https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=342 Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, ANKARA</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20457 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20457 Banu Ayten AKIN Coup or revolution. Two words loaded with meaning to change the management of a country. If the coup is made by the people, the word will revolution. The movement of the armed people, which is intended to change the political, social and economic structure of a state, is called revolution. If carried out by the army is defined: in a country, military forces seize control of weapons. Those who make the coup use the word revolt. Political history in Turkey discusses with military coups. May 27 coup, 1960. March 12 Memorandum, 1971. September 12 coup, 1980. February 28 post-modern coup, 1997. July 15 coup attempt, 2016. Junta management is a management social life, economy, culture and art. Junta manages with a repressive attitude and focuses on intellectuals, artists and their ways of thinking. In these times artists are exiled, democratic rights and freedoms are restricted, bans to go out, censorship is applied in art, be blown to science and scientific thought. Theatre is an art, applied pressure during the junta times because of using language as expression of opinion, interactive and live art. Theatre is audited with celf-sensorship before sensorship. It focuses on simple topics. Events is passed different places. Parody is used. Popular theater gets importance. September 12 coup, writers lives a silence period and then 10 years later they handle the subject. When the coup subjeckt include a paradox like why did all these happen, writers interest in pain, casualties, press, absurdity etc. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20400 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20400 Vesile ALBAYRAK SAK The works bearing the names of the sultans in the period of Ottoman Turkish literature constitute a separate group. This tradition of naming which emerged in the period of Yavuz Sultan Selim for the first time revealed the dates mentioned in his name, these works are called "Selimnâme". However, after Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and Selim II, this tradition has not been continued except for a few exceptions.Selimnâmes, written mostly during the reign of his son Süleyman the Magnificent,shed light on the life of Yavuz Sultan Selim, who achieved great success in the short period of his reign, and the determination of the events of this period. However, the issue of Yavuz Selim's accede, which is one of the controversial subjects of Ottoman history, is still one of the subjects that cannot be finalized.The fact that YavuzSelim (1512-1520), who achieved important works during the period of short sultanate, the discussion about confronted his father with his close relatives, perceived as a rebellion against his father's throne struggle with his brothers, and considered as guilty, was whether a historical misfortune or an injustice, no doubt the debate will continue. This is precisely at this point sheds light on the events of Selimnâmes period which is a very well-kept historical and literary works written by taking the life of YavuzSelim's life in to center. In our work, the aspects of the Selimnâmes on Yavuz Sultan Selim's throne struggle, which are documents that sometimes complement the points left by the Ottoman history, will be discussed. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20354 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20354 Melek ALPAR A military coup is defined as the taking of the country's rule by force of arms by members of armed forces. Even though it may have distinct purposes, it is a given fact that today super-power countries support these types of coup attempts in order to fulfill theirs aims over other countries and create dependent governments easy to manipulate. In this context, the world has witnessed hundreds of coups and coup attempts in the course of the last century, especially in the aftermath of World War II. The same going for Turkey, starting from the years of transition to democracy, the country has been subject to numerous coup attempts and interventions targeting the elected governments, some of them being successful. The last one of those being the coup of July the 15th 2016, this last attempt has similarities and differences in terms of its causes and consequences when compared with the previous ones. First and foremost, hundreds of people have died and thousands have been injured under this coup that has been perpetrated by a group that succeeded in infiltrating governmental bodies for years and in hiding itself; not hesitating in using the state's weapons and equipment on civils and militaries without distinction. The coup attempt has been thwarted thanks to the strong resistance of the Turkish people, army and security forces and the country has averted a great disaster. Coups are against democracy. Western countries that continually bring forward democracy were expected to condemn and oppose it; however, it has been startling to see that in contrast, they put forward an attitude that supposes they were disappointed by the coup's failure. This is a point worth being dwelled on. The coup's main aim was to show Turkey as an unsafe country and to create civil indignation and unrest. Despite the measures that were taken to dampen the effects of this attempt, the latter has had a huge impact on Turkish economy and has led to a stall of its growth. On the other hand, there have been three areas of rupture and distrust that resulted from the coup. First, the army suffered an internal rupture and distrust; secondly, the relationship between the army and the people suffered a rupture and distrust; and lastly, there have been religious ruptures and distrusts. This coup attempt which has affected the country socio-economically and which has created fractions in many areas has to be meticulously analized and the results must be well drawn upon so to prevent it from happening again in the future. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20499 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20499 Hatice ALTUNOK, Fatma Gül GEDİKKAYA The military coup, subject to the mentality of the chain of command embraced by military profession, thus is violent in its act and the rhetoric, is an intervention to social and political arena. This intervention halts and reverses the process of democratization of societies. In the countries where military coups were experienced once, politics and government are under claws of possible coup d'etat. This possibility stored in the memories of the individuals: The effects of military coups are not only stored in memories but also stored in the most important texts regulating the social field: the constitutions. In Turkey, the constitutions are results of the coups. These constitutions, contains the regulations that strengthen the autonomy of the architects’ of the coups, the military against the society. The military, subject to different application in many aspects such as education, health, shelter and personal regime, created/made to create constitutions lay down the basis of the institutions of military jurisdiction. In this way, military has autonomous judiciary, which has the ability to control the others from legislative, executive and judiciary, fundamental powers. The military bureaucracy produced military jurisdicial legislation and institutions across civilian jurisdiction in the aftermath of 1960 and 1980 coups. In this study, it is explained how military judicial institutions formed after the 1960 coup d'etat, the 1971 intervention, the 1980 coup d'état and the 2016 coup attempt. It has been observed that the military has expanded the field of autonomy against the civilian bureaucracy, creating institutions that will strengthen some judicial field activities. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20374 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20374 Recep ARDOĞAN In this article, will be discussed two subjects of Islamic political thought: - What is the legitimate path for the president and the government (Political power) to take office, how the government can be changed in a legitimate way? - What is the situation of the politicians and bureaucrats who seize power through coups? This is an important issue in the history of the Qalam (Islamic Theology) and in the fiqh (discipline of Islamic jurisprudence). However, in classical or recent studies, as far as we can see, it has not been examined separately and extensively. This issue is theoretically debated. However, historical conditions and impossibilities have affected the discussions. It is with this fact that some Muslim scholars say that it is right to define blow management. Some of them have been discussing the matter under ruthless dictatorship. They have witnessed the brutal military rule as before. They have seen that it is not possible to prevent persecution, so they have said that it is right to define impact management as much as the circumstances. However, the most striking statement in this regard is that it is like eating carcasses or pork at the heart of impact management. Chewing is normally forbidden. But when it comes to the danger of death due to openness, it can go away. However, it can be enough to survive. More is still forbidden. This is the case of the directors who have not come to power from the legitimate path. According to Islam, persecution is persecution. It is also wrong and oppressive to endure a rule of wrongdoing, which has not come from legitimate ways with legitimate means. When the fundamental sources of Islam are approached, the following conclusion has been reached: In Islamic politics, the caliphate was united. However, closer to the principles and ideals of Islam, the form of government is constitutional democracy. Individuals have the right to participate, and the president is in control of election and trust. From now it will be an insufficiency, the examining on this subject only with the views of the previous scholars, ijtihad and inference (istidlal). The subject must be approached in terms of the principles of the Qur'an and the aims of Islam, and the appropriate form of management should be determined by intelligence, knowledge and common sense. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20624 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20624 Levent AYDIN, Dilek ÇETIN In the coup histories of Turkey; its basic character, design, structure and implementation process of July 15 Coup attempts differ fundamentally from the previous 1960s and 1980s coups d’états. The most important difference is that the coup attempt has not changed government hands, unlike the previous coups. Therefore, recent failed coup attempt did not succeed in dragging Turkey into a new economic and political instability. Media and communication tools have made an important contribution to the prevention of the coup attempt as well. In order to analyze the effect of coups and coup attempts on the Turkish economy, both yearly and daily data for econometric analysis is used in this paper. Purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of coups in 1960 and 1980 and to compare the July 15 coup attempt with these coups. The results indicate that the July 15 coup attempt has had little or even short-term negative impact on GDP with annual data econometric analysis. In daily analysis, the short-term (immediate or daily) effect is an increase in the exchange rate and an increase in the stock market. In the long run (6 months), both the exchange rate and the interest rates have raised permanently. Consequently, the effect of the 2016 coup attempt is one tenth of 1960 coup, and one fifth of 1980 coup. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20565 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20565 Mustafa Burak ÇELEBİ, Faruk TEMEL At the very beginning of twenty-first century -which is accepted as era of mass media and information- while democratic steps has been taken, tutelage forces regarded as weakened, and the probability of military coup considered minimum Turkey faced a coup attempt in a very different style from other onesin the night of July 15, 2016. Not only the character of coup attempt but alsothingsdeveloped aftermath of it was phenomenal. The coup attempt, which is organized by the members -leaked to military- of FETO, suppressed by the civilians left 247 martyrs and thousands of veterans behind. Surely, one the most interestingdistinctions of July 15 coup attempt from other memorandum and coup attempts was civilian’s contra-coup stand. Additionally, the cause and effect, actor, and method of July 15 coup attempt needs to be studied. This study adopts two main approaches. First one includes a comparative evaluation of coups and constitutional processes aftermath of coups in the history of Turkey. Second approach contains an analysis of failure of July 15 coup attempt and the socio-political factors underlying the contra-coup. In this context; firstly conceptual descriptions will be discussed,then previous failed and successful coups and memorandums and constitutional-political structures caused by them will be discussed within the context ofcompare and contrast analysis. Finally, evolution of July 15 coup attempt -from military coup to civilian contra coup- will be discussed in terms of social and political ways. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20372 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20372 Eray EĞMİR, Halit ÇELİK The number of international students in tertiary education institutions, especially in higher education, is increasing steadily as Turkey opens up to the world in many fields. In this context, students who want to achieve their undergraduate studies in Turkey, which is starting to become a center of attraction, are first subjected to Turkish teaching. When it is considered that the cultural elements are transferred to the students as well as the language structure in the foreign language teaching, the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20295 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20295 Oğuzhan EKİNCİ Germany was defeated in World War I. Immediately after, the monarchy was destroyed and the republic was proclaimed. However, this period, which continued until Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and was called the Weimar Republic, encountered many serious problems from the beginning. The Kapp Putsch discussed in this paper became one of the most important events threatening the future of the regime in the early years of the Weimar Republic. The no-action the army presented during coup caused mistrust between social democrats, republicans and themselves. On the other hand, the government’s asking people to get firearms and fight against the army caused a symmetrical effect on army towards government. Thus, the trust that was formed after WW1 got distorted and a cold distrust between people and the army emerged. This situation disappointed many democrats who supported the army before as well as army officers who supported republicans before. Although this attempted coup organized by the ultranationalists and militarists failed, it led to significant developments in terms of the consequences. In this paper, the causes, actors and consequences of the Kapp Putsch will be presented and discussed in the light of Turkish and German sources in way to reflect the spirit of the period in which the Kapp Putsch took place. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20502 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20502 Mehmet EVKURAN The July 15 Failed Coup Attempt and events after entailde to rethink the religion-state-society relations in Turkey. In this process, which Muslim optimism has overcome, the phrase 'faithful person is trustworthy' has lost its meaning. Understanding FETO inevitably requires an institutional and theoretical self-criticism. Fethullah Gulen's personality, his discourse, thought of chosenness and the way he draws his movement reveals that he played the Batınism-esoretism game behind mask of the Sunnism. Especially, the unexplained condemnation of the mahdism-messianism has become a constant belief around his inner circle. The transformation of ‘goodness and service movement’ into a terrorist organization, also dependent on ideological preparation besides external supports. Theological legitimacy of coup is basically based on the chosennes of FETÖ. Fethullah Gülen emphasized his commitment to Sunni identity in his discourses and in his writings. But if beliefs and behaviours of his movement is examined, it can say that his movement expresses the rupture from Sunnism. Firstly, it insisted on applying the plagiarism (taqiyyah) in the Muslim-Sunni society and made the taqiyya which is an exceptional situation, the rule. Taqiyyah have been the basic principle of behavior and lifestyle of FETÖ. This situation has caused a confidence crisis and has damaged the image of Muslims. Secondly, it did not escape conflict with power and institutions of Muslim society by which it inhabited. Yet in the Sunni political tradition, the conflict with authority has not been approved, due to the fact that it will lead to massive wars and chaos (fitnah). Finally, he established close and close relations with non-Muslim forces, so that it took him to establish alliances against Muslim geography. In the post-15 July period, the question of what kind of religious policy to follow is much debated. For now, security-oriented solutions come to the forefront. But it is expected that democratic and pluralistic policies will become more important in the middle ward. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20501 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20501 Emrullah FATİŞ The spread of concepts such as Mahdi, Messiah, Qutb, Abdal among the people is closely related to the fact that a secular project is being carried out. We can name the one who is going to run the project, “ the Holy Master”. The Holy Master is a leader with extraordinary powers, occasionally acting as God, sometimes subordinate to God. The people around this leader can be assigned to roles that are related to the project. In order to get a person to the position of a holy master, people are taught superstitions that are claimed to be teachings of the prophet or originated from divine revelation. In our work we tried to show baselessness of these so-called evidences and falsity of the holy master. If those who has no connection with the organisation has been announced as holy master, and masters who have a relation with the organisation declared as genuine and others fake, by those who try to make a room for their superstitions even some academics, this reveals how serious is the situation. Those who claim that there’s spirituality that is transferred from father to son and try to give a share to their masters and they declare other masters as fake. The claim that genuine successors of Muhammed can meet with the Prophet in person is a superstition and those who supports this superstition paved the way for FETÖ. If we accept this claim in which category shall we put rebellious son of the Prophet Noah? “Mahdi”, “Masih”, “Qutb”, “Abdal” are conceptions that build on suspicious information. Briefly, in this article, we’re criticising those who abuses the religion and establish organisations through these conceptions. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20489 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20489 Fatma Neval GENÇ The political and administrative history of Turkey has been shaped by military interventions such as coups and memorandums. Despite the difference between periods and actors of these interventions, they have many similar aspects. According to the perspective of this article, all this kind of military interventions are identified as an emerging process against the course of political, administrative and social structure as well as extraordinary, government and state threatening, unexpected, high-uncertainty, an emergency decision requiring, public service supply disrupter crisis, political crisis. With respect to crisis and crisis management, all the interventions include the stages of crisis formation and development, instant of crisis and post-crisis period. On the basis of the statements belonging to press and political, military actors of coups and pre-memorandum process, initiators of crisis can be observed through monitoring both international and national political atmosphere. In this sense, the implications of crisis can be followed through press in an extended period before it emerges. If this stage, referring to the evolution stage of crisis was not suppressed, the development process of crisis would occur with chaos and the deterioration of organizational performance. Each crisis is subsequent to a communication process. Preparers of crisis reach public via mass media of the era in a time of crisis and after crisis. A research analyzing political crises with regard to crisis management process and crisis communication could not be realized, though there are studies in the national literature related to political, social and economic impacts of military interventions and coup d’états. In this study evaluating communication in selected political crisis of Turkey, crisis, crisis management and crisis communication are primarily handled and then the role and importance of communication and coordination within the framework of crisis management, the conceptualization of crisis communication and features required for a successful communication process during crises are analyzed. In respect to crisis communication, it is realized that the target group includes the existing government, public and international actors of the current period and the way of making a press statement is generally preferred by key actors of a coup or a memorandum (except February 28 and July 15). In this research, within the context of media and communication from the focus on four different implementation of crisis communication, the coup on May 27, 1960, the memorandum on March 12, 1971, the coup d’état on September 12, 1980, the February 28 process and the coup attempt on July 15, 2016 emerging as a military intervention and memorandum in Turkey have been examined in terms of crisis management and crisis communication, communication tools used, statements, dominant ideologies etc. The emergence of crisis, chronology, main actors, justifications, main arguments appeared in each intervention declaration and communication tools have been analyzed in this study and the research has been limited to just the political crises above-mentioned. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20577 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20577 Özcan GÜNGÖR, Abdullah HACIBEKİROĞLU The media is one of the most effective tools to gain knowledge and value in people in our day. It is known that the media also function as the state ideological apparatus. This task can mislead the perception in the desired direction by hiding the true knowledge basically through ideological readings. The July 15 coup attempt took different forms in the media in Egypt and other countries of the world. Egypt is very influential in the Middle East and has the power to influence other Arab countries. However, in recent years, the legitimate government has been overthrown by the coup, and Turkey's attitude towards the military culprit has caused the Egyptian government to take political stances against Turkey. Egypt seems to act against Turkey on every platform after this attitude of Turkey. It showed this attitude by blocking the condemnation decision which is wanted to be taken in the UN after the coup attempt of 15 July. This attitude of the Egyptian government appears to be reflected in the media. In this work, the content analysis of the occupation of the 15 July coup attempt in the Egyptian media will be examined. Along with being a qualitative pattern of working method, people and institutions were chosen in consideration of the political and cultural differences of Egypt. In the study, the content analysis of the statements of the major newspaper writers and actor political structures of the country was tried to understand the reflexes of the Egyptian media against the July 15 coup attempt. In the study, official and semi-official newspapers reported that the coup was reported as successful. After the failure of coup attempt, it was seen that they developed "theater" discourse. Especially in the writings, it is seen that the struggle of the Turkish people taken lightly that they should not allow the coup by protecting democracy. It is understood that authors who favor liberal and Islamic values support the Turkish people in the face of the coup attempt and that they are doing it with democratic values or Islamic brotherhood. There are also writings and explanations with a timid attitude, as shown in the example of the Salafi party. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20476 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20476 Servet HALİ, Selcan RENCUZOĞULLARI Coups are the actions that violates democracy. Our republic have witnessed lots of coups and coups attempts till today. Our country experienced a coup attempt on 2016, 15 July by a group of soldiers. Since the 1997 coup, after 19 year hiatus, the first military coup attempt, which took place on July 16-17, 2016 and has not been successful. After the operations carried out by the Turkish Armed Forces and General Directorate of Security, the military coup was suppressed on the morning of 16 July and the soldiers surrendered with their weapons. In this military coup attempt a fire was opened to the public, many people lost their lives and many soldiers was killed. First time in history as a state has ever seen, Grand National Assembly of Turkey bombed. Although the military coup attempt that took place on July 15th failed, it affected the country politically, socially, economically and psychologically. Every teacher candidates, especially concerning the country and the people must be informed of current events in terms of follow-up. The aim of our study is to investigate the awareness of the political and social effects of the July 15th coup by history teacher candidates. This study was used in the screening model.5-point Likert-type scale was developed. The sample group is selected by appropriate sampling. History teachers who have continued their pedagogical training at Mustafa Kemal University forms the sample of the study. In order to measure history teacher candidates’ level of awareness with regards to political and social impact of the coup attempt, which was carried out on 15 July 2016, "15 July political and social impact of the Awareness scale of the impact” was developed. In the first part of the scale, while demographic variables take place, the second part of the scale includes the items about the coup and its political and social impact. As a result of the findings, it was tried to raise the awareness level of the history teacher candidates about the political and social effects of the conflicts. The result section was formed in the light of these evaluations. Based on the answers given to the questionnaire ''The Social and Political Effects of Coups', it can be said that teacher candidates who participated in the study agreed in high proportion to the such items as coups should not never been supported, people should support the goverment, coup plottera should be put on trial, and the graduated school, gender, and the place they live do not have any effects on teaching the topic 'coup', 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20294 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20294 Murteza HASANOĞLU, Asim MEMMEDOV In the new process that started with the end of Cold War period, Middle East and Caucasian regions located in the centre of Eurasia is in the agenda of the world due to their natural sources, geopolitical location and civil conflicts. During the period of 10 years covering the years from 1991 to 2001, the external actors (except for Russian Federation) who have been interested in the region have tended to act in the line of economical aspects and expectations of natural sources. Following that the USA started efforts for military acquisition in Caucasia and Middle Asia in the scope of operations in Afghanistan, changes in administration occurred in Georgia in 2003 and in Kyrgyzstan in 2005. The affect of these changes on rapidly increasing hegemonic struggle in the geography of Eurasia and the reflections of them on political, economical and military structure of Middle East and Caucasia may be evaluated in the scope of important topics needed to be searched. According to the US Ministry of Energy estimates that worldwide demand will increase by more than 60% between 1997 and 2020. It is expected that Azerbaijan, or even Central Asia, will be able to access energy sources and share its potential tension, imperilate national aspirations and represent goals that revitalize the expansionist-intrusive desires and exacerbate international competition. Political and ideological breaks and changes that have significance not only in the region but also in the whole political history of humanity have occurred in the vast Middle East map covering the Middle Asia and the Caucasus, starting from the last decade of the XX century. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20125 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20125 Mustafa KABATAŞ The coup is one of the major problems of our country as it is in the whole world. If we define the coup d'état: In a country, the members of the armed forces must confiscate the country by force. Government claims that they are unsuccessful in solving economic and social problems are cited by cuntacılar as the main reason for military coups. Circumstances that have been given to the governments from time to time by the army may have impact-like consequences. Dwarves are a long-standing part of the history of politics. For example, the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar became a victim of a coup, and some Roman emperors came to power with a coup. In 1799 Napoleon took power in France with a coup d'etat. In Ancient Greek and Indian cities, collisions were highly prevalent. Doublets were widespread in the 20th century, especially in developing countries such as Arjan-tin in Latin America, Burma in Chile, Burma in Asia, Greece in Europe and Greece in Europe, and Turkey in Asia. Although no country wants to live in coup d'état and coup attempts, these events have been experienced especially in developing countries like Turkey and have produced great results. All societies experiencing coups have lost their values at almost every level and every kind of social relationship has been transformed into monetary relation and interest relation. This decay, including members of i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20363 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20363 Erdem KARACA Deutsche Welle (DW) began its broadcasting life on 3rd May in Cologne. Today, it is a significant German media company broadcasting from Bonn and Berlin on radio, TV and web in 30 different languages. Its radio and web services are offered from Bonn. Addressing to a wide group of community, DW tried to evaluate the 15 July coup attempt in parallel with the Western world’s ways of dealing with matters and in an appropriate manner that would be required by its position. The scope of this study is limited to the news broadcasted by DW from the 15 July coup attempt until the declaration of the State of Emergency. According to DW; democratic processes in Turkey had been exposed to military interventions for many times since 1960. But this time, the case was very sensitive. The democratic constitutional order was under a great threat. Turkey had a significant position regarding the battle against the terrorist groups in Syria and Iraq (DAESH). And clearly, Europe needed Turkey in the Refugees Issue. So, while the need for following a definite attitude against the coup and coup plotters was mentioned; the President of the Republic, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who made great efforts in order not to allow the attempters to reach their aims, was tried to be introduced almost like an enemy of democracy, a dictator, an opportunist, a liar and a leader that would raise difficulties for Europe. On the other hand, supporters of Gülen was tried to be shown as innocent. People from all strata of the public who went out to streets/squares and tried to stop the coup were introduced to be the supporters of the President of the Republic, Erdoğan, only. But the clearest thing I observed as a participant/resister in the attempt given against the coup was that, the people who participated in the resistance act were from different strata of the public. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20420 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20420 Emine KAYA The basic source of Islam is the revelation, the Qur'an. Sunnah can be regarded as a source of religious knowledge based on the Qur'an. Since the Qur'an is sent to mankind through the Prophet Muhammad, the revelation has a human side. Knowledge sources other than the Qur'an may need to be analyzed and criticized as they have human information sources. In this context, the use of the Sunnah as a source can be debated. Religious groups use sources of religious knowledge (Quran and Sunnah) for various reasons. Religious groups make comments on source of religious knowledge in order to gain legitimacy, increase followers, support their own views, draw out the results, and use religious sources for their own purposes. Religious groups use sources of religious knowledge in sermons and conversations use them in various publications, and direct people in this way for their own purposes. In this article, it will be explained how to use sources of religious knowledge and through which means the use of religion is carried out through the Fetullah Gulen Community. This article will show how the use sources of religious knowledge through the Gülen community is realized. The main purpose of this article is to see the aims of the Gülen community for the use of Islam's sources of information and to explain the ways in which they use sources of religious knowledge. In addition, content analysis method is used in this article. As a result, it can be deduced that Fetullah Gulen has achieved political, economic interests that have affected his followers by using Qur'an, Sunnah, companion life. He also made religion abuse and caused the Quran and the Sunnah to be laid back. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20353 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20353 Ulvi KESER, Münevver KATA The military coup that has happened in Turkey on May 27, 1960 has naturally different meanings apart from the collapse of Democrat Party government led by the President Adnan Menderes for ten years. The unknown and discussed negative aspects, only known by a small group, of the above-mentioned coup has got experienced unfortunately in Cyprus. The fact that the EOKA terrorist organization founded in Athens, and backed by Greece made assaults against the British authority, then the Greek Cypriots who haven’t helped the EOKA, and finally against the Turkish Cypriots so as to make the island Hellenize in the light of Enosis utopia reasons the Turkish Cypriots to lose the security of the property, life, and the decency. Despite the fact that Turkish Cypriots have established some local and amateur organizations against the EOKA before November 15, 1957, the professional and effective on all the island to be, Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) gets established, and backed by Turkey in the light of logistics, command staff, infrastructure, and military training so as to defend Turkish Cypriots’ rights against the EOKA. Subsequent to the coup in Turkey, TMT is named to be Menderes’ Private Army, and all the military assistance for TMT stops, and finally all the military activities comes to the end till everything is all clear. As a result, Greek Cypriot attacks start on December 21, 1963 in the frame of Akritas Plan to kill all the Turkish Cypriots living on the island. This scientific study will focus on how Turkish Cypriots get affected negatively after 1960 due to the coup occurred in Turkey. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20439 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20439 Hatice MEMİŞOĞLU, Gökhan GÜÇİN The objective of the present study is to determine prospect social sciences teachers’ perceptions of coup by means of metaphor. The study group includes 4th (35) grade students from the department of social science teaching at the Educational Faculty of Abant İzzet Baysal University and 3rd (21) and 4th (34) grade students from the department of social science teaching at the Educational Faculty of Yıldız Teknik University. Of the 90 respondent students, 58 were female and 32 male. The descriptive screening model was employed as one of the qualitative research model. The study pattern The study was in phenomology pattern, which describes common meaning of experiences of a group of people. The essential purpose of phenomology is coming to a universial conclusion from individual experiences with a concept. Prospect social sciences teachers who participated in this study were asked to complete the sentence of “coup is like …………. because…………….”Acquired data in this study was analyzed by means of the content analysis method. Personal information regarding the creator of the metaphor image was coded next to the metaphor expression. The same ones of the obtained metaphors were grouped and numbered. Based on the findings, 90 participant students developed totally 65 metaphors. Moreover, 48 metaphors were developed by a single student. These metaphors were cathegorized in 10 groups. The first 8 of these categories were representing 94.52%. These categories were “Hurting”, “İnternal Mess”, “destroying”, “Uncertainity”, “Sneaky Danger”, “Prohibition and Limit”, “Suddenly Crepy”, “Leaving Persistent Track”. Prospect social sciences teachers’ perception of coup was negative. In the “Change” category, prospect teachers stated their opinions as that coup would bring a new formation. These prospect teachers were not explained coup concept as positive or negative; rather only stated that they could create change. In the other category of “Competition”, coup was associated with a Competition by a prospect teacher. No any positive opinion was stated about coup by the prospect teachers. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20487 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20487 Zeynep ÖZCAN, Mebrure DOĞAN The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of 15th July-Attempted Coup, which affected all the society and aimed at both core human values and integrity of life, on perception of university students towards Muslims. In this study, questionnaire technique in accordance with the relational screening was used in addition to utilizing the literature. In the study which was conducted on a sample group of 310 students studying on different majors in Karabük University and Afyon Kocatepe University, a questionnaire form which was developed by the researchers and included questions for determining whether there has been any change in perceptions towards Muslims after the attempted coup or not, was applied besides to a personal information form. Furthermore, “a character list” was used in order to determine the stereotypes of the sample before and after the attempted coup which was attributed to the Muslims being a member of any kind of religious group or community and to the Muslims being a member of the terrorist organizations “FETÖ/PDY”. As a result of the study, it is seen that there hasn’t significantly occurred any negative view on religious values even though what happened has negatively affected the view on the communities comparatively. Especially, according to findings obtained from the data analyzed by variable of the faculty, it has been seen that there are meaningful differences in the opinions of the students studying in Faculty of Theology and of the students studying in other faculties particularly, about religious references, state of loyalty and trust. According to the evaluation related to the character list, it draws attention that there has been decrease in preference of some positive characters and increase in the rate of preference of the negative characters for the follower-Muslims while the independent Muslims prefer the positive characters before and after the attempted coup. And in the evaluation of the members of terrorist organizations FETÖ/PDY, it is detected that the sample group considered the characters negatively before and after the attempted coup, and this rate has been increased much more after the coup. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20358 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20358 Mehmet Emin SARIKAYA The subject of our paper constitutes the sociological structure of the power transfer methods of the Gülen Community, formerly known as the Fetö / Pdy Terrorist Organization's official records. In this context, first of all, Understanding of leadership and hierarchical structure of movement are examined; The symbols used to power up are explained. As a result of these examinations, sociological results related to the structure and function of this movement has been reached. From the 1950s onwards, it offered new religious movements. New religious movements have begun to attract the interest of religious sociologists with their output. These movements are a reflection of your cultural diversity. Since the number of members is not much more than the general population, they are seen as 'end' groups. However, given the fact that these plans are created by large differences, these structures are worthy of being investigated and understood. The Gülen community, which we describe as a new religious movement, is also active in many countries, especially in Turkey. The exploration and understanding of the ways in which these movements use member acquisition are within the sphere of study of sociology. Throughout the Fetö Organization, analyzes have been made by explaining the ways of the members who have 'served' for many years. As a result of these analyzes, it was seen that the organization used religion as a cover. The use of religion as a means of exploitation has been found to constitute the hierarchical structure of the organization, which is much more decisive than the political agenda. For this reason the organization defined the definition of a new multifaceted religious movement. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20437 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20437 Özlem ŞENYILDIZ The July 15 military coup attempt was abolished because of the dignified position of the Turkish people. However, a military coup that flared up in Spain just 80 years ago in July, drove the country into a three-year civil war and a subsequent 36-year dictatorship. The Spanish community was divided into two major parts: the ones standing behind the legitimate government and others supporting the generals who attempted the coup. This situation led to a terrible civil war in Spain. This military coup on July 17 is not the first coup attempt of Spain to happen until 1936; it can be argued that the history of Spain in the first years of the XIX and XX centuries have gone through a constant political and social confusion and that they have not reached a certain level of stability. However, no attempt has caused such a devastating effect until that day and no attempt has resulted in a civil war that divides the country into two parts. For this reason, the Franco dictatorship that comes after the Civil War, which starts with the military uprising that starts on July 17, 1936 is important in terms of showing the heavy burden that the public has to endure. Our aim in this article is to show the damage that this military coup which drags Spain into a civil war. When studying the July 17th military coup; firstly the process leading to this military take-over will be explained, and then the stages of the Spanish Civil War will be described which started after the coup d'etat. Thus, it is aimed to be better understood the dimensions of both the stage that prevails before the coup and the damage caused by Franco dictatorship established after the Civil War in the country. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20419 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20419 Hasan YAŞAROĞLU The last one of the Ottoman coups was March 31. The coup which was triggered by Hunter Battalions among troops, resembles Janissaries coups in old times. The March 31st coup attemted to remove the changes / innovations in the state system which had emerged with the Constitution. The Committee of Union and Progress as the initiator of these changes was the main target of the coup. With the announcement of the Second Constitutional Monarchy (July 10 1908), the Ottoman Empire entered a new period. Parliament was opened, elections were held. In this period, some radical changes that took place in the administration of the Ottoman State led to victimisation to some degree in the society. There have been a serious reactions to the Union Progress because of these grievances. The reactions which prompted antagonism and in conclusion the Ottoman State faced a new coup once again. The March 31st coup d’etat is not a coup in a chain of command. It caused a serious concern of the society which was liberated from the absolute regime. Depending on the concern and precipitation, the society especially members of the Committee of Unic and Progress, gathered in a short time and showed serious resistance to the coup. The coup plotters encountered unexpected resistance. So they couldn’t know how to behave and finally showed extremism and rampage. The March 31 coup attempt became unsuccessful. Constituonalism and commitment to the constitution had a serious setback for the coup. It was not so easy to turn the society back to the past. The repression of the Absolute regime still kept in people’s mind. Absolute power was about to fade away. The direction of the world is not towards absolutism/autocracy, but constitutionalism/democracy. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20222 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20222 Öznur YAŞAR The history of democracy came from ancient Greece. However, modern democracy has a short history from the end of the 18th century. The clearest definition of modern democracy can be found in the Gettysburg Discourse in 1864 given by Abraham Lincoln. Here, Lincoln praised democracy for its virtues, which he described as "democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people". Anthony Arblaster says that democracy is used in many different meanings and practices in its history based on the most egregious. Democracy is a vision of ideals that are always seeking more democratic in the given history of mankind. Societies are making an effort to reach this ideal. Various breaks are experienced with the effort of the societies in the name of democratization. The repair of these breaks contributes to the development of democracies. Especially in the developing countries such as Turkey, the reactions that are shown to military conflicts are thought to be a test of democracy. In this study, one of the most important breaking points in the democratization process of Turkey, The coup in May 27, in 1960, was examined from a sociological standpoint in the perspective of caricature. Continuous expression is supported by examples of caricature. Three terms have been set to explain the May 27 Coup. These periods; Before May 27 1960, May 27 1960 and May 27 1960 after the coup. Eleven samples of caricature have been provided in total. Literature search and documentation methods were employed in collection of data. Semiology and discourse analysis were utilized in interpretation of the data collected. MAXQDA Qualitative Data Analysis Software was used in analysis of the collected data. The findings of the study were also construed through usage of literature. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20376 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20376 Sevda Gülşah YILDIRIM, Eren YÜRÜDÜR Turkey is a country with a political structure that has been subjected to a coup or coup attempt in almost every decade, with multiple democracy transitions. A mentalist who disdains, disregards or disapprobation the decision of civilian will, has struggled to make a military coup based on the excuse of rebuilding democracy. These efforts have sometimes manifested themselves in the form of direct takeover, sometimes forced the government to change, and sometimes technological means of civil administration "warnings". Until today, the people were either supportive or silent towards military coup happened. However, the July 15, 2016 coup attempt did not find any support from the people, nor was the public silent in the face of this attempt. For this reason, the July 15 coup attempt is different from the others. The elderly, the youth, the leftist, the right-wing, almost everyone has been united, out on the streets and showing democracy. The action that is conservation to democracy is the result of the negative attitude towards military coups. This situation also shows the importance of the attitude of people towards a fact, an event or a person. From this point of view, the research aims to reveal the general attitudes of university youth towards the military coup. The scale, developed by the researchers, was applied to a total of 197 students in different departments during 2011-2012 academic year. As a result of the study, university students were found to have negative attitude against the military strike. In terms of variables, it has been revealed that men have a negative attitude towards military coups at a higher level than women and the students of the Public Administration Department have a negative attitude towards the military coups at a higher level than the Turkish Language and Literature and History Department students. This study has shown that it is predictor because of the year it was made. In other words, the attitude of youth against the coup of July 15, 2016 confirms the results of the research. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20538 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20538 Yasin YILMAZ Ottoman Empire. The powers have chosen either revolt or coup in order to make the administration ineffective when the amendments of the state structure become incompatible with their interest. These interventions were seen in 18th and 19th centuries in the Ottoman Empire and they have been considered as tradition of the Turkish political culture. Each revolt or coup, however, has left disruptive, very painful and permanent marks in the Turkish political life. One of the attempted-coups in the Turkish political history is Kuleli Event whose true nature is still remained unknown. This coup attempt was planned for the dethronement of the administration of Abdul Majid upon the decision of equal civil rights for the non-Muslims in the Tanzimat and Edict Reforms. A group of people consists of the soldiers, scholars and the personnel who were in the administrative positions founded a community and they were arrested while they were having meeting and planning the actual situation of their attempt. The total 41 members of this community were brought to Kuleli Barracks and special court was established to judge them. Based on the individual and face to face judgment, the members of group were sentenced according to their responsibility, ranks and duties. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20287 https://turkishstudies.net/education?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20287 Abdulnasır YİNER Throughout history, it is possible to say that coups occurred at various times because of different reasons. The rationale of coups had changed according to the circumstances of time. For example, some of the coups occurred for boarding the brave and warrior rulers before Islam. After Islam, religious threatening elements were the reason for coups. The coups occurred at different times and because of different reasons in the Turkish history. In the Ottoman history, military coups have frequently been resulted in the deposition of the sultan and some of the sultans have been killed afterwards. Historically, the coups occurred during: II. Bayezid, II. (Genç) Osman, I. Mustafa, Sultan İbrahim, IV. Mehmed, II. Mustafa, III. Ahmed, III. Selim, IV. Mustafa, Sultan Abdülaziz, V. Murad and finally II. Abdülhamid and those sultans were deposited as a result of military coups or rebellions. From these, II. Bayezid, II. Osman, Sultan İbrahim, III. Selim, IV. Mustafa and Sultan Abdülaziz were killed after the deposition The dethronement of Abdülaziz is the first coup attempt of the Young Ottomans. The coup has not solved any of the problems and it further caused worsening of the situation. The people who enthroned V. Murad had to dethrone him and they had to settle with II. Abdülhamid. The coups were inherited from Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic, the subsequent of Ottoman Empire. The history of the Turkish Republic, which has not yet completed the age of 100, has witnessed numerous coups and coup attempts. 2026-07-16