https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=341 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20542 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20542 Bilge AFŞAR, Fatih CURA , Merve TEKKULAK This study was conducted to elaborate the relationship between economic growth, employment and unemployment, which are the most important indicators of macro-economic performance. For this purpose, first conceptual explanations were made and then empirical VAR analysis, impact response analysis, variance survey method, traditional Granger causality test and least squares method were applied and tried to be explained. As far as national and international literature is concerned, there are different views on the symmetry, direction or meaning of the relationship between economic growth, labor and employment. These surveys were generally done by analyzing the Okun Law and adding only two variables. In this study, manufacturing industry index, value of public expenditure and fixed capital investments were added to make the model more meaningful and obtain more healthy analysis results. When the studies for the Turkish economy are examined, especially studies considering the years of 2000, it is found that economic growth can not solve the problem of unemployment and the growth without employment is also valid. When the economic growth rates are examined, it is observed that the unemployment rate remained high and did not fall despite the positive growth in the post-2000 period except for the 2001 crisis and the 2008 global crisis. It is understood that between 2000 and 2016 there is a weak relationship between economic growth and unemployment. The smallest squares estimation results showed a 1% increase in economic growth has lowered the unemployment rate by 0.1% and it was supported by the Granger causality test, and the economic growth was the cause of unemployment within the 5% statistical meaning level. All these results show that economic growth has a positive effect on employment, and unlike the current literature, a relatively strong employment-generating growth performance has been experienced in recent years. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20300 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20300 Yakup AKKUŞ In this article, the financial structures and performances of Adrianople and Salonica, two of the most important provinces of the Ottoman Empire are analyzed comparatively for the period of 1864-1913. In the study, the reflections of the transformation, which took place since Tanzimat (Reorganization) in the fiscal and administrative area, on Adrianople and Salonica were discussed. In addition, it emphasized the legal, administrative and financial dependency between the central and provincial finance, and it was suggested that the lack of legal entity of provincial administrations until 1913 caused serious problems in the central and provincial finances. According to the results of the research, the fiscal-administrative reforms and tax laws, which were the continuation of Tanzimat policies, had not found a response even in these two prominent provinces under the control of central government. The financial structure in general in Adrianople and Salonica provinces did not show a healthy and sustainable appearance in the period of 1864-1913. In both provinces, during this period, the most tax-payers were agriculturists. The issue of taxation could not be transferred from agricultural production to personal wealth and income, so the tax could not be personalized. As a result, financial performances of Adrianople and Salonica have had low and unstable trends due to complicated and intertwined problems such as absence of legal entity, technical insufficiency, inadequacy of tax collection staff, corruption, security problems, wars, drought, famine and economic crisis. During the period, both provinces experienced real increases in public spending. However, there was not enough revenue to finance the increased public spending. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20273 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20273 Nahide Işıl ÇETİNKAYA İSTİKBAL, Ramazan ŞENGÜL Depending on the change of demographic structure, urban areas have faced with various problems, and rural areas’ own unique problems have increased and diversified. The fact that people living in rural areas have lower standards of living compared to those living in urban areas has led to the importance of rural development policies in many countries of the world. Meeting the basic needs of rural people and balancing the development gap between rural and urban by accelerating socio-economic development is the main objective of rural development policies. In this context, the focus is on meeting rural people’s service demands by providing their residences where they live. Many policies have been implemented in Turkey since the proclamation of the republic in order to maintain the effective use of public resources and to make the rural sector self-sufficient. Service deficits caused by inadequacy of village administrations have been tried to be closed by special provincial administrations and central government institutions. The inability of rural development to be realized only by village governments has led central government to seek different policies. Since 2005, a new phase of rural development has been introduced with the implementation of the Village Infrastructure Support Project (KOYDES). This project is carried out through the Village Service Unions based on the cooperation of the central government and the local government institutions and actors. The success that emerges in the implementation of rural development through the current model is turning attention to this model. The aim of this study based on the literature survey is to reveal the effects of the KOYDES Project on rural development. In this context, first the scope and content of rural development will be determined, then the development of rural development policies in Turkey will be analyzed. Finally, the change in rural development with the project of KOYDES will be discussed and the results of implementation of this project will be evaluated. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20430 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20430 Adem DOĞAN The referendum, one of the instruments of semi-direct democracy, was held for the seventh time on 16 April 2017 in our country. In this sense, referendum is a rare democratic exercise in our country.Even if the referenda are not considered as an election, voters in the end have a political preference in the referendum. Especially in our country, referendums are being held in a political election atmosphere with the campaigns of political parties. In this framework, political behavior in the referendum process is one of the issues that are emphasized. Nonetheless, the work on political behavior in referendums is rather limited. One of the important debates in the referendum period and the post-election period is how young people have expressed a political preference in the referendum. University youth is an important part of young voters. In this sense, field study method was applied in this study which was done in order to determine the view of university youth on 2017 referendum and political preferences. The findings of the faculty interviewed with 450 students at different faculties and vocational colleges in Fırat University were analyzed and the evaluations of the university youth about the political preferences in the referendum were made. According to the findings, it is determined that a significant part of the university youth is interested in medium level politics and political participation is at audience level. In the youth referendum process, university youth have put forth a political preference within the process positions of the parties that they would not vote in a possible general election. Again, the level of political interest of university youth has been identified as an important factor in this process. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20293 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20293 Süleyman ERKAN This article focuses on the events that led to the toppling of Shah Reza Pahlavi during late 1978 and early 1979, by utilizing CIA Daily reports. The events, which started as the tensions between regime forces and opposition turned into violent conflict, led to a big political turmoil and started a new era in Iran’s political history. Regime forces had softened their initial tough stance against the opposition. However, instead of escalating tensions, this move emboldened the opposition and led to more determination in terms of bringing down the regime. As a result Shah had to leave the country. As political conflicts led to an economic stalemate, Shah lost its power to fight. After Shah left the country, there were speculations that the army would assume power, however, the army remained impartial. Khomeini, who was overseeing the process from Paris, returned to the country and assumed the control of the government. İnitially, Shah’s Prime Minister Sahbur Baytiyar refused to turn over the office to the Prime Minister of the interim administration appointed by Khomeini. Howeover, later he had to resign due to lack of public support.The developments in Iran draw the world’s attention and countries such as USA, USSR, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Egypt expressed their opinions. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20526 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20526 Engin KANBUR, Sakine ŞEN Being as their most valuable resource organizations have to manage the human resource well in order to achieve the goals they have determined, to ensure sustainable competition against their competitors and more importantly to survive. Concept of career that affects people’s identities, societal and organizational status and, accordingly, their lifestyles, has a crucial importance for individuals and organizations. Organizations must also take into account the generational differences that their employees have in preparing career plans of their employees. Because behaviors, needs, motives and satisfaction of people are different from each other. The life style, expectancy from work, perspective to work, communication skills, usage of technology and susceptibility to innovation, family structure, traditions and cultural structure of X generation can be different from Y generation. The purpose of study in this context is to compare the employees’ career adaptation abilities and career satisfactions in terms of their generations (X, Y) and to determine the differences. The sample of the study constitutes of 401 employees working in four public institutions and in two private businesses operating in the city center of Kastamonu. Data of the study were collected via questionnaire technic and Career Adapt-Abilities Scale and Career Satisfaction Scale were used in the research. The factor analyze, reliability analyze, skewness and kurtosis values and t-test analyze were used in the study. According to the findings of the research; it can be seen that employees’ career adaptation abilities and anxiety, control and trust as its subdimensions differ according to their generation. However, it has been found that curiosity dimension of career adaptation abilities of employees and career satisfaction do not differ according to their generation (X, Y). 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20360 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20360 Ersan KARATAŞ, Ayşe GÜNSEL Corporate social responsibility (CSR), which has been expanding its coverage over the last 60 years, is being questioned once again today after the awareness of the community and the understanding of what social and environmental problems that emerged the result of “social irresponsible” company activities are going to cost. CSR refers not only to voluntary donations or activities for the benefit of society, but also to integrate all the decisions and activities of enterprises with the concepts of employee rights, human rights, environmental awareness, bi 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20315 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20315 Özgür KARATAŞ, Emine ÖZTÜRK KARATAŞ , Ali Serdar YÜCEL Rapid changes that occur in recent years together with globalization have also affected football clubs and exposed them to many risks. Football clubs trying to reduce these risks, minimizing material and moral losses and trying to be financially strong have embarked on new quests and they have been observed to become companies in time, to take place in stock markets and to be changed into an enterprise incorporating famous football players of the world. These incorporated football clubs obtain sustainable sports and financial achievements thanks to the professional managers, increase their income through advertisement, sponsorship, share, sales of uniform, broadcast and stadium and smoothly solve the financial risks in their clubs by maintaining income-expenditure balance. In this study, a literature review has been made and theoretical basis has been established related to the concept of risk, risk management in sports and risk factors concerning financial risk management in football. With reference to the theoretical information obtained, the risks that can be encountered regarding financial risk matters in football clubs have been put forth. Moreover, the purpose here is to create an awareness concerning possible risk factors in sports studies conducted/to be conducted in football clubs where human factor lies behind its input and output. All in all, it has been concluded that the football clubs not complying with today’s changes experience financial risks frequently, and the reasons are managerial crises and resignations, the incapability of managers to use the limited sources of the club efficiently and effectively, application of inaccurate financial management policies, expensive and irrational transfer expenditures, confinement of the football clubs not being able to create different income items apart from broadcast incomes and the fact that they can’t withstand the competition against their rivals makes football clubs experience a financial turnaround day by day. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20468 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20468 Merve Suna ÖZEL ÖZCAN, Emine ERDEN KAYA The historical process of patriarchal existence requires us to questinize: the Women's history. As a matter of fact, this situation reveals an area where the woman is seen as the “other”. The social position and role of women are traditionally read through roles, shared within the family. That roles for has not only led to the dismissal of social sex based work, but has also shaped this framework within the context of patriarchal conditions. As a matter of fact, gender differences are not only biologically determined but are produced as values of culture and civilization. At this point, socialization of woman and man and their social, political, economical roles are so different. So the position of the Turkish woman, its role in terms of gender and the participation of politics are not independent from this frame. The cultural values, history, beliefs, economic, political and social life of each society are self-inflicted. Considering these elements, there is a sui generis adventure about the existence of the Turkish woman. Thus in this study, we will focus on the study axis and the question of the role and position of the Turkish Woman in the social sides in the historical process. In this context, we try to show the changing / unchanging position of women in a chronological historical process betweentimes to Western comparisons.. Consequently, within the role of gender and biological differences, women's rights and the socio-political position of women in Turkish history will be analyzed. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20469 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20469 Mustafa POLAT Waqf means donating one’s possession to a religious or social purpose with the aim of gaining God’s consent and being remembered with gratitude. Various waqfs are founded by benevolent citizens and they are provided with movable and immovable properties. Whether cash could be donated or not had been a discussion in Ottoman time for a long time, and at last it was agreed to be permissible, so the application called Cash Waqfs was started. In the beginning, there were few of such waqfs, but in the XIX.th century their number increased. In this study, The XIX.th Century Cash Waqfs in İnegöl District is researched by grounding on cognizance and accountant records in İnegöl Judge Registers. By analyzing accountant records, it is aimed to find out the names of waqfs, their total capital, the kind of services and to whom and how much they provided loans. Waqfs lended their cash capital to those who they approved of with an interest of 10-15 %. They spent the income they got on the deeds within the waqfs. Individuals had the opportunity to owe the Money they needed with low interests and thus, business life could save its buoyant. In the district, it is understood that there are Caravansary Lodging Waqfs, Local Aiding and Apoplexy Waqfs, Ma-i Leziz Waqfs and Mosque and Fountain Waqfs as well. Mosque waqfs were common in accordance with society’ needs. Thanks to these waqfs, expenses for the personnel, lamp oil and imam’s and muezzin’s reading Koran were met. In addition, the Fountain Waqfs, which were supplying the drinking water for the district, took care of regular maintenance and repair of the water ways. Most of the health, education, security and public works which need large amounts of expenses were done by the waqfs, and it eased the burden of the State. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20397 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20397 Mustafa SALEP The economic independence of states is as important as their political independence. Turkish Nation, who declared independence after the war of independence and established the Republic of Turkey, had initiated a new war for its economic independence. The economic independence can only be achieved in the frames of plan and programme. In this regard the First Five-Year Industry Plan had started to be applied in1934 and the goals for industrial sector had been set. However, the economic difficulties that came to surface during the Second World War had put Turkish Nation into a troubled situation. After the war, the USA had decided to give economic support to states including Turkey against Soviet Russia. These economic aids had re-brought the planning of the investments forward. As the importance of the planning belonged to sectors has increased day by day, the foreign suggestions about in which sectors the aids distributed in the framework of Marshall Plan would be used have been started to make. Eventually, the works on development plan had condensate with the participation of foreign experts in 1960 cross-road. With the establishment of the State Planning Organization, development plans have got an official institution. In this article, the evaluation of the First Five-Year Development Plan (1963-1967) whose preparation process took more than two years accepted in 1962 from history of Turkish economy perspective, has been made. The First Five-Year Development Plan (1963-1967), which is the first of the development plans prepared in 15 years perspective, had set fundamental principles and targets for all sectors. The growth rate of the country was determined as average 7 % per year with development plan. In this period, while trying to achieve the target of the 7% growth rate per year in one hand, on the other hand the share of the industry sector in national income had been tried to increase. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20396 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20396 İbrahim Halil SUGÖZÜ, Savaş ERDOĞAN , Esra ULAŞAN Income inequality and poverty have emerged as the most important socio-economic problems for these times. Turkey, since the 1980s, meets public sector deficits by internal borrowing. To meet interest costs incurred for borrowing with tax revenues, which is an important source of the government, and gradually increase the share of the indirect taxes in tax revenues is an accurate indicator of an income transfer from public to the owners of capital. This study will focus on internal borrowing interest payments. The distribution of the recipients of internal borrowing, the share of interest payments in domestic debt stock of the state are evaluated, and by examining the course of interest payments over the years, will be focused on the effect on income distribution. In addition, the effect of the distribution of tax burden on income distribution will also be analyzed. And finally, in this study, the factors distorting the income distribution will be analyzed and the Topsis Model which is conducted over the period 2002-2015. Findings are in accordance with the Gini Coefficient results. Accordingly, income distribution indicated a more equitable distribution during the period when the domestic debt interest payments, unemployment rates, the share of indirect taxes, inflation and interest rates were decreasing. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20323 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20323 Sedat YAZICI, Hakan ARSLAN , Ensar ÇETİN , Kemal DİL Active citizenship has become a widely used and accepted concept in both academic studies and projects conducted within the context of European Union citizenship efficiencies. However, research on measuring active citizenship has been at an early stage of development. Measurement instruments found in the existing literature are prepared for either nonadolescents or with a pragmatic concern for easy data obtainment based on the items of widely used international questionnaires. With the aims of overcoming some of these limits and developing a questionnaire that can be used in the Turkish context, in this study, we developed and provided information about theoretical basis of the Active Citizenship Questionnaire (ACQ) and of its development, with some findings for its reliability and validity scores. The ACQ comprised of four main domains and seven sub-domains; Knowledge (following media, knowledge and awareness), Skills (citizenship self-efficacy), Values (equality and solidarity, democratic values), and Participation (organizational membership, organizational participation, demonstration and protest). With a total 73-item questionnaire, the ACQ’s Cronbach Alpha’s reliability scores were found .90 for total items, and .76, .76, .85, .78 for knowledge, values, skills and participations domains respectively. An explanatory factor analysis for each four domains indicated that all factor items had loadings above .30, and total variances explained by the factors were found between 50,929 % and 82,388 %. These results indicate that the ACQ is a reliable and valid measurement instrument. However, since this is the first study conducted within the Turkish context, further research needed to examine the factorial structure of the ACQ. 2026-07-16