https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=330 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20138 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20138 Ercan ALAN The archives about the learned group (ilmiye) who carry out very important duties in the Ottoman Empire and especially the madrasa organization and the professors (mudarrises) began to be seen from the second half of 16th century. The first information about the madrasa institution and the profession of the mudarris, which had been inherited from the former Turkish-Islamic states to the Ottoman Empire, and which we have encountered since its establishment, is based on the chronicles, the foundation records, some archive documents and some of the ulema biographies. Kadiasker ruznamce registers and ruus registers that the main sources for madrassas and professors began to be kept in series from the middle of the 16th century. The register that we examine belongs to the beginning of Suleiman the Magnificent and is dated 933 Hijri (1527). This register was recorded during the time of kadiasker of Rumelia, Fenarizade Muhyiddin Celebi. The register is consisting of two parts. In the first part the madrasas in Rumelia that many of them including in Istanbul and short biographies of the professors working in these madrasas were given. In the second part, it was recorded that the professors dismissed from Rumelia madrasas. The information in the register and some other archival records suggest that this register may be a kadiasker ruznamce register. If it is so, this register is the first Rumelia kadiasker register containing the records of madrasa and professor. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20080 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20080 Necmettin AYAN, Firdevs ÖZEN The city of Aleppo is located in a very strategic location in the north of Syria, where the transit roads cross from north to south and east to west. Aleppo is a city that preserved its importance in every period of history with this feature. In 1086, The Seljukids started to rule over the city during the reign of the Great Seljuk's ruler Melikshah. The short-term Seljukid domination indwelled the Turkish-Islamic civilization in every aspects in Aleppo. The citadel of Aleppo is the most spectacular building in Aleppo, which has a ancient history. The castle which dates back BC. 3000, it is one of the most remarkable and ancient works of military architecture in the Middle East, even in the world. It rises stately from the center of the old city. It has long been regarded as one of the wonders of the Islamic world. The citadel of Aleppo is situated on a natural oval-shaped mound with an artificially formed slope.It does not have a regular plan. Since its terrain is flat, the city is equipped with a triple defense system in the form of moat, outer and inner walls. During the Seljuk period, the city walls were rebuilt and the fortifications were repaired many times. Nuraddin Zangi has a privileged place in the castle history at the point of repair of the fortress, the construction of new administrative and social structures and defenses. The citadel of Aleppo, a Seljukid fortress, and its defense structures will be tried to evaluated in light of historical data in our article. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20111 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20111 Edip BUKARLI The Ottoman Empire which had a traditional structure, had passed commandments on the topics of what women should be wearing and how they should be behaving outside on the streets. After these commandments, had been put into administration, women had become isolated from society for many years. The women who had experienced this over the course of these years began taking on more active roles in the public domain after the Reformation Period (Tanzimat). Following the Second Constitutionalism (Meshruiyet), Turkish women had begun getting noticed a lot more in several aspects of society. During the Second Constitutionalism, the societal and political changes and transformations of Turkish women as well as the changes and transformations to their dress-code continued throughout the Republican era. At the same time, during this process Turkish women started to become subjects of evaluation as they represented one of the fundamental elements of the Republic’s modernisation project. With women westernization / modernization process, women's adapting themselves to this modernization movement has made a new female identity to emerge from its clothing. So much so that the formation of this new female identity has been an important factor for the country to remain under Western influence. It has been seen over time that the Turkish woman has adopted a more modern style of clothing along with the traditional and monotheistic sheets and at the same time, Women adopted a more modern style of clothing with the Republican era. Besides all these developments, Turkish women have realized the idea of creating a national fashion by experiencing a modernization process suitable for Western fashion in clothes. Women have tried to create an environment in which they can reveal their fertility and hard work with copycat rather than imitation. In the work entitled “The transformation of women’s clothing from Constitutionalism (Meshruiyet) to the Republic (Cumhuriyet)”, within the free environment which arose following the order for Reformation,– especially in the societal fields of evaluation of the change to their clothing, and in connection to this, how Turkish women gained control in this field in light of the changes which took place to Turkish woman’s dress code between the Constituionalism and Republican periods – in addition to an explanation of the types of new roles which were attained by the Turkish women who had lived under the Ottoman Empire and were marginalised for many years, as well as an explanation of how it made an effect on the topic of their dress-codes; a national style was created that was appropriate to Turkish culture during this modernisation process through the announcement of the passing over from the traditional Turkish women’s clothing fashion to a more modern and European clothing fashion after the Reformation Period (Tanzimat) . 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20263 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20263 Bahattin DEMİRTAŞ The Ottoman government had to prefer to firstly sign on August 2nd 1914 an agreement of alliance with Germany, which had lost the Battle of Marne. Then it did not surrender two German ships called Goeben and Breslau, which were fleeing from the British and French navies, stating that it had bought them. The Ottoman State became officially involved in the war when these ships, renamed Yavuz and Midilli, bombarded the Russian ports and cities at Kefe, Novorosisk, Odessa and Sivastopol on the night of October 29th-30th 1914 under the command of the German Admiral Souchon. First Russia on November 1st and then Britain and France on November 5th declared war on the Ottoman State. As the Ottoman State joined the war, the Central Powers became relieved and the war spread to a wider geographical area. In this war, the Ottoman army struggled on seven fronts. It fought Russia on the Caucasian and Galician fronts, the Greeks and the French in Macedonia, the French, the British and the Italians in Çanakkale and the British army on the fronts of Syria, Hijaz-Yemen and Iraq. The Gallipoli Front was one of the fronts where the Ottoman Empire battled with the Entente Powers in the World War I. This front has a crucial importance due to the success gained here by the Turkish Army, which affected the progress of World War I. The most important purposes of the Entente Powers while opening this frontline were to help Russia with arms and ammunition through the Bosphorus, and to enable the Balkan states to participate in the war with them. The purpose of the Ottoman Empire, on the other hand, was to prevent the occupation of Istanbul and Anatolia by the Entente powers. A war of life or death was to take place in the Battles of Gallipoli. This study, which will attempt to discuss the Battles of Gallipoli comparatively from the perspectives of the different sides, is especially based on the memoirs and considerations of the military and civilian i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20156 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20156 Mehmet Sait DİLEK When the historical roots of Turkish-Cuban political relations are examined, it is remarkable that various interactions between the parties have begun especially as from the second half of the 19th century. In the period of the Republic of Turkey, Turkish foreign policy actors started to carry out political relations with Cuba by accrediting (21 September1950) the Turkish Embassy in Mexico. In addition, the parties declared that they formally established political relations between Ankara and Havana since 25 November 1952. Political relations between Turkey and Cuba were established in 1952, but this protocol was concluded perfunctorily. In fact, there was also no sign that the relations between the two countries had improved a lot in the 1950s. Since the ideology and government were changed in Cuba under the leadership of Fidel Castro in 1959, two countries had to take part in different fronts, thus there was no rapprochement between the two sides. The Cuban Missile Crisis between the US and the Soviet Union caused the relations established in 1952 between Havana and Ankara to lose strength even further. Since the two superpowers were on the brink of nuclear war in this crisis, they focused to solve problem in line with their own interests which inevitably made Turkey uncomfortable. The missile crisis affecting Turkey and Cuba has grabbed the headlines of both domestic and foreign press for many years, and the name of both states has taken place in much of the news on this subject. Following this event, one of the most controversial issues in the international political scene has been the Cyprus problem. When Turkey made military interventions in Cyprus in 1974 by using its right to guarantee, this situation was met with hesitation and dissatisfaction in the Third World Countries, as well as in many members of the Non-Allied Countries Movement. The Cyprus problem, therefore, has led Turkey to pursue a more active foreign policy. Following the decision to open new representatives in some Non-Allied countries, taken at the time of Ecevit Government in 1974, two parties decided to cooperate more tightly as a result of the contacts they have made through their diplomatic representative agencies in Algeria and announced this situation to the world public with a common declaration (6 March 1978). As a result of this announcement, Turkish Embassy in Havana started its activities from 1980. After the Cold War, the two countries foreign policy actors have begun to act for the purpose of developing, strengthening, and 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20146 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20146 Zeynep İNAN ALİYAZICIOĞLU In East-West contradiction, it is essential to consider Western conception as one of the reasons why Eastern world is still undeveloped. There is no doubt that West Europe is located in the centre of this conception. Europe has dominated their position in history and they have also developed discourses to legalisation of the domination. Edward Said states that this discourse is orientalism. The discourse, which the philosophical origin is came from Hegel, is based on European/Non-European or West/East contradiction. In this discourse, while West represents dynamism (capitalism), rationalism (non-religious knowledge), liberal democratic political systems, it is also seen as unique morality is granted to them. Furthermore, West is pictured as rationale, hardworking, productive, self-sacrificing, thrifty, trustworthy, authoritative and mature, developed, talented, active, independent, and open to new thoughts. On the other hand, East is defined as “others” for West and pictured as not rationale, lazy, non-productive, arbitrary, exotic and complex, tyranniser, degenerate, childish and immature, undeveloped, passive, dependent, constant and against to change. In this study, definitions of “East” in West literature and the changing borders between East and West are initially provided. In addition, definition of orientalism is given and the impacts of orientalism on Western-centrism are examined. Finally, it mentions the orientalist research have been conducted in West-Europe countries from Middle Ages to 19th century. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20102 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20102 Esra MANKAN Gastronomic tourism includes interesting stories about the cuisines of local cultures and provides local or specific information representing local culture and identities (Long, 2004, Ignatov and Smith, 2006, Smith and Xiao, 2008). For this reason, unique cuisine not only builds popular travel destinations, it also improves the culinary cultural image of an country, which makes culinary artistry an important attraction in the travel destination. Gastronomy is an important part of the economy, as it is an important tourism that requires time, money and interest. For this reason, the notion of gastronomy should be repositioned and all sources and stakeholders should be used effectively and efficiently to create a niche market for gastronomic tourism in all tourist locations. This can be achieved through gastronomy experiences, gastronomy experiences (JS Horng, CTS Tsai 2012). In addition to international culinary, destinations which can offer unique and wonderful experiences such as historical culinary and eating and bevarages museums will not only be a destination center for tourists, but also they will have more and much quality and quantity (Yıldız, E.Ö.2016,32). This study was conducted to introduce the world's gastronomic-themed museums. İn this study, the gastronomy museums, which are a kind of touristic product, were examined and the examples in the world were researched and it was emphasized that the gastronomy museums should be the attraction elements for the sustainable tourism concept. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20122 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20122 Ömer OBUZ Humankind has tried to overcome various natural disasters since its existence on earth. Locust invasion, which is considered as a natural disaster, has caused “trouble” to many nations throughout the course of history. In particular, it caused famine by damaging the agricultural lands. Both in the periods of Ottoman Empire and the Republic, many precautionary measures were taken in order to fight with these intense invasions. In this research, locust invasions in the Republican Period and precautionary measures which are taken against these invasions are studied. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20270 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20270 İsmail AYTAÇ The purpose of this article is presenting the part of architetural and portable cultural presences that obtained from archeological excavations in Harput Inner Castle at 2014 to the science world. Under the Elazığ Museum Department's chairmansip and Prof. Dr. Veli Sevin's scientific consultancy, excavations are made in Harput Castle's inner section between the years of 2005 and 2009. The excavation restarted between the 22 August 2014 - 30 December 2014, permission of the Ministy of Culture and Tourism's General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museum, under the Elazığ Museum Department's chairmanship and Assoc. Dr. Ismail Aytaç's scientific consultancy. The archeological excavations were made in three different area in Harput Castle's inner section in 2014: front of the Artuklu Castle, Belek Tower and its around, and vaulty places of Belek Tower's east. Excavations were made in the third district (vaulty places of Belek Tower's east), nearly 300 m2 area. 11 different-size places were detected after the removal of 2-4m filling. According to the findings like mine melting pots, arrow cusps and door parts, it was understood that some places used to be a sell shops and mine works. Piece of glassy bracelet, door hook and Artuqid coins have been found in 20 cm depth at 3-A1 section. A glassy bracelet piece, ring, coin, grind stone, arrow cusp, stove and ornaments have been found in 3-A2 section. In 3-A2 section, between the Tower and north-east walls, 2 metal rings have been found. And also a blacky-wall stove have been found. Ornamental metal pieces and a stove have been found in the 3-A2 section. Metal melting pots in three different sizes,in the section's northeast side. After the digging the ground of domed place in Belek Tower, four different historical periods have been detected. In the northwest side of place; 75 cm width enterance, catapultball and 8 painted and embossed plaster board that thought to have been used for wall ornament have been found. In 3-A2 section, glassy bracelet and blue cylinder glass-bead have been found. Four different periods were detected after the excavations of site floor with dome in Belek Tower. 75 cm-width enterance have been found at site's north-east corner. A catapult stone and eight painted and embossed plaster panel that supposed to used for wall decoration have been found. A glass bracelet and rolled blue bead have been found in the 3-A2 section. After the final of excavation season, top of the 1. Zone of Sarayönü Excavation Site (B1-B2-B3) and 3. Zone of Belek Tower Excavation Site (A1-A2-B1) were closed by metal sheet with wooden stake just for protection, in the decision of Diyarbakır Region Assembly of Protection of Culture Properties, article 19.12.2014/2859. The worned out parts of the walls were fixed after the necessary permissions granted and conservations done. It is important to determine that Harput Inner Castle's historical period is older than Urartu Period. Artifacts belong to Late Iron Period, Urartu, Roma, Byzantine, Artuqid, Ag Qoyunlu and Ottoman Periods, in return. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20269 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20269 Muzaffer BAŞKAYA Many local and foreign magazines were diffused in the press life that started especially after Reorganizations (called Tanzimat) and peaked up under constitutionalism (called Mesrutiyet) in Ottoman Empire. Especially after the Second Constitutionalism (called Mesrutiyet the 2nd) declared in 1908, entering into the process of liberty at first, and disappearance of the pressure on press made the intellectual and idealist people start an action. That period’s intellectual people published newspapers and magazines on the grounds that directing the public in the base of their ideas, and warning the public. This idea had a cut in the years of World War One, but after the war it started to be active again. One of the cities that this action was felt in clearly is Trabzon, has a pretty old and long-standing background press life. Likewise the ‘Kaygu’ that started to be published in 1918 by a group of intellectual people under the name of a social and scientific journal, is a reflection of this mentioned action in country. Kaygu that was occupied during the First World War, and was published after two years occupancy in pain, has a special importance. It has been observed, this journal had a pretty large writer team, and it was published 17 issues but we reached only 9 issues. Writings and poems about education and literature were mainly published in this journal, and also health, social life and daily problems were touched in the journal. Several writings were written up based on important topics like importance of education, family’s role on raising i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20282 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=20282 Recep DÜNDAR In this study, the purpose is to reveal the social and economic status of Gumulceli Village of Belen County of Manisa, which was the Sanjak of Aydin Province in 1844-1845 in mid-19th century. According to the Book of Profits with the number 2276 in Ottoman Archives of Prime Ministry, Gumulceli Village had 47 houses and the population was estimated to be 235 people. The way of living for the families in the village was agriculture and animal husbandry. The majority of the chiefs of the houses were parallel to this, which were free traders in agriculture, servants, ploughmen, cowman, and construction foremen. The total area of the fields used for agriculture by families in Gumulceli was 2687 acres, and 2362 of it was planted fields (arable land), 125 of it was fallowed fields (non-arable land), 67 acres of it was vineyards, and 133 acres were let out. In these fields, the cultivation of cotton, wheat, barley, sesame, corn, tare, and grape was common. As of 1845, there were no families who dealt with animal husbandry as a way of living. It is observed that animal husbandry was made to cover daily needs not as a way of living in a professional manner. Some of the animals were bred to cover the needs like milk, cheese, oil, while some of them were bred to make use of their power in transportation. The amount of the tithe paid by the families in Gumulceli Village from the cultivation of cotton, wheat, barley, sesame, corn, tare, and grape was 6588 piasters in total. The total of the taxes paid by one previous in year the chiefs of the families was 2975 piasters in total. The total of the annual profit-income of the families by dealing with agriculture, animal husbandry and rental was estimated as 53 Liras 944 piasters. 51 Liras 144 piasters of this amount belonged to animal husbandry, and 2000 piasters belonged to animal husbandry and 800 piasters of it belonged to rental incomes. The estimated amount of service income paid by the chiefs of the families was 3000 piasters. The total amount of estimated annual income, which consisted of agriculture, animal husbandry and rental incomes and service income, was 56 944 piasters. 2026-07-16