https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=376 Turkish Studies - International en 2024-08-29 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21700 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21700 Erhan ALPASLAN, Yusuf TOMBUL The first newspaper in Maras was Yenigün newspaper which started to be published in 1916. However, the copies of Yenigün newspaper did not arrive on a daily basis. The newspaper published during the Liberation struggle in Maras is "Amal-i Milliye". There is a single copy of the Amal-i Milliye nowadays. Anatolia together with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey has been increased in many parts of the province daily newspapers under the name. Organizations such as the Turkish Ocağı and Halkevi have played a leading role in the publication of provincial newspapers. However, in 1927, the Maraş Association of Muslims published. The Vilayet newspaper in Maras was started to be published in 1933. By 1936, the Maraş provincial newspaper had started to be published by the Community House. Maraş Vilayet newspaper was published until 1948. It is seen that Engizek, Democracy Service and Maras Post were excavated in Maraş in 1947. Later, these newspapers were followed by other newspapers and magazines. Edik and Ardıç magazines are the magazines. Then the Democracy Service newspaper was removed and the number of newspapers in Marash increased over time. Some of the other newspapers published until 1990; Newspapers, Newspapers, Maras's Voice, Maras Post, Salvation, Service, Public Post, Time, Move, Moonlight, Gonca, Revolution, Country, Dogus, Light. Apart from this, newspapers were also published in the Provinces of Maraş. These newspapers in the districts; Göksun Plateau, Elbistan Postası, Afşin'ın Sesi, Pazarcik was published with the names. In the first years of the Republic, publishers of magazines in Maras are rare. For the first time, this issue can be given as an example in 1927 by the Association of Maraş Muallimler. In the following years, edits such as Edik, Ardıç, 12 February, Hamle, Çetem, Ede, 22. Gün, Dolunay, Uzunoluk were published. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21927 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21927 Esra ATMACA Abu al-Valīd Ibn al-Shihna (749-815 / 1348-1412), who was born and grew up in Aleppo during the Mamluks period, conveyed the information he collected from the teachers in cities such as Aleppo, Damascus and Cairo. He was one of the esteemed Hanafi scholars of his time. Ibn al- Shihna is a historian at the same time due to its historical record in addition to its scientific direction. Another feature that distinguishes him from other scholars is the activities on the political scene. He sometimes voluntarily disagreed with the reluctance among the Mamluk emirs sometimes voluntarily. He is also an important person in talks with the scholars when Timur invaded Aleppo. all this shows that he is in a different position among scholars. As a matter of fact, Ibn al-Shihna has responded to the questions asked as the representative of Aleppo scholars and he details the interviews with Timur in his book Ravzü'l-menâzir. These records are important in terms of Timur's discussion with scholars, which has been discussed for centuries in relation to the conception of conquest and management and Islamic religion. As a matter of fact, there are very few resources that convey this fact. Zafernâmes of Yazdî and Shâmî, which have been the subject of Timur's life, have never conveyed this tradition and Ibn Arabshah, known as the enemy of Timur, conveys the tradition from Ibn al-Shihna. Hence, Ravzü'l-menazir is the first and most important source of the transfer of this interview. As Timur did in other cities he had conquered, he asked some questions to the Aleppo scholars. There are three main issues that he has put up here. The first question is that those killed by the two sides who fought (Aleppo and Timur's troops) reached the martyrdom. The second question is the situation of Hz. Ali, Muaviya and Yazid. The third question is whether or not it is permissible to curse Muaviya and Yazid. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21997 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21997 Mehmet BALYEMEZ The British presence in Cyprus began with the Cyprus Convention signed on 4 June 1878. Britain has temporarily established the administration of Cyprus from this date, but unilaterally annexed the island with a "de facto" decision on 5 November 1914, with the pretext that the Ottoman Empire joined the First World War in Germany. This "de facto" decision of the England has reached legal grounds as "de jure" with the Lausanne Peace Treaty signed on 24 July 1923. England established colonial rule in Cyprus on 10 March 1925. The first social violence incident in Cyprus occurred in October 1931, approximately 6 years after this date. The Greek Cypriots, in the meantime, have resorted to taxation of the colonial administration and launched a rebellion for Enosis. In the October revolt, the Greeks targeted only the British colonial government and did not attempt any attack on the Turkish Cypriot community. Another one of the social attacks in Cyprus happened in 1955. The Greek Cypriots moved to the United Nations (UN) in December 1954, when their request for Enosis was not taken into account by the British colonial administration, but when they did not get the desired result there, they launched violence in Cyprus on 1 April 1955. Violent incidents in Cyprus have also turned to Turkish Cypriots since June. The Turkish Cypriot community has set up resistance organizations to ensure self-security after violent incidents. The Turkish Cypriot resistance organizations have been active since 1955; Kara Yılan, Kıbrıs Türk Mukavemet Birliği (KITEMB), Volkan, Yıldırım, 9 Eylül Cephesi and Kara Çete, but these organizations have not been able to spread throughout Cyprus and have not been effective because they remained at the regional level. R. Rauf Denktas, President of the Federation of Turkish Cypriot Institutions, Dr. Burhan Nalbantoğlu, President of the Turkish Cypriot High School Alumni Association, and Kemal Tanrısevdi, Consulate of Turkey officials realized this ineffectiveness and the Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) which have established in November 1957. In the first report published by the TMT on November 28 th, 1957, it is declared that other scattered Turkish Cypriot resistance organizations were gathered under the roof of the TMT. TMT has the security of the Turkish Cypriot community for 9 months from that date alone, since the August 1958 were under the control of officers sent from Turkey. Every year in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is celebrated on 1st August as the foundation of the Social Resistance Festival and Establisment date of TMT. However, this situation contradicts the establishment date of TMT. The actual establishment date of the TMT has been tried to be set forth with the support of British documents with this paper. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21685 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21685 Arzu BOY Thanks to its location, Cyprus has attracted the attention of states that wish to have a say in the region. Cyprus was ruled by several nations for a long time until the Ottoman rule in 1571. After a long period of Ottoman rule, Cyprus was annexed to England in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. Cyprus was ruled as a colony of England from 1925to 1959. During that time, Greeks initiated many efforts for the Enosis purposes and to change the status of the island. In 1954, the Greek government brought the Cyprus issue to the UN. Afterward, the outbursts of the Greeks in Cyprus were on the rise. By the 1960s, the Greeks’ outbursts dramatically escalated. The study investigated this issue on the basis of the local and national press. It aimed to explore how the Cyprus events were reflected in the local and national press. It used the Cumhuriyet newspaper in the national press and the local Bugün newspaper in the Kars press. The study focused on the year 1958 because the Cyprus events, especially those initiated by the EOKA terrorist organization, were highly intense in 1958. EOKA tried to achieve Enosis as of January 1958. Until the last days of the year, they did not give up on their claim and created an atmosphere of horror in the region, causing the locals to feel uneasy. The study followed the events day by day in the newspapers that reported the bare realities of the events occurring in Cyprus, thereby disclosing the deplorable situation of the Turkish peoples in the region. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21911 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21911 Melahat ÇEVİK Jerusalem is referred to as the sacred space of great religions like Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The sectarian diversity of these religions is also observed in this sacred city. An impressive nature and a variety of ethnic groups dressed to suit the requirements of this nature offer a wide range of clothing. Since human beings have created a need for veiling, they are primarily dressed for protection from natural conditions. With the arrival of sacred religions, they adopted the criteria of emancipation according to the necessity of the religion they accepted. Jerusalem is the only city in the world where ethnic clothing is the most intense. It is possible to observe the historical process of clothing in regions that are not very open to change. In this sense, people in this city document their cultural backgrounds through their ethnic background. Clothing features provide information about the people living here are Muslim, Jewish or Christian. The peoples that we can see in Jerusalem are very diverse, and because of faith tourism, visitors can add more color to this variety. The general understanding of the person to be a peasant or urban, as well as the diversity of the region due to the multicultural structure of the region; a wide range of clothing is encountered. Although clothing is shaped by living standards, belief forms have a great influence on dressing. Dressing is a sign of thinking, the only being dressed in nature is man. In the sacred places, each individual chooses clothes for certain days or life depending on the necessity of his religion. Although the necessity of worship of each religion is reflected in its clothing, it is observed that the younger generation prefer to wear it more during the holy days. Especially during the visiting hours; In the mosques, synagogues and churches, the clothing characteristics of the various religious groups are worth examining. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21831 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21831 Volkan DÖKMECİYok The Retirement and the Dismissal of the Dragomans and the Language Boys of the Republic of Venice in Istanbul (1562-1795) Abstract The dragoman apprentices of the Republic of Venice in Istanbul went through a long process of education that took at least a decade and then they became dragomans. Being a good-qualified dragoman required much more than that, maybe 30 or 40 years. The motto of a talented dragoman was “experience”. The experience of a dragoman included a very huge areas ranging from having the knowledge of the languages such as Italian, Latin, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Greek and the Slavic dialects to absorbing the knowledges of the Ottoman society, traditions, laws and protocol rules. In this large area, the role of the elder and experienced dragomans was to guide the language boys and to prevent their lost in the Ottoman society and their loss of the Venetian traditions, the faith of Christianity and their fidelity to the Republic of Venice. This role prolonged the tenures of the experienced dragomans and caused the delay of their retirement while the dragomans and the language boys who lost their traditions, Christian identity and fedelity were dismissed by the authorities of the Republic of Venice. Another reason for the delay of retirement of dragomans was the absence of sufficient number of dragomans who mastered in the Oriental languages, notably Turkish, and in the fields of the mutual politics of the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire, the negotiation subjects, the existing treaties and matters at the desired level. The number of the dragomans who knew the Ottoman judicial system well and who succeeded to establish good and solid relations with the Ottoman high officials in the long term was also low. Even the ailments and the health problems, as long as they were not fatal, could not head off this delay. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21921 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21921 Turgut İLERİ There are important days and events in the history of the nations that have to be remembered. It is important to celebrate these days and events with celebrations and activities to keep them alive in the minds of the people. Also, the celebrations of these days and events with the public keep people conscious and aware about the events. The public feels that they are the members of the society they belong to and it leads them to make big ideals for their future. Our near past is full of such events that should be celebrated. One of these events is the Atatürk’s landing to Samsun on 19th May, 1919 to start the national struggle against enemy forces. 19th May 1919 was accepted as a “Youth and Sports Holiday” on 20th May 1938 with the law 2739 about The National Holidays and Holiday Days. In the past and in present time, holiday celebrations are important among the people to make them aware and feel conscious about then importance of the event. After the declaration of Turkish Republic, it was seen important how the holidays were celebrated, who participated to the celebrations and what sort of activities were included into the celebrations. The study aims to give some information about the 19th May celebrations held in Amasya. In this context, the messages desired to be given to the public, especially, to the young people are mentioned. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21816 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21816 Hamit KARASU Studies on Ottoman ayans, that are considered as a part of Ottoman political history has reached a large quantity. While ayans was described local powers who resisted the central authority in the studies until 30 years ago, some of the last studies put emphasis on their accord with the center. Few of the studies deal the place of ayans in the Ottoman political and economic history. Most of them are case studies on specific ayan families. A great deal od these studies have been publised in Turkish and some of them in English. Nevertheless, ayans and ayanship institution has caught more and more researcers' attention in recent years, who live in the previous Ottoman territories apart from Turkey. As a result of this, the number of studies published by local researchers in their own language has increased. However, the studies in only Turkish and English are included in this literature survey because of the language barrier. In this survey, a short evaluation of the studies which deal ayans untill Tanzimat Edict, after which the relation between the center and the provinces went into a new phase, will be carried out and then all the studies in the field will be listed. All the studies on ayans of Ottoman territories except for Egypt and North Africa are included in the survey. Studies are divided into four sections as books and book chapters, dissertations, proceedings and articles. Studies which are not available to the author are not included. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21798 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21798 H.Kadircan KESKİNBORA The U.S.A. following an expansionist politics in the America continent from establishment year of 1776 until 1898 created a reason for its regional growth through The Monroe Doctrine. It strengthened its expansionist politics supported with strong economical, social and political developments during the 19th century, permeated into various regions and countries in the world through the missionaries. In the brginning commercially interested in trading with The Ottoman State, and by the time when the relations between the two countries increased beyond trade, religious, cultural and politically based relations started to improve. In order to convert The Assyrians and Armenians into Protestantism, The American ABCFM Protestant Organization entered Anatolia and established stations including churches, schools, hospitals and orphans’ houses for missionary activities in many cities as well as various institutional structures. The incompetence of Ottomans in providing health services became effective for the missionary activities to be successful. The missionaries started their activities with mobile health services and continued with dispensaries and hospitals. The Anatolian people deprived of health services showed tolerance and sympathy to the missionaries as they were looking for recovery against the interest they received from the missionaries. Thus, the missionaries had a convenient working environment executed propagandas on especially on Armenians, then Bulgarians and The Greeks to seperate from The Ottomans, and supported them with efforts to have nationalism. The Medical missionaries introduced the people with modern medical facilities on one hand, and served without distinguishing between muslims and non-muslims especially in the clinics and hospitals they opened in the east of Anatolia. They contributed partly to solution of the health problem and helped some health institutions to remain permanently. The administrator who wants to prevent subversive activities from happening in his country should present his people all kinds of shortly above mentioned services with justice. He should also pay attention to counterpropagandas and intelligence activities. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21754 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21754 Mustafa KILINÇ The island is said to have taken its name from the henna bush, and is taken from the copper mine, which is abundantly found in the island. The island has been under the protection of fifteen states in the history. The island was conquered by the Turks in 1571. Within the framework of resettlement policies, Turks were settled in Anatolia. The island is the closest part of Anatolia both from the cultural and geographical point of view. The United Kingdom, which benefited from the Ottoman Russian war that the Ottoman State made in the years 1877-1878, rented the island on the condition that the property of the Ottoman Ottoman was to stay in the Ottoman Empire. But England declared unilaterally annexing the island during the First World War. It has been accepted that the Lausanne Treaty had the British control of the island. At this time, the Turks in the island were given double rights. In this context, Turks on the island would be able to migrate to Turkey and can also be a British citizen. The passing of the island to the British pleased Greece. The hope that the island will eventually join Greece in the end of the megal idea has increased. After Lausanne, Turkey, Greece and Britain have been the guarantor states. As the unrest in the island increased, the Republican period started in 1959-1960, but the republic in the island became very short-lived. The Greek Cypriots, who tried to dominate the island, ignored the Turks and made plans for destroying the Turks on the island. They killed hundreds of Turks and Turks martyrized. Following these negative developments, Turkey intervened on the island in 1974 using its right of guarantor states. The foundation of the present day Turkish Cypriot State was laid down and an independent Turkish state was established in 1983 in the island. However, this state is only recognized by the Republic of Turkey. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21756 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21756 Merve Ayşegül KULULAR İBRAHİM Permanent embassies have been established in European countries by Ottoman Empire, especially since the industrial revolution, which has led European countries reaching a striking level of development. It is aimed to be informed of any changes and developments in the country via embassies. The main aim was to observe and transfer innovations. The telegram, a breakthrough technology of its time, was monitored by Ottoman Empire closely. Changing the period of communication from months to seconds, telegram is the breaking point in communication. As a direct result of invention of telegraph, the distance factor did no longer played a role in transfer time for correspondence. In other words, telegraph gave people opportunity to communicate for longest distance in shortest time. The telegraph was quickly accepted in the innovative policy of the Ottoman Empire and put into practice in a short time. Accordingly, experts from abroad have been brought in Ottoman Empire to provide training on this field. Students who were educated by foreign experts in the field of telegraph were sent to Paris to study for telegraph engineering. After completing their study those students returned to Ottoman Empire and trained other students. In this article, the process will be assessed starting from how the Ottoman Empire became aware of the telegraph technology. Secondly, the education on this field will be analyzed on institutional basis. Thirdly, the Ottoman education policy about telegraph will be disscussed. Under this discussion, the education and work process of Salih Zeki Bey who is a specialist on history of science, will be taken into account. Lastly positive and negative effects of telegraph on the society will be illustrated. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21755 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21755 Hüseyin MUŞMAL, İrem GÜRBÜZ Noncompetent people such as orphan, motherless, mad, extravagant need legal and financial representation to live on, benefit from their rights and not to get into a jam. These people, who should obligatorily be protected, and who are noncompotent for their rights are generally referred to as those with juridical disability. During the preparation of our study, various official reports, reflecting on the Konya’s court records regarding people with juridical disability who were under custody in Ottoman period, were used. Firstly, which method was followed regarding the care, maintenance and meeting needs of orphans, motherless people and other people with juridical disability who need supervision were questioned through samples from the records dating from 1640 to 1740. Moreover, the answer of questions such as “Is the application of wardship different from the practice in Islamic law?Is the protection of people with juridical disability under the responsibility of the state or family at this period?, Which characteristics shouldthe person or institution have that will protect person with juridical disability?,What are the obligations of persons in charge of protection?,Under which conditions is the person with juridical disabilityput under protection?, How the expenses of person with juridical disability are covered during the period of care and supervision?,” were sought with the aim of the investigation of wardship association in Ottoman. Benefiting from islamic law books, fetwa books, verses and hadiths, and also through the samples included in court records, the situation in theory and practice was attempted to be determined in order to answer above mentioned questions. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21988 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21988 İbrahim ÖZTÜRK ABSTRACT The first institution was the Red Cross (Kızılhaç) which made aid to those wounded soldiers in the war and they were treated by the doctors and nurces of the Red Cross in and behind the frontlines. The Red Cross aided in also ordinary people who needed help in many ways including health or financial matters. When the positive affects of the Red Cross became known by the officials in Muslim World including the sultans or other top governors, it was imitated and the similar institution namely Red Crescent was established with the name of Hilal-ı Ahmer Cemiyeti on 14 April 1877. This institution made many usefull aids and helps to the Ottoman soldiers in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 and in that of 1897 with the Greeks. From time to time this institution had a break to its activities and after the 2 nd Constitution its work became permanent and its activities widened not only to Istanbul but now on to Anatolia. On time this institution has opened branches in every district of the provinces. After the opening of the this institution in 1877 it was closed sometime later and opened again in 1912. Especially Hilal-ı Ahmer was very active in their acitivities during the wars of the national struggle and after that in the Population Exchanges. The main aids and activities of the Hilal-ı Ahmer were to help the Ottoman soldiers in the frontlines and immigrants who came to Anatolia from the Balkans. This institution help these immigrants to settle and find livelihood in the newly settled places. The soldiers and immigrants were given health aids and some livelihood and some tools. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21739 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21739 Mehmet Bülent ŞENOCAK, Aslı KAHRAMAN ÇINAR The Europe Hun emperor Atila is an important historical figure who has given military and political struggles in Asia and Europe. Atila, who came out with the thought of the Turkish world domination, struggled with Rome, which had captured most of the European continent. Some studies have been carried out on the meaning of Atila's name and name, which has profoundly influenced the successes and the history of Europe. This article is also based on the origin of the Atila name, and the origin of the name Atila has been extensively studied in the study. Within the borders of the entire Roman Empire, Latin inscriptions, such as Latin tomb stones, honorary inscriptions, and votive stel inscriptions, were worked on. The writings of Atila and the different forms are written in BC. When dated to the 1st century, inscriptions in different date ranges from 1st to 2nd, 3rd and 4th century AD are also encountered. The name of the study focuses on the origin of the name Atila and the question of where the name comes from has been taken to the center. With the study of hundreds of documents, while Atila's name was found in several different writing styles, multiple forms were obtained with the additions coming from the name. These different names and meanings can be considered as an important adjective used in the Roman borders of Atila name, an accent expression, an important title given a success. Apart from the well-known names of the origin of the name, the unknown forms and the meanings of these figures are at the center of the study. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21786 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21786 Fuat UÇAR The transition process of multi-party system in Turkey took place under the influence of domestic and foreign conditions which shaped after Second World War. This development that became compulsory for democratic life revived implementation of new policies both in domestic and foreign policies by government. This process also started a new period in terms of democratization in Turkish Democracy History. In the transition process of multi-party system in Turkey, prestige of landlords and sheiks whose power decreased substantially in one party system restarted to increase. This situation enabled tribes to rally by leading up collaboration with the government. Populist policies in this aspect provided an opportunity to the subsequent policies towards the Kurdish Problem. In this period, only Republican People’s Party did not change its policies but Democratic Party had important discourses and policies despite being newly-established. In this study, it is aimed to analyze applied policies towards the Kurdish Problem within the scope of democratization and the impacts of these policies in the transition process of multi-party system. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=22015 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=22015 Benan YÜCEBALKAN, Yağmur YURTSEVER Coffee is a word with Arab origin and its homeland is Abyssinia. In Abyssinia, coffee was flourished as a fruit of green trees in the area with the name of “kaffa” so, coffee took its name from there. In time, coffee took the name of kahve in Turkish language and in almost every language in the word uses similar words to define kaffa. Ottoman society brought this plant from a region where was conquered and separated from Ottoman in the years 1884-1885 and mixed it with its own culture so, they created original coffee as well as they shaped their culture in line with coffee. In 19thc, Turkish coffee generally was sold as green coffee bean. People were buying it, roasted it in pan then they grounded it with the coffee mill and they were drinking it. Mehmet Efendi is known as the first person who sold roast and ground Turkish coffee in 1871. After a while, he started to be called “Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi” (seller of ground coffee Mehmet Efendi). The characteristic feature of the 1820-1913 Ottoman economy when Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi is established is to open to the foreign trade and foreign capital as well as agricultural predominantly. The period of institualization and branding started with early republican period which includes two world war and world economic crisis. The company concentrated on corporate identity works, after the second world war, the years between 1950-1980. It reaches the status of world brand and becomes international in the period of neoliberal policies and globalization which is started 1980’s and continued until today. With the power of broad coffee culture in the society and innovations which are implemented in the area of industry, Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi is afloat throughout centuries, still today it is the first brand comes to people’s minds when they think about Turkish coffee. It still continues to develop as a company and it introduces Turkish coffee all around the world. The purpose of research is to tell the institutionalization story of company which succeed to keep alive from Ottoman to today, created the brand with coming from the form of family company and undertook the mission to introduce Turkish coffee to world in the parallel with modernization. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21915 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=21915 Hüsnü YÜCEKAYA The reflex that Ottoman producers displayed in the face of the transformation of the means of production in the West still remains a mystery. The first area where the Industrial Revolution was observed was the textile industry. Within the scope of this study, Ottoman textile industry has been investigated within the context of the examples in the Trabzon court registers. Within this framework, the fabrics produced in Trabzon, the utilization rates of these fabrics over time, imported textile products and their rates, household textiles and types of clothing as well as some components of the textile sector have been determined. All these points that have been determined have broadly revealed the local textile production of the city between 1630 and 1884 along with the profile of the products brought from other centers. Within the context of the present study, hundreds of inheritance records within nine registers have been examined. A total of 87 types of fabric in these estates have been determined. When the sub-types of the fabrics that have been determined are added, 155 types of fabric have been determined. The fabrics that have been encountered the most are linen, broadcloth, printed cotton, breechcloth, shawl and bed lining cloths. "Chit" cloth, broadcloth and printed cotton are the fabrics preferred the most in Trabzon. From the year 1630 until the year 1836, printed cotton is not encountered at all in the inheritance records whereas broadcloth and "chit" fabrics were used. Printed cotton is encountered at an accelerating rate from the 1830s onward. By the year 1860, on the other hand, the fabrics used have generally become printed cotton. It is noticed that linen cloth was used more intensely in Trabzon when compared to some other cities. Within the specific example of the city of Trabzon, it has been observed that an expansion occurred in terms of the variation of fabrics between 1800 and 1850. The probable reason for this fact is related to the reflection of the advances in the textile industry to the city of Trabzon. 2024-08-29