that reason translation should be understood as both a linguistic transfer and a social phenomenon. The interdisciplinary approach of translation studies has facilitated the incorporation of various academic viewpoints, enabling a more comprehensive analysis of translation as a complex phenomenon. The connection between sociology and translation studies is crucial for understanding the social context of translation. Translation occurs in different social and cultural contexts, and these contexts directly influence the translation process. The translator does not only perform a linguistic transfer but also conveys cultural, social, and political meanings. Sociological perspectives provide an important framework for analysing power relations, ideological influences, and social norms in the translation process. Within this framework, the interdisciplinary approach in translation studies allows for the assessment of the act of translation not just as a linguistic transfer but as a social, cultural, and ideological process. Translation sociology, which examines the connection between sociology and translation studies, attempts to understand how translation interacts with social structures, power relations, and cultural norms. Sociological theories analyse the translation process as both a linguistic transfer and a phenomenon shaped by social, cultural, and ideological factors. In this regard, sociological theories play an indispensable role in understanding the impact of translation on social structures and how these structures influence translation practice. In the study, the relationship between sociology and the development process of Translation Studies has been discussed. Then, the concept of interdisciplinarity and its impact on Translation Studies were examined, along with its connection to sociological theories. Finally, the relationship between Translation Studies and Sociology, the main social theories and paradigms applied in translation studies, and the maturation of translation sociology were emphasized. The research was conducted using the survey method.

Some Methods of Child Protection in Şor Turks

Ali YAKICIReshide GÖZDAŞ ,Emine ATMACA — 2026-07-16

Shor Turks are a Turkish community living in the region called Mountainous Shorya in the Kemerovo Region (Shorya) of the Russian Federation. Shor Turkish, which is among the dialects that are in the process of disappearing today, is used by the indigenous people living in the Southern Siberian lands. Today, this Turkish tribe follows the customs and beliefs of the individual's new life and this new period in his life at birth, which is one of the transition periods of human life. The author of the article, Nadezhda Petrovna Dyrenkova, (31.05.1899-28.10.1941), an expert in the field of ethnography of Turkish noble peoples, met the Shor Turks during her research trips and learned the words from them to determine what powers they used and the rituals they performed to keep the newborn baby alive and protect it from the harmful elements of nature at birth and compiled the text. In the picture of the archaic worldview of the Shor Turks, a large place is occupied by the malevolent spirits Ainu “Mirror”. It has negative qualities and carries an evil tendency within it. The Shors view Mirrors as creatures capable of appearing in both zoomorphic (animal or bird) and anthropomorphic (human) forms. They have developed many methods to detect and neutralize the evil spirit Mirror. Parents struggle with the Mirror, which constantly tries to get closer to the child, from the birth of their baby to the upbringing process.

Mahmut KAPLAN, Love Don't Hurt, Lejand Book: Istanbul, 2024, pp. 170, ISBN: 978-625-8452-98-3.

Sevim ARAS — 2026-07-16

Welsapar, Ak, Kurtarıcı, Anatolia Kültür Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2025, 199 pp.

Mehmet Turgut BERBERCAN — 2026-07-16