Turkish Studies - International, Year 2017 Issue Volume 12 Issue 6

Parents’ Satisfaction with Their Children’s Educational Experiences in Early Childhood Period

Emine AHMETOĞLU, İbrahim H. ACAR — 2026-07-16

The purpose of the study was to examine how Turkish parents perceived their experiences with their children’s education processes in early childhood education. In addition, it was also aimed to adapt and analyze validity and reliability of Parents Satisfaction with Educational Experiences Scale (PSEE; Fantuzzo, Perry, & Childs, 2006) with Turkish parents. Demographic and PSEE data were collected from 442 Turkish parents with mostly mid and high levels of socioeconomic statuses whose children had an average of 60.27 months of age (SD=9.71). The first step of the study was to do the cultural and linguistic adaption of PSEE to Turkish language and culture. Data were randomly

Preservice Teachers’ Reviews on Preservice Teacher Training System

Sedat ALTINTAŞ, İzzet GÖRGEN — 2026-07-16

In our country, as a result of the appointment in some different disciplines, nearly 30000 preservice teachers could be a part of education system. Also, a new revision has been completed on preservice teacher training and it has been put into action. Preservice teachers have been trained for six months after they have been appointed. These teachers can change their cities or schools from the schools they have been appointed. Each preservice teacher has got a supervisor chosen from experienced teachers. It is seen as important for searching that how the new model can affect applications and how it serves the purpose of preservice teachers’ needs. In this manner, the aim of this study is to analyze preservice teachers’ remarks on preservice teacher training process. This study is designed as a qualitative research to get information about preservice teachers’ ideas on preservice teacher training process. The participants of this study are 10 preservice teachers appointed for first time in February, 2016. In order to get information for the study, an interview form consisting of open-ended questions designed by the researchers is used. In this study, to analyze the data, NVivo 11 that is a data analysis program is used. According to the findings, while some teachers get this process as experience gaining, some teachers see it waste of time or being stucked between being teacher and intern. In the process, teachers indicated that they have gained required skills concerning experience in occupation, classroom interaction, didactics, problem solving, and managerial workloads.

German as Foreign Language in Tourism

Doğu ATAŞ, Ayten GENÇ — 2026-07-16

Drawing from a scientific research, this study aims to identify common speech intentions and patterns that occurred between German-speaking tourists and Turkish staff in the tourism industry such as waiters / waitresses, receptionists and animators. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews by adopting qualitative research methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 experts from different areas of tourism industry in 2013. The expert participants comprise 5 receptionists, 1 public affair manager, 2 waiters / waitresses, 2 barman, 2 animators, 1 travel agency manager, 1 operations manager, and 1 food & beverages manager. The data collected were analyzed by using NVivo 8 software and out of them, categories were determined inductively and examined by adopting a qualitative content analysis method. Pertaining to three-phase analysis, first, interview transcript was read several times to reduce the data down to foci that are important for analysis. Secondly, a variety of speech intentions and patterns were identified that were further classified according to occupation (waiters / waitresses, receptionists and animators). At the final phase of the analysis, the data were

Organizational Commitment: Conceptual Framework and Effects on Educational Organizations

Ahmet AVCI — 2026-07-16

Employees' performance plays a critical role for organizations to be able to continue their existence, to achieve their goals and to succeed. The performance of employees is largely shaped by their attitudes towards their institutions. The importance and necessity of the concept of organizational commitment appear at this point. Employees with high organizational commitment are identified with their institutions, internalize the goals, norms and values of their institutions and may consider themselves permanent in the institution. Therefore, the concept of organizational commitment has been one of the main issues of management sciences for more than half a century. Many researches have been carried out on the concept of organizational commitment and the related variables for institutions to be productive and successful, and significant results have been achieved. Similarly, this issue has also begun to be discussed in educational organizations for more than thirty years, and many studies on the subject have been carried out. As a result of the studies, it has been suggested that organizational commitment plays a very critical role to get the desired results and reach the expected outcomes in educational organizations. It has been clearly demonstrated that school administrators and teachers with high organizational commitment have very important roles in the formation of a healthy and productive education and training environment, in achieving sustainable success and in training of students with high self-confidence and peace whose academic and personal developments are at the desired level. The acquisition of such an important concept of organizational commitment requires a hard and long effort, and the loss of it can be easy and fast. Based on these determinations, the purpose of this article is to present the conceptual framework of organizational commitment, to provide information about its structure and sub-dimensions, to indicate its personal and organizational effects and to make some inferences and suggestions in terms of educational organizations.

An Investigation Into Course Books Used in Turkish Lesson in Tems of Values

Hasan AYDEMİR, Aslıhan ÖZEL — 2026-07-16

The increase in negative behaviors in recent years has led to an increase on the importance given to values education in many countries. Educational institutions are trying to help i

Use of Technology in Teaching Languages: Conclusions Drawn from a Computer Assisted Language Learning Course Offered at Undergraduate Level

Ali BOSTANCIOĞLU — 2026-07-16

While technology is moving at a pace that is difficult to catch on, governments are focusing on making investments on to include technology in the classrooms to be able to increase the quality of education they offer. However, in order for technology to be able to make an impact on the quality of education; both technology, pedagogy, and content should be taken into consideration. It is discussed in the literature that in-service training offered to teachers may not be enough for successful technology integration. Thus, such training should become an integral part of education offered during teacher education programmes. Within this context, this study investigated the perceived effects of a Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) module on 22 teacher candidates in their third year of studies. A qualitative case study was followed and the data included field notes during the term, anonymous course feedback at the end of the term, and technology enhanced lesson plans collected as final exams at the end of the term. Results suggested that teacher candidates’ self-confidence and self-efficacy in relation to using technology for teaching languages has increased. Nevertheless, with the exception of a few case, the use of technology reported in the technology enhanced lesson plans seemed to remain at a level that can be considered as add-on rather than integration. One way to overcome this issue might be to decrease the number of theoretical classes and increase the number of classes in which participants have hands-on experiences of using technology. The results also support discussions that training to mold technology, pedagogy, and content for a successful technology integration should start to be offered at undergraduate levels and become part of teacher education programmes.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Teachers’ Pscyhological Capital Levels and Organizational Citizenship Behaviours with Structural Equation Modeling

Hasan BOZGEYİKLİ, Ahmet AVCI , Bilgin NAVRUZ — 2026-07-16

The relational screening model was used in the study that aims to examine the relationship between teachers' Organizational psychological capital levels and Organizational citizenship behaviors using structural equation modeling. A total of 556 teachers, 62.2% (346) of them were female and 37.8% (210) of them were male, teaching in the schools of MoNE in İstanbul during the 2016-2017 academic year participated in the research. "Organizational psychological capital scale" and "Organizational citizenship behaviors scale" were used to collect research data. In the study, the validity and reliability studies of the data collected with the scales used were primarily carried out. After the validity and reliability of the data were ensured, the structural equation model (SEM) was used to answer the main purpose of the research. The relationships between helping each other, gentlemanship, conscience and civic virtue, which are the sub-dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior, and optimism, psychological endurance, hope and self-efficacy, which are the sub-dimensions of organizational psychological capital, were evaluated in the model established. The research findings have revealed that the scales used to collect data are valid and reliable. The fit indices calculated for the structural equation model established in the study have shown that the model is in compliance with the data. Accordingly, it was concluded that teachers' organizational psychological capital levels significantly predict their organizational citizenship behaviors. The results obtained were discussed in the light of the related literature and prospective proposals were made.

A Survey on Beginner Piano Methods

Tuğba ÇAĞLAK, Nevhiz ERCAN — 2026-07-16

From the early stages of piano education, systematic handling of musical and technical skills and practice as a whole helps to achieve the desired level of learning by supporting each other. In addition, it is important to form an effective learning environment by including materials and activities that attract the interest of the student. Beginner piano methods, which are known to be the most important material of the piano education process, should be appropriate to the age group, perception capacity and the level of the students. This research is a qualitative study and by this means, beginner’s piano education methods have been accessed and a literature survey has been conducted through document review. It has been seen that the researches about methods are limited in number. On top of this, existing studies were observed to cover mostly the same methods. The aim of the study in this context is, surveying of beginner piano methods among different cultures and determining of the expected features to be found in these methods to emphasize the importance of using different methods in beginner’s piano education. The domain of the study is beginner piano methods for children. The sample group was chosen by the maximum

A Study on the Determination of the Bioethical Values of Science Teachers Abstract

Özge CEYLAN, Ünsal UMDU TOPSAKAL — 2026-07-16

The research was conducted to determine the bioethical values that science teachers have about current topics. Scanning model from quantitative research methods was used in the research. The study group was composed of 38 female and 12 male (N = 50) participants who had been teaching science in various cities in Turkey during the academic year of 2016-2017. The Bioethics Value Inventory was used as a data collection tool which was previously developed by Samancı (2009). Inventory included ten scenarios with frequently encountered dilemmas. The topics of scenario issues are about biotechnology, prenatal genetic diagnosis and abortion, breeding technologies, GMO products, genetic screening test and embryology technologies. In the data analysis, descriptive statistics were used for the answers given by the teachers' responses to the scenarios and besides this, Chi-squared test was used with SPSS package program to determine whether there is bioethical value difference according to gender. For the ten scenarios in the inventory, the teachers' ethical values (i.e. beneficiary, rights, justice, virtue, conditioner, religion-based, natural preference, science-based, superiority of humanity) were calculated by means of percentages. Variation in bioethical values according to gender was only seen in scenario 6 and there were no sex-dependent differences in the other scenarios. Research shows that science teachers have bioethics education and their thoughts on bioethics will affect future generations. It is expected that the study will be the source of many researches, When it is thought that the importance of bioethics education is increasingly. The study is becoming important in these aspects.

Russian Educatıon System In Historical Process

Sabri ÇELİK — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to analyse transformations and milestones of Russian education system from 9th century to now. In this qualitative study, it is mainly drawn from Russian literature in the original versions. It was faced to obstacles like inadequancies of Turkish and Russian resources and statistical datas in official Russian documents in the process of research. The ups and downs of the Russian education system correspond to the same period with vicissitudes in Russian history. In conclusion, despite turbulents times in country and World Wars, modern educational institutions have have been established and educatioanl standards have been reached in Russia.

Communicative Competence and Grammar Teaching in the Field of Turkish as a Foreign Language

Betül ÇETİN — 2026-07-16

Foreign language education aims to ensure that learners understand and use the language permanently in a short period. Teaching the structures of the target language is accorded great importance for establishing effectiveness and efficiency in language education. Grammar education may be conducted in explicit or implicit ways, although the critical aspect pertains to providing instructions in appropriate contexts. Teaching grammar independent of the context does not provide students information regarding the practical use of concepts learnt in class. Student’s use of pertinent language in an appropriate context can only be possible by presenting inputs with respect to communicative competence. The communicative competence and the components of communicative competence that are valuable concepts for linguistics and therefore foreign language education, which offer criteria that may be used as guides in the creation of context for grammar education. There are intersection points, where three-dimensional grammar framework overlaps with grammar education and communicative competence. The present study discussed the components, which shall be considered during the context creation phase. Concepts were explained in a way they have been discussed since the time of their conception and were associated with form-meaning-use units of the three dimensional grammar framework and with linguistic competence, sociocultural competence, discourse competence, formulaic competence, interactional competence, and strategic competence of communicative competence. The relationships of components were concretized by arranging a scheme and were exemplified using the components as a guide for creating a context with a model content. To provide a concrete association between communicative competence and grammar education, an example of learning Turkish as a foreign language was included. The “eylem+Abil+ir MI+kişi eki?” structure was chosen and an attempt was made to construct a template that requested permission in the context of a conversation. The structure was defined in terms of sociocultural competence, discourse competence, linguistic competence, formulaic competence, and interactional competence and was placed in a three-dimensional grammar framework. To provide a concrete association between communicative competence and grammar education, an example of learning Turkish as a foreign language was included. The “eylem+Abil+ir MI+kişi eki?” structure was chosen and an attempt was made to construct a template that requested permission in the context of a conversation.

Teaching Abstract Subjects and Concepts with 3D Animations in Science Education

İsak ÇEVİK, Aytürk KELEŞ , Ali KELEŞ — 2026-07-16

The continuous progress of Information Technologies has lied behind it an indispensable part of our education system to be used in all fields of our life. By integrating these technologies into the education system, the significant problems of education and training can be solved and made more effective and productive. This study focuses on finding an answer the question of how animations that developed with 3D technologies can be used to teach concepts and subjects that are abstract and difficult to learn in science education?s For this aim, for instance; some abstract subjects and concepts related to "Change of Matter" in the 5th grade Science and Technology course curriculum have been selected and teaching animations have been developed by using 3DSMax from 3D Modeling Technologies and Torque3D from game development technologies. In a computer based practice that lasted for three hour with participation of 80 students from 5th grade of Secondary school; melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, frost recovery, expansion and shrinkage events were taught by using developed 3D animations. Before application, the students’ existing knowledge about matter change topic and its concepts were determined via a pretest and after applying learning with 3D animations, their knowledge levels were re-measured by posttest. While the number of questions students answered correctly in the pretest was 7, the correct number of responses in the posttest rose to 10. Whether these results were statistically different from each other or not was examined by t test and the results obtained showed that with the (T = -11,353; p <0,05) 3D animations teaching increases the learning performance significantly.

Reviewing Turkish Language Course Curricula in Republic Period by Speaking Skills

Musa ÇİFCİ, Zekerya BATUR , Kadir DURU — 2026-07-16

Human is a social living being. Thus, people need to get in touch with other i

Investigating The Relationship Between Preschool Student Teachers’ Academic Motivation And Their Self-Efficacy Beliefs Towards Math Education

Hacer Elif DAĞLIOĞLU, Hilal GENÇ , Semiha YÜKSEK USTA — 2026-07-16

In this study, relationship between preservice preschool teachers’ academic motivation and self-efficacy belief regarding mathematics instruction was analyzed according to their high school graduation and situation of willingness to select the area of expertise. In the study relational screening model was used. The participants of the research were 116 senior preservice preschool teachers attending a Public University in Ankara in the 2015 -2016 academic year. The data collection tools were, Demographic Information Form, Academic Motivation Scale which was created by Vallerand et all. (1992) and adapted into Turkish by Karagüven (2012) and Self-Efficacy Beliefs Regarding Mathematics Teaching Scale which was created by Aksu (2008). As a result of the research, preservice preschool teachers’ internal and external motivation about learning new things about the professions and providing i

The Secondary Education: The Distinctions That Shaped Between Obligations And Expectations The Sample of Anatolian High School

Kemal DİL — 2026-07-16

There were 150 types of secondary education institutions (schools) in Turkish education system, when the present study had been planned on the secondary education institution in 2009. At first sight, this number of school type can be seen as a richness of options that responds to the

Effect of Text Processing Stages, Arranged According to the Transtextual Relations Theory, on Reading Comprehension Skill and Reading Attitude

Gülşah DURMUŞ — 2026-07-16

Main aim of the research is to reveal whether there is a change in reading comprehension skills and reading attitudes of seventh grade students through text processing stages, arranged according to The Transtextual Relations Theory. In the research mixed method’s explanatory sequential design, in which qualitative and quantitative methods are used together were used. The research, which was conducted by the participation of totally 54 students (experiment group consisting of 28 students, and a control group consisting of 26 students) lasted for 15 weeks. The Turkish lessons of the experiments group were realized according to text processing stages, arranged according to The Transtextual Relations Theory; while the Turkish lessons of the control group were realized according to 2006 primary school Turkish lesson (6,7,8th grades) education program. In the semi experimental qualitative dimension of the research with pre test, final test and control and experimental group, reading comprehension achievement test and attitude scale towards reading were applied as pre test and final test. In the quantitative dimension of the research, process evaluation was taken into consideration as well as product evaluation. From this point of view, process evaluation test (developed by the researcher) was applied to all students in experiment and control groups towards each of the six processed texts. In qualitative dimension of the research, semi configured interview form developed by the researcher was used in order to perform i

Digital Storytelling Experiences of Pre-Service Teachers: an Action Research

Güler GÖÇEN KABARAN, Çiğdem ALDAN KARADEMİR — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this research is to examine the digital storytelling experiences of preschool pre-service teachers. In the study, an action research from qualitative research designs was used. Furthermore, collaborative action research from the types of action research in the research was used. The research group of the study was formed in the academic year 2014-2015 in the Aegean Region with eight teacher candidates who are studying in the last grade of the Preschool Teacher Education Department at a state university. In the process, firstly, pre-service teachers were informed about digital storytelling by researchers, and examples of programs and applications were introduced. Afterwards, pre-service teachers created their own digital story and practiced in internship schools. Semi-structured interview forms and unstructured observation forms prepared by researchers were used to obtain data in the study. In the analysis of the obtained data, the content analysis method used in qualitative researches was used. In line with the answers given by the pre-service teachers to the interview questions, the following topics were defined: "definition of digital story", "preparatory stage", "emotional state during application", "application stage that can be effective", "student reaction", "contributions to pre-service teachers ". By analyzing the records of the observations, "the affective state observed during the application", "observed application phase" and "observed student reaction" were obtained. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the action plan developed in this study was successfully applied and that it was possible to apply a new and active method before graduating to pre-service teachers. However, it has been determined that some pre-service teachers are experiencing problems while preparing digital stories and not finding the visuals and checking the students during the lesson.

Effects of Science Teacher Candidates’ Attitudes towards the Teaching Profession on Academic Fraud Inclinations

Ahmet Hakan HANÇER — 2026-07-16

Teaching is far more than just being a profession that is about transferring a series of information; teaching is a profession that also involves the goal of adding value to the younger generations. Teaching and ethics are concepts that are like two sides of the same coin. This study, designed based on these ideas, aims to determine the impact of professional attitude adopted by the science teacher candidates attending to Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Education on their inclination to academic fraud. The study used screening model. 128 teacher candidates attending to Cumhuriyet University, Department of Science Teaching on the academic year of 2016 – 2017 participated to this research. “Attitude towards Teaching Profession Scale” and “Inclination to Academic Fraud Scale” were used as data collecting tool. Based on the collected data, T-test was used to determine student’s attitudes towards the teaching profession and whether they vary based on gender or not, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine teacher candidates’ inclination to academic fraud and the connection between their attitude towards the teaching profession and inclination to academic fraud was established with correlation analysis. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the attitude points of teacher candidates towards teaching profession are above the average; there is a significant different in favor of the female teachers in terms of attitude points based on gender; they are slightly inclined to academic fraud and there is a connection between attitude towards teaching profession points and sub dimensions of inclination to academic fraud scale.

Two Different Types of Worked Example: Enhancing Problem Solving Skills of Teacher Candidates in Measurement and Evaluation Course

Lili HURİOĞLU, Akın EFENDİOĞLU — 2026-07-16

The main purpose of this study is to analyze effect of two different types of Worked Example (WE) on teacher candidates’ problem solving skills in Measurement and Evaluation course. In this study, an experimental method with pre and post tests was used. During the implementation process, while Text-Based WE (TB-WE, n=23) were used in the first research group, in the second research group, Formula-Based WE (FB-WE, n=22) were used. The content of the study includes achievement scores, frequencies, mod, median, mean, standart deviation, quartile deviation, ranj, T and Z standard points, p (power of item), item discrimination index concepts and subjects. The study was completed five weeks period. Data was collected by using a Measurement & Evaluation Achievement Test (ME-AT) consists of items based on two-tier multiple-choice type diagnostic instrument. To analyze quantitative data, Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann Whitney U tests were used. Also, to analyze qualitative data content analysis technique was use. Results show that both the FB-WE and the TB-WE are effective approaches in order to support teacher candidates' problem solving skills. Moreover, the FB-WE implementation is more effective then the TB-WE in terms of developing problem solving skills of teacher candidates. One of the the most important difficulties which teacher candidates have are determined as ‘understanding graph’ and ‘lack of basic knowledge’. As a conclusion, if we try to develop candidate teachers’ problem solving skills, both their readiness levels related to learning subject and general readiness should be taken into consideration as it is one of the most important factors affecting their problem solving skills.

Investigating the Psychological Well-Being and Altruism in Education and Health Workers

İsa Yücel İŞGÖR — 2026-07-16

This research aims to investigate the relationship between psychological well-being and altruism levels of workers in education and health areas. The study also aims to reveal the differences between psychological well-being and altruism levels of education and health workers in terms of some variables (occupational field, perceived professional job satisfaction level and perceived professional spiritual satisfaction level). The study's universe constitute the employees of health care (physician, nurse, physiotherapist, health officer) and education (teacher, psychologist, social worker, special education specialist) working in Erzincan province center in 2015. The sample of the study was composed of totally 242 health and education workers, 122 of them are girls (50.4%) and 120 of them are males (49.6%), which their ages range from 24-56 (X ̅ =33,49, Ss= 8,96). Psychological Well-being Scale, Altruism Scale and Personal Information Form were used in the study. According to the results of the research; It has been found that there is a high correlation in the positive direction between psychological well-being and altruism scores of education and health workers. It was also found that there was no significant difference between psychological well-being and altruism scores of education and health workers. Employees with high levels of perceived professional job satisfaction were found to have significantly higher levels of psychological well-being than other employees. Finally, it was found that psychological well-being and altruism scores of education and health workers with higher level of perceived professional spiritual satisfaction were significantly higher than the other levels.

The Determination of the High School Students’ Own Type of Humour and Basic Value Level According to the Visual Arts Education

Sevtap KANAT — 2026-07-16

In this study, it was managed to find an answer to the question of whether the art education is influential on the i

Investigation of Critical Thinking Tendency Levels of Classroom and Elementary Mathematics Teacher Candidates in Terms of Some Variables

Mehmet Ali KANDEMİR — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to determine the critical thinking tendency levels of the classroom and elementary mathematics teacher candidates, and the effect of gender and class level variables on the levels of critical thinking. Cross-sectional model was used. The study was conducted with 549 teacher candidates studying at Balıkesir University Necatibey Education Faculty in the fall semester of 2014-2015 academic year. 240 of the teacher candidates participating in the study are taught in classroom education and 309 are taught in elementary mathematics education. As data collection tool, the California Critical Thinking Tendency Scale (CCTDI-T) developed by Demographic Information Form and Facione, Facione and Giancarlo (1998), and adopted to Turkish by Kökdemir (2003) was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. According to the results of the study, it was found that general critical thinking tendencies of the teacher candidates participating in the study were slightly above the average level. The gender variable was found to have no significant effect on the general level of critical thinking. When the effect of the gender variable in the subscales was analyzed, analyticity, open-mindedness and truth-seeking dimensions were found to be significantly higher in female teacher candidates, whereas inquistiveness dimension was statistically significant in the male teacher candidates. In systematicity and self-confidence sub-dimensions, gender was not significant. When we look at scores from the overall scale, there was a significant difference between grades in terms of the critical thinking tendency levels. 1st and 2nd graders had significantly higher scores than 3rd and 4th grades. In the analytical, open-mindedness and systematicity sub-dimensions, a significant difference was found among grades, and the difference was in favor of the 1st graders. In the other sub-dimensions, the grade level did not make any significant difference. As both groups of teachers will teach mathematics, by establishing relationship between critical thinking and mathematics teaching, the results were discussed.

Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Theory and Practice in Language Teaching

Zeynep Gülşah KANİ — 2026-07-16

This paper is a qualitative exploratory classroom research study through which I have developed my understanding of professionalism and knowledge of theories about learning, change, reflection, the artificial dichotomy of theory and practice and academic culture and knowledge. After presenting a literature review of these concepts as a background of my actual teaching, I go on with my experience of teaching and supporting students’ learning by selecting and using appropriate methods and designing, planning, analysing and evaluating class sessions. In order to display how these were put into action, I have depicted a typical class and my teaching practices in a Turkish as a foreign language class as a guest lecturer owing to my participation in the “Learning and Teaching in Higher Education” (LTHE) Programme at an international UK university. To serve this aim, I have added two lesson plans that I designed (including the details about one of my lessons and examples from games, dialogues, role cards and culture parts), my teaching record log, the teaching observation record of my class by a teaching fellow and my observation record of the class teacher, alongside the feedbacks of mine and my colleagues on each, the teacher evaluation form for the students. All in all, I have gone through a reciprocal process of change, by which I know myself and my boundaries while getting others to stretch theirs through this programme; therefore, it has been an intellectually challenging, energising and emancipating phenomenon both for my own self and for others around me.

The Functions of Code-switching in the Area of German as a Foreign Language with the Migrant Children

Gönül KARASU — 2026-07-16

The present work analyzes the subject of "code switching", which is often found in multicultural societies, which we believe is also realized in the linguistic area at the universities outside the seminar room of the German departments. The aim of this study is to take the functions and structure of code-switching also in and outside the seminar room through this analysis. This study is a case study. This study was conducted with six students made of three migrant students from the Faculty of Education Foreign Language Department – German Language Teaching Program. A 30 minute recording could be realized with this students. These students have chosen one of the three themes they were given and they were asked to make a discussion. These records were transcribed according to EXmAralda and examined from the viewpoint of the functional-pragmatic method according to its structure and function. The data showed that "code switching" also took its place in the guided free discourse. This linguistic action besides enhancing the common language knowledge of the students also enables the transfer of the language knowledge brought into the hall via the migrant children.

An Analysis of Sadi-i Şirazî’s Works Titled Bostan and Gülistan from a Governance Perspective

Hatice KAYHAN, Fatoş SİLMAN — 2026-07-16

Sadî Şirazî is among the leading names of Persian literature. Especially ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ written by Sirazi in Mesnevi style are two powerful works in the literary sense. This work, which is about wisdom, is among the literature resources that are important in terms of Turkish educational history. Şirazi travelled many places, made observations and reflected his observations to these two works. His travel experiences have carried his ideas to a universal level. With universal Islamic elements in his works, Şirazî strongly antagonizes hypocrite ascetics. Filled with a huge love for humans and nature, Sirazi has integrated stories to these two works, whereby he talks about his ideas about tolerance and his humanitarian ideology. We see that the stories featured in works titled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’, which were written in the 13th century, are still relevant in terms of the messages they convey. These works, which have been translated into numerous languages including Turkish, German and English, have attracted the attention of researchers in many aspects. ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which are very valuable in the literary sense as well, had a very big audience in the Islamic geography and was used as a textbook especially in madrasahs of Gulistan and Ottoman Empire. In this study, ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which has a significant place in Turkish education history and carry numerous educatory and moral elements, have been analyzed from a governance perspective. The works were reviewed by the authors using descriptive analysis and messages conveyed in terms of governance, qualifications of an ideal state governor were exemplified using sentences or paragraphs. In these two works, Sirazi emphasizes that two main qualifications that a good governor should possess are mainly tolerance and love for humans.

Bidemat – Intelligent Tutoring System

Ali KELEŞ, Aytürk KELEŞ — 2026-07-16

In this work, an intelligent teaching system called BİDEMAT, which brings together pedagogical field knowledge, information technology and artificial intelligence technologies have been developed. This system provides students with an effective i

The Views of Turkish Pre-Service Teachers about Effectiveness of Cluster Method as a Teaching Writing Method

Emine KİTİŞ, Ali TÜRKEL — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to find out Turkish pre-service teachers’ views on effectiveness of cluster method as a writing teaching method. The Cluster Method can be defined as a connotative creative writing method. The way the method works is that the person who brainstorms on connotations of a word or a concept in abscence of any kind of limitations forms a cluster of words and then produces a text based on it. The study group consists 35 pre-service teachers attending the Department of Turkish Education in Dokuz Eylül University. The pre-service teachers have participated in writing activities that based on Cluster method for five weeks. At the end of this period, pre-service teachers’ opinions about the method and the change of their writing skills are obtained by semi-structured interviews. At this research which is based on survey model the data was analysed under three themes named as “emotion, comparison and suggestion” that were determined by content analysis method. At the end of the research, 34 of the pre-service teachers stated that they have positive views on the Cluster method and 1 mentioned that she found it boring as a writing teaching method. While 29 students stated that the method contributed to the writing process, 4 students mentioned that the method has both positive and negative effects on the process and 2 student stated they disapprove of the method. Based on these numbers, it can be said that the overall student opinion on the method is highly positive.

A Research on the Expectations and Perceptions of Niğde Residents on Ömer Halisdemir University

Aslıhan NAKİBOĞLU — 2026-07-16

This research study is carried out to examine Niğde residents’ point of view towards Ömer Halisdemir University and to determine the expectations of the residents from NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and universities. Examination of the perceptions and expectations of the survey participants towards Ömer Halisdemir University in accordance with their descriptive characteristics constitutes the other objective of the research. The survey is conducted in January 2017 with participation of totally 404 Niğde residents. Survey data are collected by using questionnaire method. Analysis of the obtained data is performed via SPSS 22.0 software program. Reliability and factor analyses related to the questionnaires are conducted. The frequency and percentage statistics are used to determine the descriptive characteristics of the participants, while the mean and standard deviation statistics are utilized to determine the perceptions and expectations. According to the descriptive characteristics, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe tests are performed in the analysis of perception and expectation levels. As a result of the research; Niğde residents are found to have a very affirmative perceptions towards Ömer Halisdemir University in dimensions of economic contribution, regional image, cultural cohesion and social impact, with an exception of behavioral effect dimension. Participants are found to have higher expectations from the administrators and NGOs, as well as their high expectations from the university. In the study, it was determined that there are statistically significant differences in terms of the expectations from the university according to all the descriptive characteristics of the participants and there are statistically significant differences in the perception towards the university, with except for the gender and the hometown variables

Emergence of Complex Sentences in Second Language Acquisition

Eser ÖRDEM — 2026-07-16

Research into complex sentences in foreign language learning has been incremental in recent years. Various theories have developed different perspectives towards understanding the nature of complex sentences. The theoretical background of the study is based on basic variety and usage-based construction grammar. Both theories emphasize the importance of constructions gradually emerging in first or second language. This study aims to focus on gradual emergence of complex sentences by examining the sentences written by Turkish adult learners of English attending a preparatory program for a year. The design of the study was corpus-based and descriptive. The research was conducted with a small corpus of 53 student essays composed of 1253 sentences totaling 12.000 words. The results showed that complex sentences consisting of noun, adverbial and relative clauses emerge in a formulaic manner rather than generatively complex constructions. The most commonly used clauses were noun and adverbial clauses. The formulaic and lexicalized use of these early complex constructions show that second language acquisition might also proceed in accordance with multiword component and show similarity to first language acquisition path. The results suggest that frequency and entrenchment seem to be significant determinants and factors in formation of complex constructions. However, it remains important to reinforce production of complex sentences with richly designed activities. Development of authentic and meaningful tasks related to complex constructions need to be endorsed by teachers as practitioners.

An Examination of Preservice Teachers’ Project Preparation Processes

İlknur ÖZPINAR, Arzu AYDOĞAN YENMEZ — 2026-07-16

Project studies are some of the activities in which students do research, solve problems, make decisions and consult scientific methods to participated in the process actively. When considering the fact that schools are the organizations which will pioneer bringing i

Effects of L1 and L2 Glosses on Incidental Vocabulary Learning of EFL Prep Students

Mustafa Serkan ÖZTÜRK, Mehtap YORGANCI — 2026-07-16

The role of vocabulary in foreign language learning is crucially important. Along with other techniques, using glosses is a popular vocabulary technique in language learning. The present study focused on text based glosses which is a type of various glosses. This study investigated L1 and L2 gloss effects on incidental vocabulary learning through reading. 44 intermediate level prep EFL learners participated in the study which was conducted at a private University in Konya, Turkey. The students were

The Opinions of Teachers and Administrators about Teacher Assignment and Relocation Regulations

2026-07-16

Achieving the goal of the education system, which constitute an important element of the system with the motivation of teachers and administrators are closely related to each other. Therefore, the factor that gives him the satisfaction of teachers and administrators in the education system have direct bearing on any negativity. The aim of our study was to determine the manager and teachers about their views Teacher Appointment and Relocation Regulations in Turkey. The research group was consisted of a total of 60 administrators and teachers in Diyarbakır, Malatya and Elazığ cities affiliated to the Ministry of Education. Research in descriptive research model, which is a qualitative research design "case study" approach was used. Data were collected using semi-structured interview technique is used and the content of the data are analyzed. According to the results; It is the head problem of uneven distribution of teachers by region. In large and West cities was related to the teacher while there is a shortage of teachers in rural areas in the East and kind of not. On the other hand, they paid the teacher to teach due to timely appointments is enclosed with the application. Received paid the quality of the teachers is problematic. However, even at the beginning of the term is more problematic, due paid assignments in the middle or at the end timeless teachers conducted on-site education classes in an untimely manner and in some cases the interruption of changing hand. In addition, many principals and teachers with personal rights, it was understood that they don't know very well. In addition, managers and teachers, and it is not fair determination of the direction of displacement and expressed the view that they are victims. It was found to be only partially some applications though acceptable.

Approaches and Orientations in Teaching Foreign Languages at an Early Age

Mukadder SEYHAN YÜCEL — 2026-07-16

Economical, sociological and cultural developments of the countries determine their language and education policy. In the frame of the foreign language education at an early age policy, the

Phraseologisms in newspapers and their comprehensibility for foreign language learners

Aylin SEYMEN — 2026-07-16

In this study, the importance of idioms in foreign language teaching and the teaching of idioms in foreign language lectures are mentioned. German as a foreign language was selected and students learning German in Turkey have been taken as an example. Unless the idioms in foreign language teaching are meaningful, they becoming only sentences composed of words. However, the idioms reflect the cultural structure of the society they are used in and they are a great pre-requisite for foreign language teaching so that learners can understand every aspect of the language. The most widespread publishing body that reflects the language of a society is the newspaper and this study aims to research the reasons why a German-speaking student does not comprehend the idioms used in newspapers and possible reasons behind this failure. The three selected German newspapers, "Bild Zeitung", "Frankfurter Allgmeine" and "Süddeutsche Zeitung" have been chosen according to the circulation numbers in Germany, and only the political news of these three newspapers have been studied. As stated in the European Common Recommendations Framework for languages, people “Can understand phrases and expressions related to areas of most immediate priority (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment) provided speech is clearly and slowly articulated According to these criteria, the importance of teaching idioms in foreign language teaching is emphasized. For this reason, this study has focused on the number of idioms used in these newspapers and the fact that without prior teaching of such idioms, students will have difficulty in understanding the meanings of idioms since they attempt to translate them using the literal meaning of the words. And therefore the importance of idioms and the teaching of idiomatic expressions in foreign language lectures have been mentioned in order to emphasize the importance of teaching idioms.

Opinion of Classroom Teachers Toward Computer Assisted Instruction and Course Software

Erhan ŞENGEL, Kenan BİRGÜL — 2026-07-16

Within the scope of the Opportunities and Technological Improvement Action (FATIH) project, it is aimed to improve the technology in the schools. Fort his purpose, the focus is on provision of hardware and software infrastructure, provision of content, creation of a curriculum, and teacher in-service training. The missing piece of the puzzle pieces as in a make will affect the entire process. Teachers who will provide use at school in the center of all elements are important to the system being developed. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of primary school classroom teacher towards computer assisted instruction and Course Software. Questions to be answered regarding the purpose of the research: (1) What are the opinions of class teachers on the use of computers in the teaching learning process? (2) What are the opinions of classroom teachers about the qualities of software? (3) Are there differences in terms of variables; the use of classroom teachers in the teaching process and gender, educational status, age, working status, etc. The sample of the study was 230 classroom teachers working in primary school bound to the Ministry of Education in three districts of Bursa. A descriptive research designed was used. A survey, developed by Arslan (2003), called “Attitude Towards Using Computer in Learning-Teaching Process” was used. Independent sample t-test and ANOVA were used in analyzing the data. It was found that there were significant differences between teachers’ educational status, and age variablesin using computer in learning-teaching process. In addition, perception of primary school teachers according to the quality of the software was significantly differ in terms of age.

An Examination on Mathematics Teachers' Knowledge of Student Thinking

Berna TATAROĞLU TAŞDAN, Adem ÇELİK — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this study is examining mathematics teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in the context of knowledge of student thinking and supporting mathematical thinking. The focus of the study is knowledge of student thinking which is one of the components of pedagogical content knowledge. Besides “Advancing Children Thinking Framework” created by Fraivillig, Murphy and Fuson (1999) was used. This study is a case study that was a part of larger research. Participant of the research was Teacher Ersin who was a volunteer mathematics teacher working at a high school. To examine Teacher Ersin’s pedagogical content knowledge in the context of mathematical thinking observation data were collected by using video record. Seven lessons of Teacher Ersin towards teaching function concept were recorded via a video camera. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze observation data. Finding were presented in paralell with the theoretical framework. The results showed that Teacher Ersin was successful to provide suitable conditions determined in the context of theoretical framewok for teaching function concept. It was found that Teacher Ersin usually follwed a studentd-centered approach, listened students’ thought and encouraged students to explain their thoughts in detail. It was also seen that Teacher Ersin had more positive approach at determining students’ current knowledge, connecting prior knowledge to new knowledge and valuing students’ questions and thoughts. Suggestions are presented in accordance with the results.

An Investigation on Spelling Mistakes of University Students in Petition Writing

Fulya TOPÇUOĞLU ÜNAL, Hakkı ALTIN — 2026-07-16

The petitions are the kind of official documents that people can use most in daily life. The petition written on the subject of wishes and complaints comes to the meaning of "istida, arzuhâl" in TDK Contemporary Turkish Dictionary "signed and addressed to the official authorities in order to inform a wish. The purpose of this study is to identify the mistakes in the petitions written by pupils who are studying at a state university and to make suggestions for eliminating mistakes in form and content in these petitions. In this study, a document review method was used. The study group of the study forms the wishes of 429 learners at a state university. The data were collected during the fall semester of 2015-2016 on the same faculty of a state university on the petitions written by undergraduate students studying in different departments. The subjects of the study were determined as to the form and content of the petitions. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the data. It is observed that mistakes of form and content are frequent in the petitions included in the survey. In the study, 429 petitions were written in accordance with 74 petition writing rules and 355 petition examples were found to be inaccurate in terms of content and form. As a result of frequent repetition and punctuation mistakes in the petitions, it has been reached that it is an important problem that it is not possible to determine where to write. It is necessary to emphasize writing of petitions in Turkish, Literature and Turkish Language lessons in detail, to explain them in detail and to apply them in abundance in order to prevent such difficulties and mistakes that i

The Impact of Quantum Leadership Behaviours of School Principals on Organizational Intelligence Level

Selçuk TURAN, Şefika Şule ERÇETİN — 2026-07-16

The current research is a descriptive study which aims to determine the impact of quantum leadership behaviours of school principals on the organizational intellegence level. The research was conducted using quantitative research methods in the relational screening model. The target population of the study consists of 2219 teachers who teach at upper-secondary schools located in the province of Zonguldak and the districts of it, Alaplı, Caycuma, Devrek, Eregli ,Gokcebey, Kilimli and Kozlu in the academic year 2015/2016. 600 teachers have been included in the sampling size. Two scales, ‘’The Quantum Leadership Behaviours of School Principals’’ which is developed by Erçetin, Potas, Açıkalın, Turan and Bisaso (2016) and ‘Multi-Dimensional Organizational Intelligence’’ which is developed in their previous studies (2001,2004,2007,2009,2010) and updated and given permission to use by Erçetin, Potas, and Açıkalın for this thesis in 2015 have been used in order to gather data. In order to test the difference of variables in the research, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used. Levene’s test was also used for the homogeneity. Moreover, regression analysis, in which organizational intelligence level was taken as dependent variable, was used in order to determine the predictivity level of quantum leadership behaviours on organizational intelligence level. According to the findings of the study, it is concluded that school principals mostly exhibit quantum leadership behaviours based on the perceptions of teachers’ perceptions. Teachers who participated the research think that their schools have an high organizatioal level. Lastly, it has been concluded that school principals’ quantum leadership behaviors are a significant predictor of organizational intelligence.

Turkish Teachers of Speech and Class of Interest in a Study on Use Speech Language

Osman TÜRK — 2026-07-16

This study was carried out in order to contribute to the teaching and learning method of programming the speech language from within the classroom. A student-centered approach to education has been taken as a basis in the primary education program enacted by the Ministry of National Education since 2005. With this understanding, it is aimed to be removed from the student being a memorizing i

Use of Imaginative Language in Poetry in First Grade Turkish Coursebooks

Serap UZUNER YURT — 2026-07-16

Imaginative language in literary works, especially in poetry is a type of narration that increases the effectiveness and liveliness and forces the reader’s or listener’s power of imagination (Özdemir, 1999). Therefore, selected texts in the course books should not be bare and plain; they should trigger students’ different feelings, impression and perception and keep their desire for reading alive by affecting them.In this study, it was aimed to examine the poems in 1st grade Turkish course books used in 2007-2008, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 academic years in terms of imaginative language. This study is a qualitative study and its method is document analysis. Descriptive analysis was used while examining the poems in the books. Sample of the study consists of three 1st grade Turkish course books which are accepted to be used in elementary schools by board of education and discipline and published by MNE (Ministry of National Education) and Harf press. In the examined books it was found that there are nine poems in Turkish course book published in 2008 by MNE and there are four poems in the course books published by Harf press and there are twelve poems in the books published in 2016 by MNE. Imaginative narrations were found and categorized as; a- from concrete to concrete (1), b- from concrete to abstract (2), c- from abstract to concrete (3), d- from abstract to abstract (4) and points were given. It was found that Turkish course book published by MNE in 2016 is more successful with 52 points in terms of the use of imaginative language. The book published by Harf press got 48 and the other book of MNE published in 2008 got 22 points. As a result of the study it was revealed that 1st grade Turkish course book which was prepared by MNE in 2016 in accordance with new curriculum was more successful than other two course books in terms of the use of imaginative language. In the poems of the course book “from concrete to concrete imaginative narration” style was used at most but “from abstract to abstract imaginative narration” was not used in any of the poems.

A New Method in Education: Lean

Filiz YALÇIN TILFARLIOĞLU — 2026-07-16

Previously, especially in automotive industry; in recent years, in other sectors of the manufacturing industry, healthcare, insurance and legal sectors Lean has been in use, but its use in education sector is quite new. Lean is a systematic approach that removes waste from processes and adds value to them. Lean aims to extract all the factors that can be described as the waste of sources in any job, purpose and it aims to create value by examining the processes of time, labor, money and other resources. When examined from the educational framework, Lean is an organizational development program that strengthens the performance and job satisfaction of each i

Determination of Relationship between School Principals' Managerial Behaviours and Teachers' Organizational Commitment via the updated Hoy and Rees Survey

Nursel YARDİBİ — 2026-07-16

It is important to determine how managerial behaviors displayed by principals are associated with teachers' organizational commitment in schools where the system is a key point. Moreover, organizational commitment, motivation and goal orientation can be effectively managed in effectively managed institutions. Organizational commitment as much as managerial behaviors affects attitudes and behaviors of occupants. In this study, it was aimed to determine the relationship between managerial behaviors of school principals and organizational commitment of teachers according to the opinions of teachers. The research was designed in a relational screening model from quantitative research designs. A questionnaire was developed by Hoy and Rees (1974) and adapted to Turkish for "Administrative behavior and teacher loyalty of the schoolmaster (Bolu province example) " thesis of Yardibi (1991) as a data collection tool in the research. The sample of the study constitutes 252 teachers working in 20 secondary schools in Ankara during the first semester of the academic year of 2016-2017. In the collection of the data, 367 teachers who have been working in 30 secondary schools were sent through the questionnaire prepared in google drive version in computer environment, and 252 (68.67%) responses were received and evaluated. The correlation between the managerial behavior of school principals and the organizational commitment of teachers is statistically significant. It can be said that the correlation between marital status and gender, marital status and seniority, marital status and duration of supervisor, seniority and organizational commitment dimensions are significant. It may be suggested that managerial education should be given to principals to gain the skills of the organizational and occupational effects of managerial behaviors, in the first years after the appointment process or after the appointment, before being appointed as school administrator to the school administrators based on the research results.

A Model That Examines Epistemological Beliefs and Self-Efficacy on Science Literacy

İbrahim Ethem YAVUZ, Talip KIRINDI , Mehmet KANDEMİR — 2026-07-16

The aim of the research is to investigate to what extent the science literacy of science teacher candidates is explained by their epistemological beliefs and self-efficacy beliefs of science teaching through a model. A model was created and tested to determine the direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on the dependent variables of the research. The causal-comparative design was used in the research, and the study group of the research is composed of 596 university students, 415 of which are female and 181 of which are male. The basic science and technology literacy scale developed by Laugksch and Spargo (1996) and adapted into Turkish language by Yetişir (2007); the science teaching self-efficacy belief scale developed by Riggs and Enochs (1990) and adapted into Turkish language by Özkan, Tekkaya and Çakıroğlu (2002); and the Epistemological beliefs inventory developed by Schommer (1990) and adapted into Turkish language by Deryakulu and Büyüköztürk (2002) were used in the research as data collecting tools. The data obtained from the research were analyzed with SPSS 21 and AMOS software packages. The path analysis was performed for testing the model in the research. It was consequently determined in the research that scientific literacy of science teacher candidates was explained by their epistemological beliefs directly, their science teaching self-efficacy beliefs indirectly. In the study, a conceptual model was suggested for the relationship between the variables (science literacy of science teacher candidates, their epistemological beliefs and their self-efficacy beliefs in science teaching). It was observed that the variable of the belief that there is only one correct was correlation inefficient with independent and the other variables, and this variable wasn’t taken into the model.

Evaluation of Turkish Language Teaching Adequacy of the Pre-Service Teachers

Ayşe YEŞİLOĞLU, Mehmet ÖZER — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this research evaluation of Turkish language teaching adequacy of the pre-service teachers and to identify the cahange in the opinions of pre-service teachers about their adequacies on teaching Turkish language according to their average academic achievements, average number of books read in a year and willingly locate in the elementary teacher education teaching program. Research was conducted with 374 senior students at Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Elementary Teacher Education. Research data was obtained with "Turkish Teaching Efficacy Scale" that developed by the researchers. Expert opinions were taken for the structure and content validity of the scale. After the preliminary application, the reliability of the scale was found to be 0.98. In the data analysis; percentage,standard deviation, t-test, non-parametric Kruskal Wallis-H test and Tukey test were used. In the end of this research pre-service teachers have found themselves as "good" sufficient in adequacy of Turkish teaching. Although there were not significant differences between pre-service teacher’s Turkish language teaching adequacies and their average academic achievements, there were significant differences in pre-service teacher’s Turkish language teaching adequacies with average number of books read in a year and whether willingly to choose the elementary teacher education program.

Development of Self-Efficacy Perception Scale Related to Arabic Speaking Skills

Abdullah YEŞİLYURT — 2026-07-16

This study aims to develop a Self-Efficacy Scale for Arabic Speaking Skills. The scale was tested for validity and reliability with overall 99 participants majoring in the Department of Arabic Language Teaching at Gazi Faculty of Education at Gazi University and in the Department of Arabic Translation and Interpreting at the Faculty of Letters at Kırıkkale University in the spring semester of 2014-2015. Adjusted item-total values correlations were calculated for the scale items in order to see whether the scale items related to the perception of self-efficacy for Arabic speaking. Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient and Bartlett’s test were applied; and KMO coefficient was found to be .808. Obtained data was concluded to be suitable for factor analysis; for that reason, factor analysis was carried out in order to collect evidence on the construct validity of scale after excluding the items with an adjusted item-total values correlation values lower than .40 from the scale. The variance rate explained by the first factor was found to be 27.591% as a result of the factor analysis carried out. Factor reduction was adopted by ruling that items should have a minimum factor loading of 0.40 in order to be included in the scale and didn’t take any high loading value other than the first factor. The reason why those items were excluded from the scale was to prevent decrease in the construct validity. The remaining 24 items were applied Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient and Bartlett’s test again; and KMO coefficient was found to be .829. The 24 items were applied factor analysis again; and those items were observed to take high loading value in the first factor (30.909%). Consisting of 24 items in total, ‘Scale for Perception of Self-Efficacy for Arabic Speaking Skills’ was carried out on 424 students. However, 28 forms were eliminated, being detected to be filled inaccurately and incompletely; and the data from 396 students in total was used. Computerized data was analyzed using SPSS 15.0 statistical software. Conclusion part of the study investigates perceptions of self-efficacy for Arabic speaking skills of participants with regards to certain variables; and presents statistical information. Accordingly, we came to the conclusion that no statistically significant difference was found with regards to perceptions of self-efficacy for Arabic speaking skills between female and male students while perceptions of self-efficacy regarding Arabic speaking skills for the participants statistically varied to a significant degree in respect to the variables of age and class level.

The Conjunction ‘Es sei denn, (dass)’ and the Difficulties in its Translation into Turkish

Hasan Yılmaz — 2026-07-16

People want to learn basics written and spoken language both in native and foreign language to get in touch with others, as language is a communication instrument. Human make sentences by the help of words in spoken and written form and they produce sentences considering the target languages` syntactic structure, grammar, but these words are not put into an order subjectively. Rather, the first important point to communicate is putting the words together appropriately taking target language`s grammar properties. For this reason, it is expected that the learner should have enough knowledge about target language grammar. One cannot anticipate from a student who has not enough grammar knowledge to produce real, authentic, and totally correct sentences in communicative circumstances. One can see some conjunctions such as “and, but, because” which are easy for students of German as a foreign language. There are some simple conjunctions such as “and, but, because”, when the learner of German as a foreign language come across. Besides simpler conjunctions easy to connect with our mother tongue Turkish, there are also harder conjunctions such as ‘Es sei denn, (dass)’ which is needed much time to learn. One should spend enough time to teach rare structures mentioned above in written language but widely used in spoken and daily language in order to develop reading and listening skills and reaching the aimed result in written and speaking skills in foreign language learning. Therefore, making use of authentic and up to date materials will enable the instructor to control their students whether they completely understand and reinforce the subject matter or not.