https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=320 Turkish Studies - International en 2024-08-29 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19869 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19869 Ali ALTIKULAÇ, Ayşegül DÖNMEZ Near about fifteen thousand Turks taken captive by the English in Iraq, Sinai, Palestine, Channel fronts in First World War, were taken to Egypt before and after Bellary, Sumerpur, Tongnung prisoner camps in India and to Station camp in Calcutta. During their long captivity, Turkish prisoners in India have suffered a lot because of inability to get information from their families, poverty, apathy, nutrition and spiritual crises caused by stay in captivity long time and diseases due to the effect of debilitating and exhausting over the long term. Despite all of, they also had tried to pursue a vibrant social and cultural life with their concerts by the musical instruments which were made by themselves, their published newspapers, new languages that they tried to learn in camps. Important part of the information about Turkish prisoners in India is located in the archive of The Red Cross. The Red Cross organization has circulated as the groups and obtained extensive information about these regions. Delegates in the Red Cross commission in visited camps, listened to the complaints and requests of the prisoners, did reviews and kept the reports. The return of Turkish prisoners starting in 1918 had lasted until the end of 1922 by reluctance by English on purpose. The martyrdoms were made for hundreds martyrs who lost their lives in camps but some of them has disappeared today. Our prisoners, who died during their captivity in India for various reasons, were buried with both official and religious ceremony by camp management and their fellow prisoners. Then here were public cemetery, even transformed into martyrdom. There are two Turkish martyrdoms in official status as martyrdom in India. One of them is the Bellary Turkish cemetery in the state of Karnata. The other is the Sumerpur Turkish cemetery in the state of Rajasthan in India. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19776 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19776 Yaşar BAŞ Hekimhan and its environment have a long history. Its craggy geography affected its population and transportation. Hekimhan became an important place when The Royal Road passed through it. Ebu Salim b. Hasan eş-Şemmas el-Hekim el-Malatî commissioned the first khan of Hekimhan in 1218. However, Hekimhan was neglected after that. It was populated by nomadic tribes for a long time. Besides, villagers of the nearby cultivated its land. Some parts of it were abandoned. Grandvizier Köprülü Mehmet Pasha commissioned a complex in 1660 that included a khan, a Turkish bath, redoubt, mosque, shops, bakery, and storage. He also declared a trust for the expenses of the complex provided by the land tax of the nearby villages. The complex revived the social and economic life of the town. The fortress which was used as a military base also secured the town. The villagers were responsible for the security of the road that included menzil and derbent services. Those people were exempted from paying taxes. The complex served people for a long time. Some of its buildings disappeared in time. Wakf of the villages disappeared. Khan, bath, mosque, shops and fountains of the complex survived till today. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19948 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19948 Mustafa HİZMETLİ From the blooming of Islam at the scene of history in VII. Century Muslims had religional, political, military and cultural relations with Byzatines and those relations have drawn attention of researchers. In the term of Abbasids in which commercial activities got importance, economical dimension had added to the cruising relations in political, military and cultural areas in the time of the Prophet, the Four Caliphs and Emevids. The Abbasid-Byzatine commercial activities stands as a few researced subject except the study of W.Heyd. Before the conquests of Islam Byzantines had the superiority knew no rivalry in Mediteranean Sea. Coasts at the end of Asian trade were in their hands; Egypt where Redsea unloaded Eastern goods, Syria where caravans took the road from Persian Gulf, Central Asia unloaded their goods and the secondary points of Black Sea which Eastern trade had interested in were all in their hands. However bereaving those by Arabs arose a situation that upset commercial benefits of Byzantium. One of the roads by which Eastern goods transfered to West was Trabzon. Thus Ibn Havkal told Trabzon as warehouse of Eastern products. There was a city where the bazaar that Circassians, Muslims,Byzantines and Armenian traders visited every year did set up. At this point, our main problem is that Muslims’ goods reaching there by which region of Abbasid State. In this term primary bazaars that exchange was done were Antakya and Aleksandria beside Trabzon. This study intends to take attention to commercial relations between Abbasids and Byzantium. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19858 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19858 Tekin ÖNAL, Abdullah ÖZDAĞ On August 2, 1990 the Gulf Crisis, starting with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and then gained an international dimension with the resolutions of the United Nations turned into the Gulf War on 15 January 1990 because Iraq didn’t recede from territories it occupied. The war supported by 40 countries, especially the USA and organized from the Persian Gulf has profoundly affected the countries of the region and world politics. As a result of the bombardments that took 4 days and land operation which continued till February 28, the largest military force, after World War II, defeated the Iraqi. As for Turkey, instead of staying neutral in the war, the country supported the coalition power, but at the end of the war it ended up one of the most vulnerable countries. Apart from the significant economic loss confronting the country, it was forced to deal with issues such as the refugees in the long term, the Kurdish issue and the PKK’s further strengthening. On the other hand, international policy was redesigned due to factors such as the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989, October 3, 1990 in East and West Germany's reunification and the disintegration of the Soviet Union officially on December 25, 1991. With the end of the Second World War began bipolar world order created by the Soviet Union-the US and including struggle between the two states accordingly. According to social scientists, the atmosphere of the cold war has come to an end partly after 1991. While the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of many new state, battleground is concentrated in the Middle East and the former Soviet territory. In this study, the role played by Turkey during the Gulf War and in the transition to a new world order ,and politics Turkey carried out will be discussed. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19728 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19728 Mete ÖZSEZER Cyprus has always been the place for many civilizations to dominate due to various reasons in many different stages because of its geopolitical location. It was keen to ensure the safety of the way to India, which had the largest colony in Britain. The Suez Canal in Egypt was the leading one. In order for England to obtain the control of this way, it was necessary to keep Cyprus, which had the key position in the Eastern Mediterranean. Thus, England, which wanted to dominate Cyprus, managed to rent the island by benefiting from the dilemma in which the Ottoman Empire was. The Turkish Cypriot population considered this situation as temporary when the island of Cyprus was rented to England by the Ottomans. However, thereafter the resulting development did not take place in line with the expectations of the Turkish Cypriot population and annexed the island unilaterally by pointing out the fact that the Ottoman Empire took part next to the allied forces in the First World War. Despite the lose of hope among the Turkish population in Cyprus after this change, the National Struggle in Anatolia has been a huge glimmer of hope for the Turkish Cypriots. In this study, the emotional effect of the National Struggle, which started in Anatolia in 1919, on Cyprus and its role on the formation of the Turkish consciousness in Cyprus will be investigated. At this point, the stages which experienced the Cyprus Turkish politics are intended to be investigated as well. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19943 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19943 Esma REYHAN Majority of tablets discovered in the capital of Hittites are religious texts. Hittites had a polyheist religion. They, however, believed in not only their own gods but also the gods of almost all the countries and nations with which they were in contact ( Hurri, Hatti, Luwi, Pala, Akad, Sumer). As a result, there has emerged a Hittite pantheon consisting of the gods of different origins. This crowded community of gods are summarized as “one thousands gods of Hatti country” What kind of way does a community with more than one thousand gods follow in performing their rituels and duties to gods? “Hittite Fest Rituals” are the most common, comprehensice and effective ways of worshipping the god in Hittite religion. The rituals texts that contain the desciptions of fest ceremonies make up majority of the religious texts said to be high in number, which is supportive of this generalization. Fest celebrations were very long and grueling, thus having an ideological aspect that ensured the continuity of Hittites” social and political order and reinforces this order. In this way, an impression was created that the king had a communication with the gods and they supported him, a belief whereby the subjects” obedience to king was believed to be 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19694 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19694 Mustafa ŞAHİN Khwarazm-Shahs that became an empire by becoming more and more powerful soon after the fall of Great Saljuks and Mongols that decided to expand everywhere around after the assembly in Kharkhorin became the military and political rivals of each other in a short time. The rapid Mongol invasion in Khurasan made these two states encounter in a short time. The enmity which deepened after the Otrar disaster rendered the war inevitable. The big cities of Khurasan such as Merv, Balkh, Ispahan, Samarkand and Herat were rapidly invaded by Mongols and people were massacred. Jalal-ad-Din Khwarazm-Shah who fought self-sacrificingly against Mongols lost Herat after a long resistance. Many cities of Herat region were conquered by Mongols. The people of these cities were massacred. The Mongol proceeding made Jalal-ad-Din Khwarazm-Shah withdraw to the further east. The rapid withdraw of Jalal-ad-Din to the east didn’t mean that he gave up his determination of fighting. On the contrary people of the region joined him because they thought he was the leader of liberation againist the Mongols. This case enhanced his resistence more. As a matter of fact, after the loss of Herat and Bamiyan he heavly defeated Mongol army in the leadership of Sigi Kutku in Parvan between Ghazni and Bamiyan in 1221. This triumph became like the revival of both Jalal-ad-Din Khwarazm-Shah and his dynasty. Sultan’s determination of fighting increased and he also encouraged the people to rebel against Mongols in many parts of the region particulary in Herat and Merv. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19771 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19771 Esma TORUN ÇELİK From the 19th century Turkish women, struggling for their homeland, were all called Kara Fatma. Among the foremost qualities of ideal Turkish woman, created with the influence of the idea of nationalism, were to make any sacrifice and be ready to fight for her country. During the Balkan Wars and WWI Turkish woman undertook significant roles. In the period of the National Movement, Kara Fatma was the common name of the women that fought to protect their homeland. However, when someone mention about the National Movement and also Kara Fatma, Fatma Seher Hanım is the first that comes to mind. In spite of the various views about her life, “She is the most powerful Kara Fatma in the Anatolia” she claimed. (In her own words “The most powerful Kara Fatma in Anatolia” was herself) At the National Movement she served as a volunteer militia, and then after the Great Attack, retired from the army as a Lieutenant. She conributed to the salvation of so many regions like from Bolu to İzmit, and Afyon to Bursa. She even donated her salary to Red Crescent, lived her last ages in poverty. Kara Fatma, essentially within the period of the Constitutional Monarcy, became one of the notable representatives of Turkish woman model, had been tried to put forward during and after the war. She was not only the woman that scared the enemies and ready for any sacrifice to her country, but also a model of a good wife and a caressing mother to her family. That is the point of view the example of post-rebuplican female model is influenced from. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19896 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19896 Hadiye YILMAZ Giresun, whose settlement history goes back to the Paleolithic age, became a district under the Ottoman sovereignty after the invasion of Trabzon in 1461. During the Tanzimat era, it was linked to Trabzon and it became a province in the Republican era. In this study, by using the qualitative historical design method, the analyses of economic and social structure of Giresun province in the first years of the Republican era have been aimed at by means of the 1928 State Yearbook of the Turkish Republic, which is chosen to be the basic source of data. The reason of choosing the state yearbook as the basic data source is that this publication is an official, first-hand (not completely translated from Ottoman Turkish to modern Turkish yet), intensive and original source. Yearbooks which are informative texts that annually present statistical data of economic, social, cultural, and scientific phenomena are a first-hand source in terms of urban history. Having been published as 68 volumes until the year 1918, yearbooks continued to be issued in Ottoman language under the title “State Yearbook of the Turkish Republic” in the Republican era in 1926, 1927, and 1928 respectively by the Government Press Office. In this study, by executing the document analysis of the 1928 State Yearbook of the Turkish Republic, statistical and particular information about the borders of the Giresun province in 1927, its population, economic activities like agriculture and livestock, state of forests and mines, banks, factories and industrial institutions, its medical state, its roads and ports, general and private income of municipalities, its number of schools and enrollment, judicial cases, local newspapers and magazines, guilds, administrative chiefs and civil servants are accessed. The data received have been compared with Governmental Data and second-hand sources, thereby putting forward the economic and social structure of Giresun province in the first years of the Republic. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19983 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19983 Abdullah POŞ Ottoman Seyfiye being separated into two as civil and military service in 19 ͭ ͪ century brought the contact between civil service and kalemiye. Steps taken especially in order to strengthened centralized management in this period started transformation process of kalemiye which forms the basis of Ottoman bureaucracy into civil service. With this study it was aimed to introduce Ahmed Tahir Efendi who is one of the senior officers of the mentioned organisation in the process of transition from the kalemiyye to the civil service. Ahmed Tahir Efendi who belongs to a family known as“Mısrîzâde” since they had settled Tarsus from Egypt was born in Tarsus in 1840. Ahmed Tahir Efendi whose father was a congressman in Tarsus started civil service at the early age. Ahmed Tahir Efendi who especially served at high ranks in various units of civil service organization died in Tarsus in 1889. Although he died at a very early age, when he was 49, he served in many other cities such as İstanbul, Ankara, Erzurum, Prizren, Girit, Selanik and Yanya apart from Tarsus. With this study which is based on archive documents, his family, educational status and occupational life, economic status and books in his library were found out. There has been no study about him since now. So, this reveals the original value of the study being done. Although it is a micro-size analysis, findings about Ahmed Tahir Efendi that would give idea to us about socio-economic status and intellectual level of other officers who have equal duties with him which increase the importance of study. 2024-08-29