Turkish Studies - International, Year 2017 Issue Volume 12 Issue 10

According to Sirah Sources Aqaba Pledges

Cafer ACAR — 2024-08-29

In this article, Aqaba pledges, the most important step of migration to Yasrib, content and inter-textual relations have been investigated from a problematic viewpoint. In the study, the Aqaba negotiations, which were completed within 3 years and constituted the hejira sub-structure, were tackled in turn and tried to be concluded with an evaluation by pointing out text problems. The Aqaba negotiations have revealed the gate of Hejira, which is regarded as the turning point of Islamic history. The Prophet, together with the Risale, encountered a serious resistance. A systematic violence policy towards both the self and the Muslims has begun to be implemented. This narrowing of the living, it caused the Prophet to begin the search for patronage to open up outside Mecca. Here, Aqaba negotiations should be seen as a success achieved at the end of the efforts. These negotiations have the same characteristics as the other allegiances in Sirah, and they are convinced that there is confusion in the transmission of related news. Especially the famous alleged circumstances mentioned in the second Aqaba meeting are the same as those mentioned in verse 12 of al-Muddahine regarding the allegiance of allegiance to women after Hudaybiya which took place about seven years after this event, causing hesitations about whether the event happened twice or mixed. In the article, the Sirah resources where the subject was located were cross-readed and their differences compared to each other were emphasized. The outcomes are evaluated in this direction. As a result, it has been understood that the main agenda of these allegiances is the to provide protection and invitation possibility.

In Responsibility Creation of the Behaviors the True Path and Heresy

Mehmet AKIN — 2024-08-29

The Qur'an is a divine book with the happiness of the world and the hereafter. The Qur'an's narrator is composed of messengers who regulate human behavior. While the Qur'an describes these messengers in the Qur'an, there are confusions about who belongs to the responsibilities of the acts in some verses. Human actions are not a problem in terms of accountability when the individual turns into action without any compulsion. Otherwise, there is a controversy about the passage of divine justice among the interlocutors that Allah requires people to guide or disobey. Allah is involved in the individual preference or existential aspect of human behavior in terms of guidance and discretion. From this point of view, it is important for the determination of the responsibilities of those who are involved in Allah's human actions. It is a known fact that the first interlocutors of the Qur'an are those who understand it best and apply it to their lives. In this respect, it helps me to assess what the first counterparts who are the creators of the actions understand about this issue. The facts that lead to the descent of the verses need to be known so that this point can be correctly understood as a matter of calm. In this respect, we try to reach the result by considering the reasons of the related verses in our work. At the same time, the verses related to responsibility are handled in a contextual context. The purpose of our work is to reach the interpretations of Razi's verses concerning the account of liability, which are frequently applied to the theological interpretations. At the same time, it is to assess the guidance or gavel in the sense of responsibility by establishing links in the verses about who is the source of the goodness or evil which we consider to be related to the subject.

The Relationship Between God's Perceptions and Tolerance Levels of the Theology of Faculty Students

İsmail ARICI, Behlül TOKUR — 2024-08-29

It is thought that the students who study in the Faculty of Theology are important in their personal development as well as their perceptions and tolerance tendencies toward God in their professional competences and achievements in the fields they will work in. For this reason, it is important that students have a sense of God's perceptions and tolerance tendencies, and whether there is a relationship between them. This research is based on a study group consisting of 288 senior students who attended the Faculty of Theology at Ataturk University in order to determine the level of God's perceptions and tolerance tendencies of the senior students of the Faculty of Theology, and whether there is a relationship between these levels, Is a quantitative work carried out. In the study, data were collected via a questionnaire including the God Perception Scale (GPS), the Tolerance Tendency Scale (TTS) and various independent variables related to the personal characteristics of the participants and these data were subjected to statistical analysis in the SPSS package program. According to the findings of the research, the perception of gods of students is high and the level of tolerance tendency is high. There is a meaningful relationship between students' god perception and tolerance tendency levels at a low level in the positive direction. Students' perceptions of gender differ in a meaningful way according to their gender and the way their families approach themselves. While the levels of tolerance tendency of the students differ significantly according to their gender, they do not differ significantly according to the way their families approach themselves.

The Problems that Affect the Quality of the Religious Education Offered at the Imam-Hatip Schools: A Qualitative Research Based on the Opinions of the School Administrators

İbrahim AŞLAMACI — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to examine the problems that affect the quality of the religious education offered at the Imam-Hatip Schools in accordance with the opinions of these school administrators. The research is structured in a qualitative research model. During the spring term of 2015-2016 academic year in Turkey, a study group consisting of 25 school administrators from 24 different Imam-Hatip Schools established on the basis of The classification Level 1 of Turkey’s regions of TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute). Semi-structured interview forms developed by the researcher were used, and face-to-face interviews with school administrators were collected. Descriptive analysis method was used in the analysis of the data obtained. Some of the results obtained in the research are as follows: According to majority of the IHL school administrators, the quality of religious education in their schools is not at the desired level, it is inadequate. The interviewed IHL school administrators refer to the various problems affecting the quality of religious education offered in their schools, related to the profiles of students and teachers and parents, and the curriculum structure of the schools. They also express various problems related to physical, environmental, and economic troubles. Within the scope of the research, İHL school administrators have made various suggestions to improve the quality of religious education in these schools.

Secularization According to Wilson

Mehmet Ali KİRMAN, Ömer Faruk DARENDE — 2024-08-29

The Industrial Revolution, cultural revolutions, rationalization, technological developments, which we can call the constituents of modernization, have led to rapid social change. With this change, the transition from traditional society to modern society gradually began to appear in many countries. In this context, the everyday life and values in modern societies have been under the spotlight by the theorists and have resulted in the introduction of very different theories. The secularization thesis, which is regarded as a natural and inevitable result of modernization, has a very important place among these theories. The secularization thesis is one of the most important paradigms that almost all sociologists, such as classical sociologists Marx, Weber, Comte and Durkheim, have rendered a matter of debate. The secularization thought, which has a rather old history, has been interpreted by many different sociologists in many different ways in the process and gained a richer content. In the onset process, the secularization thesis, which advocated the adoption of modern values and the loss of the importance of religious thought, practice and institutions in societies that brought modern institutions to work instead of traditional institutions, claimed that this process would be experienced on an individual basis. Over time, anti-theses have been created against the theses that interpretive differences have revealed, and the conclusions have been reached that can be called synthesis. Noteworthy developments, especially expressed by some sociologists after 1980s as religious revival, have led to the emergence of interpretations that religion has taken on an even more important position as it has not lost its social significance. In this context, some considerations have succeeded in getting ahead of others and have come to a permanent state. The thesis of secularization argued out recurrently seems to take place among the issues to be discussed for many years. At this point, the contributions made by Bryan Ronald Wilson, who has made particularly great contribution to the understanding of the secularization thesis and to the formation of social awareness, together with the definition of secularization, which has been cited at the most and subjected to criticism, will be tried to reveal in this study.

Religious Orientation and Psychological Well-Being in Religious Officials

Sema ERYÜCEL — 2024-08-29

The relationship with the religious orientation styles of clergymen and psychological well-being was analyzed in this study with respect to personal information that contains five variables. The evaluation was carried out with the aid of personal information forms (gender, education, job experience, monthly expenditure, experienced stressor) of 176 clergymen by using scales that measure religious orientation and psychological well-being and by applying hierarchical multiple regression. 65 females and 111 males, 176 in total, participated in the study. While the score of intrinsic religious orientation of the participants was the highest, the score of their quest religious orientation was found to be the lowest. It was found that fundamental religious orientation had a positive correlation with the sub-dimensions of environmental mastery, purposes of life and self-acceptance, which are the sub-dimensions of psychological well-being while it had a negative correlation with autonomy (p<0,05). Autonomy was found to have a negative relationship with all the religious orientation styles although it is not significant. It was found at the end of hierarchical regression analysis that extrinsic and fundamental religious orientation predicted intrinsic religious orientation and that gender, intrinsic religious orientation, environmental mastery predicted fundamental religious orientation. In addition to those, autonomy predicted the fundamental religious orientation in a negative way. Gender, experiencing a life-threatening event, fundamental and quest religious orientation predicted extrinsic religious orientation. It was found out that only extrinsic religious orientation predicted quest religious orientation in a negative way. In conclusion, religious orientation styles of clergymen have a relationship with gender and life events, which are different sub-dimensions of psychological well-being. It was found that fundamental religious orientation had a positive correlation with the sub-dimensions of environmental mastery, purposes of life and self-acceptance, which are the sub-dimensions of psychological well-being while it had a negative correlation with autonomy (p<0,05). New descriptions about fundamental religious orientation might be useful.

Abbreviation in Hadis Transmission -an Example of a Bukhari Narrative About Haneef Zayd b. Amr-

Fahri HOŞAB — 2024-08-29

In the hadith transmission, “one-to-one transmission” is essential, but because of the poor memory of some narrators, the weak ability and unwariness of some to protect the narration, some hadiths were transfered with their meanings. One of the conclusions of hadiths with their meanings is the abbreviation of the hadith. There are scholars who do not see fit as well as scholars who regard the abbreviation as appropriate in hadith transmission. Those who regard the abbreviation as suitable in the transmission of hadith have considered the narration with meaning as a necessity. However, these also seemed appropriate in some circumstances to shorten the narration. These conditions are; the possibility of reaching the whole of the narrative; that the unmentioned part of the hadith is independent of the narrated part; there is no doubt that there is a surplus in the hadith narration; shortening narrator is the scholar and the fakeeh. Abbreviation in hadith transmission sometimes makes difficult to understand the hadiths correctly, leads to over understanding of the full text of hadith, gives a picture of contradiction between texts, leads to doubtfulness of the abridged narration, causes difficulties in revealing its meaning and brings with it some criticism about hadiths in this case. The most important remedy in to avoid the problems caused by abbreviated narrations is to put together the different variants of the hadiths and place them in shortened phrases. The first thing to do in order to do this is to reach the full text of the abbreviated hadiths before abbreviation. Reaching the full text or different variants of the abbreviated hadiths removes the doubts about the correctness of hadiths and allows a more accurate understanding of the text. This article which deals with the abbreviated Bukhari hadith was followed in the following way; different variants of the hadith were reached and compared with the in question narrative; narrator chain, text and meaning have been evaluated in this framework and problems caused by abbreviations have been tried to be solved.

Religious Groups and National Opinion in Turkey in the Context of the Relationship between Nakshibendi- Politics

Abdullah İNCE — 2024-08-29

Nakshibendi is a order that has established close relations with politics in the historical process. The basic principles of this relationship can be found in the texts of the Nachish sheikhs. This relationship is often a warning to managers that they misconduct, rather than directly intervening politics. In general, it can be said that the managers have adopted a positive attitude towards the Nachish orders. However, unusual circumstances have also been encountered. During the Republican era, the ruling elites' preferences for religious politics have been forbidden to orders. These arrangements, which are not factually based, did not remove the orders from the middle, and the orders continued their existence in various ways. Turkey's multi-party moral passion has created a partial freedom environment, and in this period orders have become more evident in social life. In this context, the influence and visibility of the orders in social, political and economic life has increased and the orders have been the source of social movements. The Iskenderpaşa congregation, which is the continuation of the Nakshi-Halidi sect, is one of the sect / religious groups that stand out in this process. When the incitements of the charismatic religious leader Mehmet Zahit Kotku were combined with the social and political developments of Turkey, a political movement was born within a religious structure. In this respect, the Mıllı Gorus Movement has emerged from the beginning Within a religious group and has maintained its development. This phenomenon has been an important factor in determining the social base of Mıllı Gorus and its relation with religious groups. However, as a political movement, the structure of the Mıllı Gorus Movement exceeds this framework. The birth of the movement is also related to the national and international developments at the time and the historical-social characteristics of Turkey. In this paper, the relations of Mıllı Gorus with religious groups will be analyzed in the context of Naksi orders in Turkey. In Turkey, Naksi orders generally establish a positive relationship with the Mıllı Gorus Movement and Mıllı Gorus Movement regards the orders as an important social base. In this context, the orders have formed warm relations with the Mıllı Gorus Movement in general, although they are fluctuating according to the seasonal conditions. In addition, the sects have warmly welcomed the Mıllı Gorus Movement's demand for the conservative-religious community. However, the conjunctural conditions in relation to the Mıllı Gorus Movement and the orders are a significant influence. On the other hand, the Mıllı Gorus Movement seems to have adopted politics as a policy to express the demands of conservative-religious circles. This aspect of the movement is a fundamental element in determining the relation with the orders.

Sacraments and, Doctrines, Faiths of Mennonite Church

Hatice KELEŞ, Davut KILIÇ — 2024-08-29

This article is investigated to describe the beliefs and sacraments of the Mennonite Church. The Mennonite Church is the cornerstone of the Anabaptist movement, one of the reform movements that took place in the 16th century. The main difference that distinguishes the Anabaptist movement from other reform movements is that it defends the adult baptism by rejecting the baby baptism. The reform movement, that took place in the 16th century, influenced many Catholic priests. Menno Simons, one of these Catholic priests, declared that adult’s baptism is written in the bible instead of the baby’s ones. Menno Simons, claimed that the true baptism was an adult baptism, proving that Jesus Christ and the apostles were baptized when they were grown up and baptized other adults. Menno Simons, also rejected the implication that the Catholic Church put it on the Lord’s Supper. At the same time he rejected the turn of the bread into the real meat of Jesus, and the wine into the true blood of Jesus, during the Lord’s Supper. For this reason he left the Catholic Church in 1536 and joined the Anabaptist movement and founded the Mennonite Church. Menno Simons stated that he did not leave the Bible about his own ideas. The Mennonites have determined the final form of Mennonite Confession after the death of Menno. The Mennonite Church states that it takes the bible as its basis for its own testimony, the writings of the old church leaders, the public debates of the provincial church theologians, Martyr's Mirror, and the decisions of the conferences. Peter Janz Twisck and Cornelis Ris are today's belief conviction among the conference decisions that the Mennonites used as a basis for establishing its belief conviction.

Süleyman Giryânî’s Twelve Imams Menâkibnâme

Seydi KİRAZ — 2024-08-29

Work which is told Allah's friends' lives and unusual situations is book telling saints’ lives. Kitabul menakip parts told merits of companion in hadith books are accepted as first examples of this type. A lot of works which are evaluated in turkish islamic literature are compiled because turkish people entered İslam and İslam expanded to turkish people. Süleyman Giryânî living between second half of 19.century and first quarter 20. century is evaluated as one of poets giving work in final period in the field of peotic book telling saints' lives. Work having title of “E’imme-i İsnâ-Aşer Menâkıb Hâllerinden Bir Şemme Beyân Olunur” tells names, nicknames and degrees of twelvers; parents names, miracles, where, how, how old, who were they martyred by, where are their bodies. Enthusiastic painting of Imam Ali lover was drawed in E’imme-i İsnâ-Aşer Menâkıbnâme. Generally, Hadiths and verses from the Quran about Love of Ali Muhammed are in the text. In this work, it is given information about source of the book telling saints’ lives as a literary genre firstly and produced works in this field and about twelvers legends. And then writer is introduced by dicoursing life and literate features of Giryani. With outlines content features of E’imme-i İsnâ Aşer Menâkıbnâme, twelvers poetics sum up as prose, their sources are tried to be reached by determining hadiths and verses of the Koran. The evaluation was made about form features of text determined one copy. Finally, contexture and rhythm features of menakibname was examined; most of them was given with transcription form.

The Meaning Analysis of Se‘â word in the Quran and the Problem of Translation into Turkish

Süleyman NAROL — 2024-08-29

The word “se‘â” passed thirty times as a name and as a verb in the Qur'an. It means like walking in the lug, moving fast, going and fronting, The sense of effort is used to put forward in doing a job most commonly, this word is used in the sense of effort. It is used in the Qur'an in three manners: to walk/advance/go, to move fast/fast/to run/run step by step, to do something sincerely/seriously/effortlessly. The most common use among these meanings is the effort /effort made by doing a job and the way it is done by assimilating it. The approach put forward in the works of “Vücûh and Nezâir”, which we can characterize as the special works on the meanings of the Qur'anic words, are also in this minval. The Word “se‘â” has been translated in the sense of “running” in all Turkish traduction of the Coran, which is among the rare meanings of the word. In other words, this meaning does not correspond to the real context in many verses and constitutes a number of explanations confusions in the reader's mind during the understanding of the meaning of verses of the Coran. To the reference of the prophet, as the scepter of Moses' sack became a serpent as a miracle in the 20. Verses of Taha Surat, “se‘â” has a sense of running a snake, how does a snake run in the reader's mind? causing a question mark in this form. However, instead of the word “running” the meaning of being used in the Qur'an is given to the meaning of “moving quickly”, as giving a meaning to "a snake that is swirling/moving/creeping rapidly” will notmake any sense of difficulty. In this study, linguists and early commentators, especially commentators, “Vücûh ve Nezâir” in the sense that their scholars uploaded to the words of se‘â in places passed in the Qur'an errors were detected during the translation into Turkish and some examples of correct translations are given in the view of evidence.

The Fact of Violence Against Women in terms of Psycho-Theology: a Theoretical and Practical Study

Zeynep ÖZCAN — 2024-08-29

This study was carried out with the aim of revealing what the university students getting higher education on religion think about the point in question, by dealing with the reflections of the perception towards the women, which grows through traditional codes and religious references, in terms of its relationship with the violent behaviour. In the research, besides utilizing the existing literature, survey technique was used in accordance with relational screening model. In this study of which sample group consisted of 230 students studying at 1st and 4th grade of higher religion education, a survey was conducted –which was developed by the researcher and had 34 questions including positive and negative perception about traditional stereotypes, violence, social gender roles and religious receptions. According to the findings obtained especially from the data which was analysed within the context of class and gender parameters, it was observed that there is increase in the positive perception of the students getting the higher religious education as they come to senior year, and it was seen that this increase has reached to the level of being meaningful in some questions. However, it was seen that the students made mostly their choices in the frame of a perception shaped by the traditions for the questions especially about violence, heritage, testimony, management and instigation which were marked by the religious references, and it was also seen that those choices reached to the level of being meaningful in all the related questions. And another crucial result obtained from the study is that male students adopt more negative perception than the female students. According to the findings obtained at the end of the study, it was emphasized that it is important to form a real/true relationship with the Holy One and to develop a holistic perspective towards the religious references and the moral-based religious education given at a young age. Also, it was underlined once more that it is necessary to quit the parrot-fashion and the rote-learning in the institutions of higher religious education.

The Importance of Animal Symbols in Comprehending Sufistic Concepts

Esma SAYIN — 2024-08-29

It is very remarkable that animal symbols are being used for perceiving and understanding sufistic and moral notions. The spiritual and multi-dimensional meanings of sufistic notions and styles of understanding can leave significant marks in one’s mind as well as his emotional world, by the use of animal symbols and the connotation methods related to these symbols. Thanks to animal symbols and the connotation methods related to these symbols, the moral and spiritual aspects of sufistic notions and style of understanding that leave marks in one’s mind and heart can find their deserved place in the spiritual world. This can turn one’s spiritual world into a concrete form and morality. By becoming permanent in one’s mind, these knowledge can take their places within the centre of man. Human mind and memory remembers knowledge with pictures and makes it permanent. When human memory is forming memory pictures through keywords and target concepts, it can perceive concepts more comfortably and make knowledge more permanent. Human mind needs concrete objects, emulations, depictions and personifications that would help knowledge to reach target concept by keywords. Because keywords let human mind reach the target concept. For example, tawba (repentance) target concept can be reached by a horse symbol or keyword. In this sense, this article contains a connection between muraqaba (meditation) target concept and kitten and baby turtle symbols or keywords.

A Longitudinal Survey Which Follows Divinity Faculty Students’ Ability of Reading Qur’an With Understanding The Meaning

Fatma Asiye ŞENAT — 2024-08-29

Reading is the act of combining wording and the meaning in the mind. If they don’t come together, making the sound of the word only is called pronunciation. However when we consider Qur’an which is the most important book to read, the pronunciation of the words without understanding the meaning is named as reading as well which is an exception and all the evaluations about reading Qur’an is made through this exceptional definition. It is important to assess Theology students’ level of understanding the meaning of Qur’an who should take responsibility to identify the act of “Reading Qur’an” correctly. In this study, the results of a survey is evaluated which is aimed to collect data on Divinity Faculty students situation in terms of reading Qur’an with understanding the meaning, how this situation is perceived in the curriculum and what is the opinion and feelings of students about reading Qur’an without understanding the meaning. This survey is applied to a group of students who previously participated in another survey that we have conducted in 2011 by asking similar questions after three years. Moreover, the obtained data is compared with another study made in 2016.

A Postmodernist Approach to the Methodology of Islamic Law: The Case of Jasser Auda

Şahban YILDIRIMER — 2024-08-29

Postmodernism is a process affecting the political, social, economic, cultural and philosophical areas. In this study, we do not examine the effect of this process on Islamic thought or common law or all over the Islamic law. In this study, we try to examine specifically the effect of postmodernism on the methodology of Islamic law on the case of Jasser Auda. Auda aims to contribute to the methodology of Islamic Law by implementing system theory and deconstruction methods based on “theory of goals” (makâsıdu’ş-şerîa). We expose our opinion critically about the rationality of Auda’s suggestions from the Islamic law perspective. If the hypothesis that modernist approaches to the Islamic law ends in the postmodern era is realized, this situation will be an important gain for Islamic law, in the context of the axiom that postmodern law can take place only by disposing of modern law. The rational approaches to the Islamic law oriented towards modernism are to date still. In this study, we aim to raise an awareness that the rationalist approaches are outdated in the postmodern era. And depending on this aim, we believe that this article will contribute to the Islamic law.

The Legalization of the Arbitration İnstituion (Family Council) As A Preventıve Measure The Divorce İn İslamic Family Law

İbrahim YILMAZ — 2024-08-29

There are three basic methods on using the right of divorce including “talâq” (divorce with unilateral declaration of will), “hul/muhâlaa” (divorce with mutual agreement) and “tefrîq” (judicial divorce/divorce through the courts) in Islamic law. With each of the spouses having the right to use one of these three methods, using the right of divorce was given to male/husband; using the right of “hul/muhâlaa” and “tefrîq” were given to woman/wife. However, upon the end of marriage in historical process, the method of talâq which the husband hasn’t been applied to the woman’s consent and court has been decided. But in practice, using husband the authority divorce unconsciously contrary rules situated in İslâmic Family Law caused the increasing of the divorce rate and the experienced some problems such as the fictitious marriage. On the other hand, in classic İslâmic law doktrine there is some precaution that prevent the problems that emerged from the hasband’s divorce authority (talaq). But nowadays, because of reasons such as changing structure of the family and society, lost its religious and ethical rules for sanctions etc. these measures are not sufficient prevention abuse to the authority of the husband divorce or the divorce process to be performed according to rules in İslamic Family Law/Quran and Sunnah. Because of that there is a need to a judicial control mechanism that ensures husband’s authority divorce to use according to rules in Quran and Sunnah today. In this context, as a legal control mechanism, it is important to consult the arbitration instituion which 1917 The Ottoman Law-Family Settlement entitle it as "Family Council" (Article 130) in the divorce process. In this article, emphasized on the arbitration instituion/family council that Quran was ordered the müslims in Women/an-Nisáa, 4/35 and necessitiy of the process of divorce must be in a juridical procedure.

A Bibliographical Study on Religious and Ethics Course Textbooks in Republic Period (1924-1982)

Mahmut ZENGİN, Dilek MENKÜÇ — 2024-08-29

In Republic period, education had been undertaken a mission in construction of new nation state and community structure and educating individuals. In this context, modern Turkey has been overemphasized on schooling, curriculums, textbooks, teachers and other dimensions in the direction of a new education understanding. Texbooks, as a source which reflect dominant thought, tendency, beliefs and values in a society, has a highly strategical importance. Textbooks are being used as an effective tool in realization of educational goals, in addition to their functions which provide certain knowledge, upskill and shape behaviors. They are aslo guiding texts for students and teachers. Religious education textbooks have a feature both primary sources which students can obtain religious knowledge and tool which determine the borders in religious instruction for teachers. In this study, textbooks which had been used in accordance with religious and ethics education curriculum between 1924-1982 in schools in republic period, are being examined. This study, as a bibliographical research, aims to integrally identify religious and ethics courses textbooks and to provide convenience to researchers who are going to study on them. The study is not comprising contents of the textbooks, just focusing on identifying them. 73 religius course textbooks, 63 ethics course textbooks which approved by Ministry of National Education between 1924-1982 have been identified and listed in the end of the study.

Şuayp Arnaût Library to Trust in Turkey

Enbiya YILDIRIM — 2024-08-29