Turkish Studies - Language and Literature, Year 2024 Issue Volume 19 Issue Ö1

Prof. Dr. M. Faruk Toprak- Curriculum Vitae

Osman DÜZGÜN — 2024-12-13

Memoirs

Osman DÜZGÜNYaşar TOKAY — 2024-12-13

Bir hocanın öğrencisine bıraktığı en değerli miras, bilgi dolu anılardır…

Meslek hayatının 41. yılında, Prof. Dr. M. Faruk TOPRAK’ın “özel sayısı”na anı, teşekkür yazarak, birlikte yaşanılanları unutulmaz kılan, Hocamızın şahsi tarihine not düşen meslektaşlarına, dost ve arkadaşlarına, öğrencilerine teşekkür ederiz. Var olunuz…

Misafir Editörler

Prof. Dr. Osman Düzgün

Doç. Dr. Yaşar Tokay

Academic Adventure Starting with Grandfather's Inspiration: An Interview with Prof. Dr. M. Faruk Toprak

Mehmet Hakkı SUÇİN — 2024-12-13

An Elegy in Sicilian Arabic Poetry

İclâl ARSLAN — 2024-12-13

This study explains the structure and characteristics of the elegy genre in Sicilian Arabic poetry, focusing on the poems of the Sicilian poet Abu Muhammad al-Qāsim b. Abdullah al-Tamīmī. Regarding the elegy genre in Arabic poetry, Prof. Dr. M. Faruk TOPRAK's work titled "Elegyya in Andalusian Poetry" provides us with quite extensive and comprehensive information. After Andalusia in the West, another important region is the Island of Sicily, which remained under Muslim rule for nearly two and a half centuries. Just like Andalusia, very valuable examples of Arabic poetry can be encountered here. In these poems, Sicilian poets dealt with many different subjects and also produced valuable products about death. It is obvious that the analysis of the poems is important in order to determine their attitudes towards death and how they dealt with this in their poems. In this study, we will examine the poems of the Sicilian poet Abu Muhammad al-Qāsim b. Abdullah al-Tamīmī and the elegy he wrote for his brother were examined. This poet wrote poems that were like city elegies that pointed to the period of chaos in Sicily and the Norman invasion. He also sang elegies for his brother and son. In the study, the couplets were analyzed in detail in terms of language and thematic aspects. Thus, it is aimed to obtain information about the elegies of Sicilian poetry, most of which have not survived to the present day. When it is considered that these examples of verse have survived to the present day in short pieces, the importance of the study will be understood. An attempt has been made to establish a connection between the poet's couplets in fragments and a comprehensive examination of the content and structural forms of Sicilian poetry has been aimed. In the first section, information is given about elegies in Sicilian Arabic poetry. In this section, the study is based on the analysis of the elegy genre. The second section is devoted to the poet Abu Muhammad al-Qāsim b. Abdullah al-Tamīmī and the analysis of his poetry. Thus, it is hoped that an opinion will be formed about the Sicilian elegies, most of which have been lost, and that a door will be opened for studies to be carried out on this subject. Care has been taken to transliterate the names of the works in the study.

Key as a Metaphor in Contemporary Palestinian Poetry

Hayrettin BAHAR — 2024-12-13

The key is not just an object used to open and lock doors; it is also a concept with uses in various fields. Therefore, it should not be limited to being merely a tool for opening and closing. Beyond its physical meaning, the key emerges as a versatile metaphor in everyday language, literature, and poetry. When considered from the Palestinian perspective, the range of meanings associated with the key expands even further. This key carries profound meanings in the individual or collective memory of the Palestinian people. It reflects a nation’s connection to its past and homeland. For the Palestinian people, following occupation and displacement, the key is seen not just as an object that opens or locks the door of a house, but as a beacon of hope symbolizing the return to their occupied lands and homes. These keys are passed down from generation to generation, reinforcing the people’s sense of belonging to their homeland. The key is sometimes seen as a limb, reminding one of their bond with their homeland. Other times, it is used like a flag that needs to be raised or as a weapon against the enemy. Occasionally, it is personified, being likened to a lover. For the Palestinian people, the key serves as both a tangible reminder of their belief in returning to their homes and as an object of memory that keeps their national identity and resistance consciousness alive. The Palestinian people’s resistance, struggle to preserve their identity, and hopes for the future are expressed through this symbol. In this study, the key metaphor found in Palestinian poetry is examined through the works of contemporary poets such as Muîn Besîsû, Mahmud Derviş, Hârûn Hâşim Reşîd, Murîd el-Bergûsî, Huseyn Muhannâ, Hasan el-Emrânî, Abdu’l-Ganî et-Temîmî and âişe Abdurrahmân Yûnus. These poems have been categorized and analyzed under four main headings. This study is significant in terms of contributing to the metaphor literature in the field of literature.

A Study On The Life Of ʿAdī Ibn Zayd al-ʿIbādī al-Tamīmī And Some Of His Poems In The Genre Of Istiʿṭāf

Ahmet BİRİNCİ — 2024-12-13

Born and raised in the multicultural environment of al-Hirah in the Arabian Peninsula during the pre-Islamic Jahiliyyah period, ʿAdī ibn Zayd is one of the Christian Arab poets. His lineage goes back to Nizar ibn MaꜤad ibn ꜤAdnān, who was of Yemeni origin. His ancestors first migrated from Yemen to al-Yemāmah, and his grandfather Ayyūb from the third generation fled from there due to a blood feud and settled in al-Hirah. It is known that he learned Persian at a reading and writing level in addition to his native Arabic and that he used these languages very proficiently. While maintaining good relations with the al-Hirah state, he also served as a translator and scribe in the court of the Sassanian King Khosrow. He was married to a woman named Hind, who is said to be either the daughter or the sister of the king of al-Hirah, al-Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir. His poems contain many couplets with wisdom that are educational, instructive, and guiding in nature, although these couplets are scattered. ʿAdī ibn Zayd made great efforts for al-Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir to become the king of al-Hirah and succeeded in this endeavor. However, due to this initiative, he was slandered by his enemies and was imprisoned and tortured to death by the very person he had helped. During his imprisonment, ʿAdī ibn Zayd composed poems expressing that he had been wronged and slandered, seeking pardon from al-Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir. These poems, spoken for this purpose, are considered to belong to the genre of istiʿṭāf in Arabic literature. The couplets discussed and analyzed in this article in terms of language and style also belong to this genre.

A Leading Figure In The Nahda Movement: Francis Al-Marrash and His Place in Arabic Literature

Eyüp BOZKURT — 2024-12-13

The Nahda movement, also known as the Arab Renaissance, which emerged in the Arab geography in the nineteenth century after Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798, is considered to be the beginning of the modernization process of the Arab world. This modernization, not only has a political and cultural structure but also includes a literary development. This movement, which first started in Egypt, expanded its borders in later periods and spread to Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and other Arab countries. Fransîs al-Marrash, who lived in Syria, was one of the pioneers of this movement and contributed to the development of Syrian literature with his works in the genres of poetry, short stories, novels and travel literature. Marrash, who was introduced to Western literature in his early life, proved himself in genres such as novels and short stories that had not yet matured in the Arab geography. Influenced by the French Revolution’s concepts of freedom, equality and justice, the author called for modernization and enlightenment in Arab society. Marrāsh combined classical Arabic literature with modern themes and produced important works, especially in genres such as novels and poetry. The themes such as freedom, reason, civilization, and human rights, which he frequently dealt with in his works, reflect his enlightenment thought. His symbolic novel “Ghâbet al-Haqq” and his divan “Mir'âtu al-Hasnâ” are considered to be both literary and intellectual milestones in modern Arabic literature. These works are not only literary works, but also a manifesto of reform and modernization for Arab society. This study examines the intellectual and literary personality of Fransîs al-Marrash through his life, works, novelism, and poetry, and discusses his place in the Nahda movement and Arabic literature.

Traces of Mevlevism in Jubrân Halil Jubrân's Give Me Reed Flute Poem

Mehmet BÖLÜKBAŞI — 2024-12-13

Mevleviism is an order within the Sufism weave that has its own procedures, manners and etiquette. Mawlawiism was formed on the basis of love and attraction as well as its own customs and manners such as semâ, sefâ, ecstasy and state. In the 13^th century, Mevlānā reinterpreted Sufism and Mevlevism by encouraging the use of musical instruments such as the ney and the rebap by semāzens in semā ceremonies and the ritual of the Sūfi's ecstatic whirling in the musical accompaniment called semā as a result of his love for God. Mevlānā believed that the sound of the ney, poetry and musical accompaniment were important factors in reaching God. Mevlānā's work Masnavi, which contains his teachings, has been translated into many foreign languages. One of the people who was influenced by Mevlânâ's mystical vision as a result of the translations was the Lebanese Arab poet and writer Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān. Jubrân was born in Lebanon in 1883, 600 years after Mevlânâ. Although Jubrân was a Christian, he did research on Islam, Judaism and Sufism. Jubrân expressed his interest in Sufism and his belief structure in the following words. When you prostrate in the mosque, kneel in the church and pray in the synagogue, I still love you. You are my brother. We are children of one faith. This statement of Jubrân shows that he was influenced by Mevlânâ's philosophy of tolerance 'come again, no matter what you are'. The first couplet of Mevlânâ's Masnavi begins with 'Listen, how this ney complains. How it narrates separations'. In his poem al-Mawāqib, Jubrān was influenced by the first couplet of Mawlānā's Masnavi and wrote the poem 'Give me the ney and sing to me (أَعْطِنِي اَلنَّاى وغَنِّ). This poem was later performed as a song by a Lebanese Arab and Christian female singer named Feyruz. In this study, the influence of Mevlânâ's mystical understanding on the Lebanese Arab poet and writer Jubrân Khalîl Jubrân is discussed.

Internal Examination of the Work Named Risāle Fī Tarīfi՚l-Mecaz

Ayhan CAN — 2024-12-13

On the expression "fī istilāhin bihi al-tahāttub" in the definition of the curriculum metaphor made Hatīb al-Qazwīnī (d. 739/1338) Mes‘ûd b. Omer al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390) made some evaluations. One of these evaluations, which caused controversy, was his statement that "with this expression, words such as truth, such as salah, which has a different meaning in another terminology, go beyond the metaphor". Mīrzācān Habibullāh b. Abdillāh al-Shirazī (d. 994/1586) criticized this interpretation of Taftāzānī on two issues. According to Mîrzâcân, this information mentioned by Taftāzānī is contradictory and contradicts the principles of logic based on the definitions. Important information in response to Mīrzācān's criticisms is included in a work called Risāle fī tarīfi՚l-mecaz. First of all, a rejection made to Mīrzācān by a person whose name is not mentioned in the treatise is included. However, this rejection was not found correct by the author of the aforementioned treatise. Instead, he came up with a solution. Accordingly, an attempt has been made to prove it by focusing on the word "ma" in the definition. It has been mentioned that the word "mā" can have two possible meanings. 1. Each individual: It is possible that the meaning of the word "mā" in its definition refers to all individuals one by one or refers to the genus. According to this possibility, it can be said that the expression "fī istilāhin bihi al-tahāttub" is needed not to remove something from the definition, but to include something in the definition. 2. One of the individuals: According to the author, looking at Taftāzānī's statements, it is understood that his purpose is towards the second possible meaning. In this respect, it was stated that the objections made by Mīrzācān were not justified.

A Poet Reaching from Andalusia to Mesopotamia: Federico Garcia Lorca

Zafer CEYLAN — 2024-12-13

Federico Garcia Lorca, one of the significant figures of 20th-century literature, was born in 1898 in the Fuente Vaqueros area of Granada, famous for its gypsies, as a child of a wealthy, cultured, and liberal family of Andalusian origin. In August 1936, when the Spanish Civil War broke out, he was executed by right-wing Falangists in Granada, in an old water well referred to by the local people as the "source of tears." Despite his short life of only thirty-eight years, he contributed numerous works to literature and the arts. In addition to being a poet and playwright, he was also a talented painter and musician, known for his drawings and piano skills. Lorca left a profound impact on modern Arab poets, particularly Iraqi poets, through both his life and struggle, as well as his approach to and handling of poetry. His life and struggle serve as an ideal example during the period from 1940 to 1970, when leftist movements and calls for freedom resonated widely in the Arab world. His poetics guide young poets who seek to break free from the rigid and outdated constraints of classical poetry, believing that political freedom is attained through literary freedom. Among these young poets, there are figures who not only take Lorca as a model in terms of form and style but also make him a hero of their own poems and lives. This work considers these poets as essential elements, each of whom is regarded as a cornerstone of modern Arab poetry today. These Iraqi poets, in chronological order, are: Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab (1926-1964), Abdulwahab Albayati (1926-1999), and Saadi Youssef (1934-2021). Each of them has forged their own unique styles and expressions, advancing in different avenues of free verse. This study aims to explore the reflections of these literary interactions extending from Andalusia to Mesopotamia.

The Arabic Abbreviations

Hayrullah ÇETİNKAYA — 2024-12-13

An abbreviation is a sound, form, or syntactic unit of words or proper names frequently used in speech and correspondence, making them shorter, more usable, and easier to pronounce. The data obtained in this study hints at a long history of abbreviation studies in Arabic. Al-Ḥurūfu al-Muqaṭṭṭaʿa, especially at the beginning of the surahs in the Holy Qur'an, is one of the leading examples of such abbreviations. The names of hadīth narrators and scholars are also frequently abbreviated. These areas contain the first examples of abbreviations that every researcher who wants to research Arabic abbreviations will encounter. In modern Arabic, abbreviations appear especially and predominantly in printed publications, dictionaries, units of measurement, scientific research, and academic writing rules. This situation requires intensive research and study on abbreviations in Arabic. This study used qualitative methods, scanned resources related to the field, and conducted media scans. The study aims to inform the circles interested in Arabic and contribute to their repertoire in this field. Abbreviations used in Arabic during the research were researched and documented. The main factor driving this research was the lack of a detailed study on Arabic abbreviations in Türkiye. As any reader of this study will realize, Arabic does not have more abbreviations than other languages. This results from the unsuitability of the Arabic language and grammar structures for abbreviations. The data obtained regarding abbreviations in Arabic are presented in a table at the end of the study. This study is expected to contribute to the circles working in Arabic teaching and learning.

The Use of Oxymoron in Arabic Poetry and Its Contribution to Meaning The Example of Abū Tammām

Muhammed ÇETKİN — 2024-12-13

Even if they have their dictionary meanings, words can be used in grammatically unusual ways, such as a distinctive use of language or a combination of the poet's external and internal feelings. Contradiction (tibāq) is one of the arts that adds beauty to meaning, and it is the mention of two elements in a short phrase, couplet, or verse that are actually or ostensibly in some kind of opposition to each other.
In Arabic, the term tibāq is translated as “to strengthen words by using the opposite meaning” and is defined as “an apparent contradiction between two statements” to “arouse admiration” or “ridicule” or to create a rhetorical effect. The types of tibāq were not clearly defined by early rhetorical scholars. However, tibāq is generally divided into two types: literal and figurative. However, over time, scholars have divided tibāq into many types.
The definition of the art of tıbâk in the sources of Turkish literature and the definition in Arabic literature have similar characteristics. In Western literature, the equivalent of the art of tıbâk is the words Antithesis (Antithese), Oxymoron (Oximore), and Oxymoron. The use of this technique in classical poetry is not to add ambiguity to the lines of poetry or the poem as a whole, to make the text evasive or to stimulate the reader to resolve the ambiguity, but to focus more on ornamentation and artificial beauty.
This study aims to elaborate on the structure, types, and use of oxymorons in Arabic poetry and to emphasize its contribution to meaning-making. Reinforcing the subject with examples from Abū Temmām's poems will help us better understand the role of oxymorons in Arabic poetry.

Ahmed al-Safi al-Najafi: His Life, Literary Personality, and Prison Poems

Fuat DAŞ — 2024-12-13

The first half of the 20th century was a period marked by political crises and the emergence of colonial policies by Western powers in many Arab lands. During this time, many poets in Arab literature were exiled or imprisoned due to their political views. One such poet was Ahmed al-Safi al-Najafi. From a young age, Ahmed al-Safi was involved in the struggle against the British forces in his country, Iraq, and like many of his contemporaries, he vehemently criticized the colonial policies of the British in the country. He participated in the 1920 revolution against the British; however, when the revolution failed, he was forced to leave his country due to reports of a death sentence being issued against him. Following this period, he encountered numerous challenges such as exile, constant displacement, and loneliness. He lived in countries like Iran, Syria, and Lebanon, and while in Lebanon, he was imprisoned by British forces in 1941. The prison-themed poems he composed, influenced by the impact of his imprisonment, hold a significant place in both his literary life and modern Arabic poetry. When we examine the poems he collected in his diwan Hasadu's-Sijn we see that he viewed prison as a place of resistance and considered imprisonment a reward for defending the rights of his oppressed nation. In this context, our study will explore the poet's life, literary aspect, and prison poems. We will focus on the factors that influenced his literary direction, the themes he emphasized most in his prison poems, and the messages he aimed to convey to the reader through these themes.

The Position and Role of Grammar in Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language

Halis DEDE — 2024-12-13

Grammar has an undeniable place in teaching a foreign language, especially Arabic. Because grammar is essential in order to organize linguistic skills and measure the degree of accuracy in the education of those whose native language is not Arabic. While Arabic grammar, consisting of nahiv and grammatical sections, has been partially effective in some of the teaching methods, it has also formed the basic structure in some others. One of the methods that constitutes its basic structure is the Grammar-Translation method, in which the science of syntax, which constitutes a large part of grammar, is predominant. The idea of simplifying and simplifying the science of grammar has emerged due to reasons such as the multitude of subjects, sub-branches and exceptions to the rules, and various scientific and academic studies have been carried out in this context. These activities paved the way for teaching grammar in a simpler, simpler and easier way and for advocating the idea of teaching practice and example-based rather than grammar-based. Another point that is noted is that teaching grammar is not a goal in itself, but rather a tool that provides correct expression and understanding along with the acquisition of a foreign language and a religious language, and is processed accordingly. In this study, the role and function of Arabic grammar, including the grammatical and syntactic parts of Arabic, which is taught in the preparatory classes of the Faculties of Theology and Islamic Sciences, in language teaching is emphasized. The study aims to reveal the view that teaching Arabic is not completely grammar-free, although a method appropriate to the situation of the teacher and the environment can be chosen, and that it should not be completely drowned in grammar.

Mauritania's (Chinguetti) Nomadic/Desert Universities: Mahdaras

Sümeyra DEMİRELİbrahim ŞABAN — 2024-12-13

Mahdaras of Mauritania (Chinguetti) are the traditional educational centers in West Africa that spread Islam and the Arabic language, contribute to the intellectual and cultural values of the region, and keep educational life vibrant in the deserts of Mauritania. Having existed for centuries in Mauritania's traditional education system and with deep-rooted origins, the mahdaras play a significant role in transmitting the cultural and religious values of the community from generation to generation, focusing on the education of religious sciences as well as language and literature. Integrated with the modern world, today’s mahdaras offer both traditional sciences and modern disciplines to students. This study examines the roles of mahdaras, the traditional educational institutions in Mauritania, in the educational and cultural life of the region, their historical development, and their relationship with modern education systems. It explores the educational methodologies, social functions of the mahdaras, and how these institutions have adapted to the changing needs of society, specifically questioning how some mahdaras have shaped their educational practices today and the process they have followed in integrating with modern education. In this context, determining both the capacity of mahdaras to preserve their historical heritage and their potential for integration with modern sciences is one of the main objectives of this study. Field visits and interviews with mahdara educators and students were used as research methods. The findings, considering the current state of the mahdaras, show in detail their ability to preserve traditional knowledge and how they have adapted to modern sciences. The study concludes that mahdaras offer exemplary models in terms of sustainability in education and cultural integration.

The Development and Periodical Features of the Satirical Type in Egypt from the 4th to the 7th Century

Ahmet İSMAİLOĞLUSaffet CENGİZ — 2024-12-13

In this research, the topic "The Development and Periodic Features of Satirical Poetry in Egypt from the 4th to the 7th Century" has been examined. It includes the definition of satire in both linguistic and technical terms, its emergence in Arabic poetry with its main elements, the most important themes addressed during this period, and an overview of the most famous poets who composed satirical poetry in Egypt from the early 4th century to the late 7th century. The study then proceeds to describe the nature of political and literary life within the context of the time and place under consideration. Additionally, it introduces the most significant poets who wrote satirical poetry within the specified temporal and spatial context. The study concludes by addressing the significant aspects of satirical poetry, the topics it covers, the reasons behind satire, and the motivations for the treatment of satire within the given time and place. The method used in this study is based on analytical techniques, aiming to reach the source of accurate information, which is then examined and analyzed to derive correct conclusions. Furthermore, the research includes explanations of the verses cited in the evidences, the harmony of odes and poetic fragments, the most important causes and reasons for satire, explanations of difficult-to-understand words found in dictionaries and encyclopedic lexicons, and short biographies of the individuals mentioned. The research is divided into two sections; the first section deals with the satirical style of Egyptian poets and the development of satire. This section is further divided into two parts; the first part: the definition of poetry written in the satirical style, its place in Arabic poetry, and its objectives; the second part: the role of the political situation in the spread and development of satire in Egypt. The second section focuses on: the satirical style in Egypt, its most important representatives, main attitudes, and causes. This section is also divided into three parts: the first part: poets who wrote satire in Egypt from the 4th to the 7th century; the second part: the various fields of satire and the most important topics it addressed; the third part: the reasons for the formation of the field of satire and its most significant causes. The research aims to shed light on this field and contribute to the literature in this area.

Migration and Displacement in Arabic Literature

Ayşe KAŞ — 2024-12-13

The theme of migration and immigration has occupied a significant place in Arabic literature throughout history. This theme particularly focuses on the sufferings and hopes of those subjected to oppression. Poets have expressed their love and longing for the special places where their lives unfolded through verses that summarize history. The difficulties that migration imposes on the human body and soul, as well as the emotional and physical hardships experienced during this journey, are frequently addressed topics in Arabic poetry. The phenomenon of migration has important historical and religious reflections. In Islamic history, the migration of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina has often been a subject in Arabic poetry, symbolizing resistance against oppression and the beginning of a new era.

This study aims to examine how the theme of migration and immigration is treated in Arabic literature and how this theme is reflected in the works of poets. Migration is considered not only as a physical movement but also as a spiritual journey that drives individuals to struggle. Poets view migration as a phenomenon that opens doors to new cultures, offers new identities, and signifies stepping into a new life. It can be said that this journey, even if compulsory, leads to profound and meaningful interpretations from the perspectives of immigrants.

Qualitative research methods were applied in this study, and the findings were evaluated through observation and analysis. Since our study examines the poems of poets who address the themes of migration and immigration in Arabic literature from a literary and socio-cultural perspective, it is important to consider the social impacts in the poems. This article, which brings literature to the forefront as a dynamic that strengthens inter-societal bonds, is expected to serve as a model for other studies. In this context, the theme of migration has been thoroughly examined in Arabic literature.

Israel's 2023 Gaza Attack in the Context of Critical Discourse Analysis: The Example of BBC and Al Jazeera

Gülfem KURTÜmran AKGEDİK — 2024-12-13

Discourse, which is the name given to the approach used to express an idea, has been tried to be analyzed in various ways and has been the subject of research for years. Many analysis methods have been introduced especially for this purpose and have been used in various ways in studies since the 1980s. While conducting discourse analysis, analysis methods of disciplines such as linguistics, sociology, psychology, semiotics and anthropology were inspired and discourse analysis methods were developed and introduced by many linguists. It can be said that especially news are the tools in which discourse analysis is most used. Because the words, phrases and expressions used in the news language, as a result of the political stance of the media organization, can be very diverse and variable, causing the same news to appear differently in many different presses. The power of these media organs to influence public opinion is an undeniable fact.

This study examines the discourse analysis of the news headlines in the BBC and Al Jazeera Arabic print media between October 2023 and January 2024 regarding the Gaza-Israel events that started on October 7, 2023. In the analysis of the study, Teun van Dijk's critical discourse analysis model was used. Within the scope of the research, 12 news headlines published on both media sites on the same day were comparatively discussed, and the harmony and relationship between the language used in the news headlines and the context were examined. Answers were sought to the questions of whether there were differences in discourse between the news of the two channels in question. As a result of the analysis, some differences in the discourses in the news headlines of the two media organizations were identified and presented comparatively.

Teaching Culture in Foreign Language Teaching and Activity Suggestions for Teachin Culture in Arabic Teaching

Mahmut MANSURAyşe İSPİR KURUN — 2024-12-13

Individuals within a society construct their culture through communication, and the most important tool for facilitating communication within a society is language. Language not only enables the formation of culture but is also deeply influenced by the characteristics of that culture. Therefore, language and culture cannot be considered independently of each other. It is impossible for individuals who wish to learn the language of a society to fully grasp it without understanding that society's cultural structure and values. Teaching a language in isolation from its cultural context hinders the effective understanding and use of that language. From this perspective, the teaching of cultural competence in foreign language education has become increasingly important. The communicative approach, in particular, advocates for the inclusion of the cultural context of the target language in foreign language teaching. This approach posits that language is not merely a means of communication but also reflects the emotional responses, social norms, and cultural rituals of the society in which it is spoken. Teaching cultural elements such as the emotional reactions of native speakers in various situations, the activities carried out on important days and holidays, general fashion styles, and culinary preferences is crucial for the more effective learning and use of a foreign language. In this study, the concepts of language, communication, and culture are first examined in detail. The cultural context and communicative function of language are discussed, highlighting the role of culture in language learning. Subsequently, general cultural teaching techniques that can be applied in foreign language education are presented. These techniques are designed to help language learners understand cultural contexts and integrate them into their language use. Finally, suggestions for activities on how these techniques can be utilized in teaching Arabic as a foreign language are provided. These suggestions aim to help Arabic learners use the language more effectively and in a manner that is appropriate to its cultural context.

Analysis of Tawfik al-Hakim's Short Story "A Black Night"

İbrahim Ethem POLAT Gürkan DAĞBAŞI ,Murat ÖZCAN — 2024-12-13

The short story stands out as a genre in itself, especially in the last century, by distinguishing itself from the story genre that has existed for centuries, both oral and written, in Arabic Literature, which has a deep-rooted and rich history. The short story genre, which benefited from translation at the beginning of its development, has gradually found its own original identity; It has addressed many different issues about Arab society, such as religion and religious perception, education and illiteracy, the situation of women, economy, and social disorders. Muhammed Teymur's story "On the Train" is generally accepted as the first example of a modern short story. Following this work written in Egypt, short stories dealing with different subjects were written in different Arab countries, and over time, this literary genre became one of the most important branches of Arabic Literature. Tawfik al-Hakim is one of the most prominent writers of Arabic Literature. Throughout his life, he wrote more than seventy plays, eleven novels and hundreds of short stories. Although the author is known and prominent especially for his theater works, he also has many novels and hundreds of short stories. In this study, Tawfik el-Hakim's story called Black Night was examined from different aspects such as subject, cast of characters, time and place, style and narrative technique. The subject of the short story is a difficult situation that a deputy prosecutor in a rural part of Egypt went through in about a day. As a result of the analysis, a descriptive language is used in the short story, dialogues, analogies and descriptions are abundantly criticized and thus ensures the fluency of the short story, the cast of characters is limited, the narrator narrates an event that has happened to him in the hero-narrator format through the first person with an observational embroidery pain, the short story It is related to the social realism that it takes place in a hot July day, in a place that is far from the provincial center and can be reached after passing dangerous field roads, and that conflicts between families/tribes occur due to trivial reasons, which occurred frequently in the past and are sometimes seen today, but cause the death or injury of many people. It has been concluded that he studied a subject.

The Impact of Media on Communication between Turkish and Syrian Students

Ayşe Maze SOYLUMaide Pınar ÖZCAN ,Erdinç DOĞRU — 2024-12-13

in 2011, due to the civil war that broke out in Syria, Syrians started to migrate to Turkiye
periodically. These migration movements have caused some incompatibilities between Turkish citizens and
Syrian refugees over the years. The incompatibilities have brought along many misleading news published in
the media. The reflections of these news have affected many areas of life, including education. It has caused
problems in relations between Turkish and Syrian students who study together in Turkiye. The aim of this
study is to provide data on how the communication between Turkish and Syrian students studying in the
same class can be improved through direct or indirect ways. This study was conducted in a school in Ankara
where Turkish and Syrian students study together. The participants of the study were, 2 teachers, a guidance
counselor, a school vice principal and 14 students studying in the 9th grade. Within the scope of the project
the effect of unfiltered news shared in media outlets on students is discussed and it has been found that it
negatively affects the communication between students. It was determined that students who believe the
unfiltered news they receive through social media without verifying its accuracy exhibit negative behaviors
towards Syrian students in the classroom environment. As a result of the studies conducted, it was observed
that communication and empathy developed positively between the students and Syrian students who showed
a more conscious approach to the news they encountered on social media. The findings were discussed in the
light of the relevant literature and recommendations on the subject were presented.

One of the Heroes of Ottoman War Hıstory: Dagestanlı Muhammed Fazıl Pasha and Two Elegıes ın Arabıc Wrıtten about Hım

Muhammet Emin UZUNYAYLALI — 2024-12-13

The immigrant population, which emerged as a result of the migration movements that were concentrated in Istanbul and Anatolia as a result of the territorial losses experienced by the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and 20th centuries, was evaluated by the Ottoman administration in military and civil fields. The Dagestan Cavalry Division, led by Gazi Muhammed, the son of Sheikh Shamil, the symbol of the Caucasian resistance, and with Muhammed Fazıl Pasha as its second in command, was formed as part of this strategy. Muhammed Fazıl Pasha, who contributed to the achievement of many military successes, especially in the context of the 93rd War, with his serdengeçti moves on the battlefields and superior military merits, managed to attract the attention of Sultan Abdulhamid II on various occasions and rose to the rank of aide-de-camp to the Sultan in a short time. With his heroism reminiscent of fairy-tale heroes and his strength that pushed the limits of human reason, Muhammed Fazıl Pasha, whose name was passed from mouth to mouth as an embodiment of heroism within the Yıldız Palace and Ottoman military staff, managed to gain a permanent place in the showcase of Ottoman war history with his discipline and loyalty to the caliphate. Serving for many years as the “Cavalry Brigade Brigade” in Iraq, Fazıl Pasha played an active and effective role in suppressing rebellions by strengthening his relations with the Arab and Kurdish tribes in the region. Showing superior efforts to unite the people of the region under a single flag without caring about their ethnic affiliation, like an iron fist inside a velvet glove, Fazıl Pasha managed to gain an exceptional place in the memory of the people of the region as an unforgettable hero in the Iraqi region. Muhammed Fazıl Pasha, one of the leaders of the Kut al-Amare victory where Turkish determination broke the British stubbornness, managed to repel the British attacks on Ebter Hill on March 8, 1916 and became a martyr with a piece of shrapnel hitting his body. This study will touch upon the life of Muhammed Fazıl Pasha and present the elegies written in Arabic by Iraqi poets Jamil Sidki al-Zahavi and Muhammed Naci al-Kishtini after his martyrdom and their Turkish translations.

The Place of Coffee in Arab Culture

İbrahim ÜNALAN — 2024-12-13

Coffee is one of the subjects whose etymological history and discovery are not fully known, and there are various narrations and thoughts on this subject. It is rumored that coffee grows in the Kaffa region of Ethiopia and that is where its name comes from. It is also thought that coffee comes from the word al-kahve, which means wine. In the early periods, Arabs used the word Kahvetu'l-bunn for coffee. The history of coffee in Arabs dates back to ancient times, and it is predicted that it was first discovered in the Arab geography and then spread to other societies. While coffee's stimulating, sleep- and appetite-reducing properties are seen positively by Sufi people who pray until the morning, the association of coffee with the word wine has caused it to be perceived as haram. Although coffee was banned among Arab communities for a while, over time it managed to become embedded in Arab folk culture. Coffee is used in everything from gastronomy to literary products, weddings, death, etc. customs have found a place in many areas of Arab culture. This study briefly mentions the etymological characteristics and discovery of the word coffee, and narrations and narratives on the subject are included. The symbolic value of coffee in Arab folk culture is revealed and the place of coffee in traditional medicine/folk medicine is stated. The stages of coffee preparation, from branch to serving, are mentioned. Additionally, the treatment of coffee has been mentioned in literary genres such as poetry and travelogues. There are literature reviews on the subject such as theses, articles, books, travelogues, etc. using the sources, the place of coffee in Arab folk culture has been revealed.

Uyghur Turks and the Image of China in Arabic Language and Literature Writer Najib al-Kîlânî's Novel titled Turkistan Nights

Bekir YILDIRIM — 2024-12-13

One of the issues that have occupied humanity for nearly two centuries is the harrowing events in East Turkistan. This persecution is brought to the world agenda from time to time through oral and written means. It is unthinkable for literature to stay away from what is happening. There have been those who have written about what happened from the Uyghurs themselves and other communities. One of the authors who dealt with what happened outside the Uyghur Turk is the Egyptian Najib al-Kîlânî, the author of the novel Leyâlî Türkistan / Turkistan Nights. In the aforementioned work, he deals with the atrocities committed by the Chinese in Turkestan between 1931-1951 and the resistance of the Muslim Uyghur Turks of East Turkestan. In this study, the image of Turks and China will be discussed within the framework of this novel. Since there are many theses and articles on the life of Najib al-Kīlānī, his bibliography is mentioned very briefly. In order to understand the subject, information about the term image and the history of East Turkestan is given first. The original text and translation of the texts related to images are mentioned, and since the main axis of the study is image, the styles used by the author are also mentioned superficially.The image created about the Chinese in the novel is that the Chinese are revolutionary, try to marry Turkish girls by force, massacre mercilessly, try to trample the holy places of Uyghur Turks, are untrustworthy, and have materialistic thoughts. As for the image of Uyghur Turks, the author portrays Muslim Uyghur Turks as loyal to their values and trying to defend their land. He also reveals that some of them believe that the problem can be solved through peace negotiations with the Chinese, while others cooperate with the Chinese. Although there are many studies on the work, it is important because there is no other study that deals with the subject in terms of image. The work is important because it is one of the first books written in the field of literature describing the events of 1931-1951 in East Turkistan.

Homeland and Exile in Duna Gali’s Novel Menazilu’l-Vahşe

Mohammed ALFRHAD Osman DÜZGÜN — 2024-12-13

People, along with their compatriots, often experience fluctuations in their lives, both within their countries and abroad. Since love for the homeland is a common spiritual element and a human instinct shared across different races and beliefs, individuals begin to feel a deep sense of loss when they are forced to leave their homeland or lose their identity. Consequently, people seek various ways to express themselves in an effort to alleviate the pain of their harsh reality. At times, they depict this reality through various artistic methods, while at other times, they attempt to go against reality by using alternative forms of narration that compel readers to imagine and reflect. Today, the novel stands out among literary genres as one that endeavors to portray reality in all its dimensions. Iraqi novels have distinguished themselves with this characteristic since their inception, as Iraq’s reality is one of constant hardship and struggle, which has had a profound impact on the production of novels. This painful reality has driven some authors to live their lives beyond the borders of their homeland. Duna Gali, in particular, has experienced the sense of alienation brought on by exile and the distance from her homeland, and has found herself in search of identity in a world where longing for her country obstructs the enjoyment of life. Through her literary works in general, and her novels in particular, Gali has sought to challenge this reality. This study will explore how the author addresses the concepts of homeland and exile in her novel Menazilu’l-Vahşe and will examine the messages she aims to convey to the reader through these themes. Keywords: Homeland, Exile, Novels, Duna Gali, Menazilu’l-Vahşe (Homes of Deprivation).

Gif and Confeptual Field in Old Türkiye Türkish

Ebru ALAGÖZ BOYRAZ — 2024-12-13

The concept of gift, which is defined as something given to brighten up the day, to make someone happy, to honor, to celebrate or given as a memory, has been used as a means of communication since the times that can be traced through writing. The concept of gift and gift-giving allows people belonging to a community to comment on both their own relationships and their relationships with other communities. At the same time, when the qualities of the gifts given are examined, it is an issue that should be evaluated in a psychological and socio-economic context as it can give clues about many issues such as the way of life, culture, material and spiritual values of the people of that society. In Turkish culture, gifts can also be given to a loved one without any reason, or they can be given to each other by married people (they may be engaged, they may not be young) or given by the guests to the married couple due to various social situations, or given by the host to the guest or the guest to the host. Gifts given as a sign of courtesy act as social glue and establish loyalty by affecting the interaction and communication between individuals positively. Vocabulary studies are significant in terms of showing the exchange of words between languages and thus the exchange of culture. With the determination of the vocabulary on the subject of gifts, the words of foreign origin used in the Old Türkiye Turkish Period and the vocabulary that has passed from Turkish to other languages will be shown.

Old Türkiye Turkish is the written language in the first period of the Turkish language covering the XIII-XV. centuries of the Turkish language with the establishment of the Anatolian Seljuk State. In this period, which covers the last periods of the Anatolian Seljuks, the period of the Principalities and the transition period to Ottoman Turkish, it is seen that a simple Turkish language is used. In this study, the vocabulary on the subject of gift was tried to be determined by scanning the works of Old Turkish. Since major language changes were observed in the Ottoman Turkish period, the works of this period were not included in the study.

The data obtained were classified according to the purpose of the gift. A total of forty-four words were reached, including two for gifts with the meaning of a gift, five for gifts given for marriage, eleven for gifts given as a result of good news, thirteen for gifts given for goodness and help, three for gifts given to guests, four for gifts given as a result of a job or as a reward, and two for gifts given for inappropriate jobs. This number is very valuable in terms of showing the importance given to the concept of gift in Turkish culture. The fact that the concept of gift for Turks and the vocabulary related to its field are frequently encountered in texts from the periods that can be traced in written works to the present day shows that this cultural element continues without losing its importance.

The Nine Bonds of Existence in Buddhist Teachings: Navasaṃyojana

Sümeyra ALAN — 2024-12-13

Navasaṃyojana is considered one of the central doctrines of Buddhism and represents the bonds that prevent human liberation from the samsaric cycle. This concept has been studied in depth in Buddhist teachings and has been an important focus for practitioners. Navasaṃyojana, meaning the nine fetters of existence, includes factors such as sensual desires, egoism, ignorance, and jealousy, and refers to human attachments in the samsaric cycle. These attachments are considered to be the main factors that prevent Buddhist practitioners from progressing on the path to enlightenment. Understanding this concept can help Buddhist practitioners to explore their own inner processes more deeply and advance on the path to enlightenment. Understanding and studying Navasaṃyojana is a critical step on the path to liberation from the samsaric cycle (nirvana) and is a fundamental requirement for Buddhist practice. In terms of practical results, understanding Navasaṃyojana can help people live more consciously and find inner peace and happiness. For Buddhist practitioners, understanding and applying this concept is an essential part of spiritual development and supports progress on the path to enlightenment. The concept of Navasaṃyojana represents the bonds that are at the core of Buddhism and prevent human liberation from the samsaric cycle. In this study, the concept of Navasaṃyojana, which is deeply rooted in Buddhism and has a critical importance for practitioners, will be emphasised on its meaning, importance and effects in practice, and clues will be given on how Buddhist practitioners can progress towards liberation from these bonds. After providing detailed information about the terms in Old Uighur Turkish, examples of the use of the given information will be presented to the reader through the works of the period.

The Orthography of the Velar Consonant /ŋ/ in Late Ottoman Turkish Works in Latin Letters

Ayhan BAYRAK — 2024-12-13

The velar consonant /ŋ/ is one of the primary sounds of Turkish. This sound is included in the
Köktürk alphabetic texts, which are one of the oldest known written sources of Turkish. In Köktürk texts, the
consonants /ɲ/ and /n/ are also found along with this sound. These consonants were shown with different letters
in the texts. The consonant /ŋ/, which was also used in works written in Uyghur, Sogdian, Mani and old Brahmi
alphabets, was shown in a special way in Arabic letter texts of Ottoman Turkish. With the transition to the
Latin alphabet in Türkiye Turkish, the /ŋ/ consonant was no longer shown in writing. It is known that the Latin
alphabet was also used, although not much, in the late Ottoman Turkish period. Especially in many works
written by orientalists, Turkish words were written with both Arabic and Latin letters. Was the /ŋ/ consonant
shown in works where the Latin alphabet was used? If so, how was it shown? If not, what was the reason for
this? In this study, it is aimed to find answers to these questions. In order to find answers to these questions,
15 works having been written between 1890 and 1911, in which both Latin and Arabic and only Latin letters
were used, were examined. The spelling of 10 words containing the /ŋ/ consonant in historical texts, such as
anlamak (understand), benzemek (resemble), deniz (sea), were determined on these works. In spellings used
Arabic letters, the velar /ŋ/ was shown differently from the alveolar /n/. In words where the velar /ŋ/ turned
into the alveolar /n/ sound, the letter ﻦ was used. In spellings used Latin letters, some writers indicated this
sound with ñ, n, ng while others did not use a letter or sign to distinguish this sound, and they also indicated
the /ŋ/ sound in the words with the letter n. That the /ŋ/ consonant is often represented with the letter n indicates
the change or development of /ŋ/ > /n/. In the words examined, it is seen that other consonants were used
instead of the velar consonant in 91 of 170 spellings. Alveolar consonants were used in 82 of these 91 spellings.
Both /ŋ/ and /n/ consonants were used in 17 orthographies. The main reason for the /ŋ/ > /n/ or /ŋ/ ~ /n/ phonetic
events seen in spellings is the difference in the formant frequencies of the consonants. The formant frequency
of the /ŋ/ consonant is higher than that of the /n/ consonant. The articulation point of the /ŋ/ consonant is further
back than the /n/ consonant. For these reasons, it is much more difficult to articulate the velar consonant /ŋ/
than to articulate the alveolar consonant /n/. In this case, due to the rule of least effort, the velar consonant /ŋ/
turned into the alveolar consonant /n/. This phonetic change was also gradually reflected in writing.

An Evaulation On Old Turkish Fortune Telling

Nurdan BENLİ — 2024-12-13

Since the existence of human beings, interest and fears about the unknown have created the tradition of prophecy based on humanity’s experiences. Predictions, intuition and cultural interpretations based on material and spiritual elements have led to the emergence of varius fortune-telling traditions. Fortuna telling texts written in two different alphabets in the texts of the Old Turkish period of the Turks also contain comments and teachings. It is known that the tradition of prphecy in Chinese culture, one of the ancient traditions, affects Turkish Cultural life with political closeness and interaction. It is an undeniable fact that the same interactions occurs from the Turks to the Chinese society. In addition to these mutual interactions, the differences in some societies appoaches are also known. Research on Irk Bitig and Körüm Bitig agree that Irk Bitig may be a copyrighted work in terms of structure and style, and Körüm Bitig may be an independent translation from Chinese fortune-telling book. When two fortune-telling texts are considered in terms of the most common issues in fortune-telling, their commonality can be guide in terms of fortune-telling tradition. As a matter of fact, having a son, riding a horse, increasing the number of horses, sitting on the throne oh the khan, drying of grass, comments about pots and pans, beliefs about the swan bird, etc. The fotunes are commonalities seen in both fortune-telling books. The meanings of these partnerships in Turkish and Chinese culture will contribute to the ability to interpret the origin of fortune-telling. Irk Bitig is a work that is more compatible with the steppe culture in terms of the treatment of subjects. The content of the work consist of fortune telling based on life in nature. Although Körüm Bitig was written in an instructive style based on more abstract themes, common denominators were revealed and interpreted in both works. Accordingly, when the common issues in fortune telling are considered in terms of Turkish culture and Chinese culture, it has been revealed that some fortunes can be considered as common acceptances of human beings, some fortunes are heavily equipped with traces of Turkish culture in terms of content, and some interpretations do not match the Chinese culture and thus can be original. Accordingly, the common fortunes in Irk Bitig and Körüm Bitig reflect Turkish cultural elements. In particular, the interpretations that Irak Bitig may be a copyrighted work and Körüm Bitig may be an independent work from the translated work have been supported.

An Evaluation of Studies on Jadidism in Uzbekistan During the Mirziyoyev Era

Shakhida TASHBAYEVASuat BEYLUR — 2024-12-13

A new era began in Uzbekistan with Shavkat Mirziyoyev's presidency in 2016. This period has been marked by a noticeable modernization process driven by broad and comprehensive reforms across economic, political, social, and cultural domains. Efforts to revive and strengthen national identity have been central to this transformation. Within this context, research on Jadidism has significantly increased, reflecting the emphasis placed on it by the new administration. Uzbekistan has been one of the key centers of the Jadidist movement, which aimed to foster societal progress in all areas by reforming institutions such as education, culture, and economy. Intellectuals like Munavvar Qori Abdurashid, Ahmed Danish, Mahmudhoja Behbudi, Ishon Khoja Hani, and Abdullah Avloni hold a crucial place in both the political and intellectual awakening of modern Uzbekistan and the broader Turkic world. This study examines research conducted on Jadidism in Uzbekistan after 2016, utilizing sources compiled from existing literature and academic platforms such as Google Scholar and ResearchGate. Serving as an introduction to more comprehensive studies, this research reveals a notable increase in the number of scientific activities and state support for studies on Jadidism during President Mirziyoyev’s tenure compared to the post-independence period. Additionally, it finds that these studies have diversified in scope since 2016 and establishes a direct link between the legacy of Jadidists and the processes of democratization and reconstruction in Uzbekistan.

On the Dominance of Derivational Suffixes in Turkish

Sabire Ceren DEMİR — 2024-12-13

In the study, the thesis that free morphemes work as meaning builders is defended and the view that there may be a natural attraction between bound morphemes and free morphemes based on the meaning established is put forward. While discussing the dominance of morphemes, the study is limited to derivational morpheme from free morphemes. Determining the semantic properties of bound morphemes and determining the connections between morphology and semantics, thus approaching the language from a holistic perspective, is important in terms of opening the mysterious doors of the language. Before a word can be derived, a meaning or notion must first be needed. This order of need also determines the order of the meaning category to be included. When a word needs more than one derivational morpheme, the first meaning is established with the derivational morpheme, and then the second meaning is established with a new derivational morpheme. The order of attachment of the derivational morphemes to the word is based on causality, and this causality is directly related to meaning. It is necessary to focus on suffixes by making evaluations from different aspects through both diachronic and synchronous studies in different fields of linguistics. In this study, bound morphemes will be examined from a different perspective and the following questions will be emphasised: Is there a natural inflection between the free morpheme / word and the bound morpheme / suffix in Turkish, and if so, which one is more dominant? Could the introduction of bound morphemes into the word be based on a conscious choice? For example, is there a natural selection as well as a causality relationship when the derivational suffix and the word come together? In other words, does the derivational suffix choose the word or the word choose the suffix? The aim of the study is to look at the structure analysis of the language from a different perspective by looking at bound morphemes with a new understanding.

Muwallah Dervishes in ʿAlī Shīr Nawāyī’s “Nasā’im al-maḥabba min Şamā’imi al-Futuvve”

Mislina DERDİYOK — 2024-12-13

From the 13th century onwards, there were “muwallah dervishes” who lived in Damascus and Anatolia, who came to the fore with their strange actions, but who aroused a sacred respect in the eyes of people with some of their miracles. “Muwallah dervishes” lived in ruins, mosques, masjids and tekkes. On the one hand, these dervishes lived an ascetic life away from society without accepting the help of people. These dervishes, who preferred a muwelleh lifestyle, were targeted by some religious scholars because they did not belong to any sect. Contrary to this situation, it is known that “muwallah dervishes” were respected by people in important positions, from the rulers of the period they lived in to state administrators, and that they took care to seek their opinions. Information about these dervishes is found in the work of Ibn al-Sarrāj, one of the Rifāı̇̄ Sufis who lived in the 14th century, titled “Tashviku al-arvāh va al-kulūb ilā zikri allāmi al-guyūb”. The traces of the muwallah dervishes discussed in this work are also found in ʿAlī Shīr Nawāyı̇̄’s “Nasā’im al-mahabba min şamā’imi al-futuvve ”. In this study, the concept of “muwallah” and the soufi aspects of “muwallah dervishes”, the soufi school influenced by them and their historical development will be discussed. After giving a brief information on Nawāyı̇̄'s work “Nasā’im al-maḥabba”, the names of muwallah-type dervishes mentioned in this work will be listed in items and tried to be witnessed. The number of muvelleh dervishes identified in this work is 20 and the places where each of them is mentioned in the work will be shown. Some evaluations such as the identities and titles of the muwallah-type dervishes in this work of Nawāyı̇̄ will be explained.

Proverbs and the Stories Behind Them in Iranian Azerbaijani Turkish (Darabad Village Example)

Mina DOLATI — 2024-12-13

Proverbs contain a society's thoughts, feelings, and identity. The purpose of proverbs, which are considered a valuable vocabulary source, is to educate the public. Proverbs reflect the social values of a society. Therefore, examining proverbs helps recognize society's values and identity. A short story often accompanies instructive advice. However, these stories can be forgotten over time and can only be passed on to the next generations as educational words and proverbs. On the other hand, some proverbs are widely used by the whole society, while others are used regionally. Therefore, proverbs that are known by fewer people and the stories behind them are in danger of being forgotten, and their detection is vital in terms of folklore and vocabulary. Many Turkish languages and dialects are spoken in the Iranian geography. However, the fact that the written language in the country is Persian affects the Turkish language. Therefore, identifying materials compiled from the region will also serve the Turkish language. This study aims to identify the sayings and the stories behind them used in the Darabad village in the west of Iran. Due to social conditions, many people living in the village, especially young people, migrate to big cities, and therefore, the village population is gradually decreasing. The people under the influence of Persian, the dominant language, are moving away from their language and culture over time. In this case, identifying proverbs, which are essential products of language and culture, becomes even more critical. Thus, along with introducing folk products in a little-known village in the Turkish world, identifying these proverbs will also help their transmission between generations. The materials used in the study were compiled in July 2019.

Grape Names And Names Related To Grape In Elazıg

Tuğba GÖKBAYIRMehtap SUİÇER — 2024-12-13

Grape is one of the oldest fruits of human history, grown in different geographies for centuries. Grape, which has an important place among fruit species, is estimated to have over 15.000 species. It is known that there are more than 1200 grape varieties in our country. Since grapes are grown in many regions in Turkey, there are many local grape varieties with different characteristics and aromas. It is inevitable that the language of the lands where this fruit, which has such a deep-rooted history, takes place in the vocabulary. It is quite inevitable that Turkish society, which has grown grapes, used in the treatment of diseases, produced molasses and wine since the Uyghur period, includes grapes in their vocabulary. This richness of Turkish, which has a rich vocabulary in terms of grape names and nomenclatures related to grapes, also shows itself in Turkey Turkish dialects. In Elazig, which is suitable for grape cultivation in terms of climate and soil structure, many unique grape species are seen. Each of these grapes has its own unique name. The dialect of Elazığ contains many grape names such as Köhnü, Ağın Kırmızısı, Kore, Ağınar, Ternebi, Zehni, Cevzeni, Hasani, Keşbir, Ağın Beyazı and Şilfoni, especially the famous Öküzgözü and Boğazkere varieties. In this statement, the names of local grape species unique to Elazig Dialect will be determined and classified according to their meanings. In addition, the names of the products made from grape fruit and the terms related to viticulture in Elazig will be revealed.

An Analysis On Turkish Vocabulary on Ibni Muhenna Dictionary

Emine GÜLER — 2024-12-13

Dictionaries are the main reference sources containing the vocabulary of a language. In the diachronic studies to be conducted on the vocabulary of languages, grammar and dictionary studies prepared directly by the authors of the period are important in addition to the dictionaries prepared based on the vocabulary of the works written in historical dialects. Because the geography and historical period in which the author lived provides data on the cultural existence of the period together with the words. For this reason, lexicography studies have been of interest not only to language researchers but also to different disciplines. The work discussed in this study is a thematic dictionary in Arabic-Persian, Arabic-Turkish, Arabic-Mongolian and a grammar book explaining the grammatical rules of these languages written in Azerbaijan or Iraq in the second half of the 13th century. It was written by Ibni Mühennâ during the reign of the Ilkhanid State founded by the Mongols. The language of the work is Arabic and from this point of view, it is thought that the purpose of writing the work is to teach the Arabs the valid languages of the period. Considering the grammatical explanations in the work and the vocabulary prepared according to the concept areas, the work is considered to be the first work in the field of teaching Turkish to foreigners. The sixth copy of the work, five copies of which are in European libraries, is called Hilyetü’l-insān ve Helbetü’l-lisān. While the language features of the Turkish part of the work are evaluated as the dialect of the local Turkish people of the Ilkhanid region (Azerbaijani literary Turkish) in the European copies, the language of the Istanbul copy has the features of Eastern Turkish (Khwarezm Turkish). In this study, among the words in the Turkish part of this copy, the ones whose foreign-origin equivalents have become widespread in Turkey Turkish will be analyzed in terms of meaning and structure, and these words will be discussed diachronically. Thus, based on the vocabulary of Ibni Mühennâ Lügati, it will be determined that there are equivalents in historical dialects for the words of foreign origin in Turkish.

Ya- Verbs in Old Turkic in the Context of Basic Derivatives

Galip GÜNER — 2024-12-13

In this study, the *ya- verb, one of the root verbs of Turkish, has been examined based on its derivatives and utilizing the principles of etymology. The primary aim of the study is to reveal the existence of multiple *ya- verbs in their root form in Old Turkic. In this context, the existence of *ya- verbs has been approached as a whole through phonetic, morphological, and semantic rules, based solely on the root and stem forms of nouns and verbs identified from Old Turkic texts. The study has been limited to selected examples from Old Turkic texts, and an examination has been conducted based on examples where etymological explanation is possible. After the examinations based on basic derivatives, it has been observed that there are five different meanings of the *ya- verb in Old Turkic. These are: 1. to spread, lay out, lay down; 2. to be close, approach; 3. to emit light, shine; 4. to make a mistake, be mistaken; and 5. to place on top, cover, close, stick, which correspond to the meanings of the *ya- verb.

Examples of Lesson Plans in the Action-Oriented Language Teaching Process for Basic, Intermediate and Advanced Levels of Oral Heritage Book within the Framework of Piktes Outcomes in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language

Mesut GÜNElif ALKAN — 2024-12-13

Language is the totality of the phenomena that humanity produces in production. In this respect, every element produced contributes to the formation of culture. Language, which has a dynamic structure with the accumulations from the past to the present, is a structure that nourishes itself. In this respect, it is known that it is not a correct understanding to directly present the grammatical patterns of the language in the process of teaching Turkish as a foreign language. Qualifying the student as a social actor with cultural elements in the learning process ensures permanent learning.

Based on this, the study aims to present the lesson plan examples created by the analysis of the cultural elements that are considered to have an important place in Turkish culture in each level of the basic, i intermediate and advanced level boks named Oral Heritage in the Language Teaching Portal in the Education Information Network (EBA) in the process of teaching Turkish as a foreign language. The lesson plan examples prepared with these analyses are discussed within the framework of PİKTES achievements. The research design consists of the importance of the boks named Oral Heritage in the Education Information Network (EBA) within the teaching of Turkish as a foreign language, vocabulary elements, fairy tales, shadow play, middle play, and the contribution of these elements to action-oriented teaching.

The research is limited by not covering all the vocabulary elements in the Oral Heritage boks created at the basic, intermediate, and advanced levels, within the scope of the research, lesson plan examples that include four basic skills are presented based on the Oral Heritage book whose relevant sections have been examined. In addition, the analysis of fairy tales, shadow play, and middle play has been done and it has been determined that these contents are suitable for the teaching process.

Possessive Compounds (Bahuvrihi Compounds) In Turkish

Gülşah KADEM — 2024-12-13

This study focuses on the structural and semantic aspects of exocentric possessive
compounds in Turkish. Compound words, which are lexicalized forms created by combining at least
two bases in various ways and whose meanings differ from the meanings of the individual bases used
alone, have been classified from morphological, syntactic, and semantic perspectives in many studies
(Van Schaaik, 2002; Scalise-Bisetto, 2009; Çürük, 2017, etc.). In the literature, possessive
compounds, also known as bahuvrihi compounds (Bloomfield, 1933; Erdal, 2004; Bauer, 2019;
Bisetto-Melloni, 2008, etc.), express an entity through the features it possesses and are semantically
exocentric compounds in which the entity whose feature is expressed is not included in the
compound. In exocentric compounds, the head, which semantically governs the compound and
determines its overall meaning, is external. This study will focus on the definition and characteristics
of possessive compounds (bahuvrihi compounds), a subtype of exocentric compounds, and then
examine examples obtained from the GTS (Current Turkish Dictionary). The bases on which
possessive compounds are formed will be evaluated in terms of both derivational and inflectional
morphology. In the study, possessive compounds will be classified according to the lexical category
of the bases forming the compound. Additionally, the meaning phenomena in possessive compounds
will be discussed. The conceptual formation of possessive compounds will be examined with a focus
on metaphor and metonymy. The relationship between the words will be presented through the
meaning intended to be conveyed by this relationship. Furthermore, compound words with base
formations that have not been described or classified in previous studies will be evaluated both
formally and semantically.

Common Aspects of Generosity in Kutadgu Bilig and Hayretü'l Ebrar

Ravza KAYGUSUZ — 2024-12-13

In this study, the common aspects of the concept of generosity are emphasized in the work named Hayretü'l Ebrar, which is one of the five masnavis of Kutadgu Bilig and Ali Şîr Nevaî, which is written by Yusuf Has Hâcip and is also one of the important sources of Islamic period Turkish literature. The study consists of eight titles. These are, The name of the generous lives on, Be balanced in generosity, Generosity is good, Miserliness is bad, A generous person is one who shares one's possessions, One does not boast of one's generosity, A generous person earns by his right, He who is generous is exalted, A generous person has dignity. There are some words that express the concept of generosity in both works. In the sense of "generosity", the words "akı" are used in Kutadgu Bilig, and the words "saḫâ", "saḫâvet" are used in Hayretü'l Ebrar. While there are praises about the concept of generosity in the couplets, it is said that the excess of it is waste, and some of these couplets are explained with hadiths and references. It has been stated that generosity should not be done to show off and be valued in the eyes of others, but to earn the approval of Allah sincerely and to extend a hand to humanity. It has been stated that one should do it willingly, not by force, while showing openness of hands, and that a charity done by force is not considered generosity. At the same time, St. The generosity of Muhammad and the generosity of Khatami Tai are also mentioned, revealing how sublime this behavior is. The concept of stinginess, which is the opposite of this behavior, has also been criticized. Hâcip and Nevaî benefited from binary oppositions while explaining these two concepts. In Kutadgu Bilig, it is stated that the names of the stingy people are bad and they deserve to be insulted, and it is expressed in Hayretü'l Ebrar that stinginess is the worst of the adjectives. XI. YY. Kutadgu Bilig belonging to the first Turkish-Islamic civilization and XV. YY. When Hayretü'l Ebrar, written in the geography of Turkestan, is compared, it is seen that generosity is considered as a good behavior, stinginess should be reproached, and at the same time, generosity should be balanced while being generous. It has been revealed that the concept of "generosity" in the Turkish-Islamic thought system continues with similarity in Karahanli and Çağatay societies.

Nazire Ghazal Written by Ferrî in Syllabic Verse and Art of Anagram

Mehmet KIRBIYIK — 2024-12-13

In this study, first of all, the characteristics of syllabic meter are mentioned; divan poets who use this meter, and examples of poems written in syllabic meter in divan poetry are referred. Ferrî (d. 1807-8), one of the 18th century divan poets with a divan which can be considered as voluminous, has two ghazals written in syllabic meter in one of the divan copies. One of these ghazals, which constitutes the main subject of our study, is a nazire (in literature, a poem usually a ghazal written in the same meter and rhyme by another poet.), as Ferrî clearly states, to the ghazal of Sa‘dî from Kastamonu, another 18th century divan poet, written in aruz meter. The ghazal of Sa‘dî from Kastamonu, which is a model poem (a poem that is a nazire by another poet), is also a nazire (in aruz meter), as the poet explicitly states, to the ghazal of Nâbî (d. 1712), the founder of the wise style and considered a master by many poets, whose ghazal has the redif (repeated word after the rhyme) "bozundısıdır" and is a primary poem (the first poem for which nazire(s) were written). Instead of Nâbî’s poem, who is known as the master, Ferrî preferred to write a nazire to the ghazal of his contemporary and friend Sa‘dî from Kastamonu, according to his statements. He wrote this ghazal in syllabic meter, rather than in aruz, the meter in which the model poem and the primary poem were written. Unlike the model poem and the primary poem, he wrote this ghazal as a müzeyyel ghazal. In other words, he praised Sa‘dî from Kastamonu with a couplet he added after using his pseudonym. In this study, Ferrî’s nazire ghazal is compared with the model poem, ghazal of Sa‘dî from Kastamonu and Nâbî’s (d. 1712) ghazal, which has the characteristics of a primary poem, in terms of meter, rhyme, rhetoric and content. In addition, one of Ferrî’s two poems/ghazalles written in syllabic meter is briefly discussed in terms of form and meaning.

Word Existence That Ends With -GAn Addition in Compilation Dictionary

Dursun KIRMIT — 2024-12-13

Language has been a means of communication among people since the earliest times. People have needed language to communicate and understand each other, and they have resorted to using language for this purpose. The Turkish language is also an active language that has been used since ancient times. Languages in the world are classified structurally into agglutinative, inflectional, and fusional. The Turkish language, in terms of structure, belongs to the agglutinative family of languages, where suffixes are added to the end of the word. This study examines the usage of the –GAn suffix, one of the active suffixes in the Turkish language, in historical Turkish dialects and Anatolian dialects. The focus is on the usage of the –GAn suffix both in the historical periods of Turkish, which include the Orkhon, Uyghur, Karakhanid, Khwarezm, Kipchak, Chagatai, and Old Anatolian Turkish eras, and in contemporary Turkish as spoken in Türkiye. The aim is to demonstrate that this suffix, which was actively used in the historical periods of Turkish, remains a productive derivational suffix in Anatolian dialects as well. The research methodology used in this study is the document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods. The study focuses on the definition of the suffix, the origins of suffixes, their characteristics, types of suffixes in Turkish, participle suffixes, and the usage of the –GAn suffix in historical Turkish dialects and contemporary Turkish, based on the primary sources from Turkish grammar. To demonstrate the usage of the –GAn suffix in Anatolian dialects, words ending with the –GAn suffix were searched in the "Compilation Dictionary of Folk Dialects in Türkiye" (CD) prepared by Ömer Asım Aksoy. As a result of this search, the words found were categorized into nouns (including plant names, geographical forms and place names, object names, food names, disease names, animal names), adjectives, and verbs. At the end of each section, the categorized word types were evaluated both in terms of meaning and usage, as well as statistically.

“Chemistry” at Ali Şir Nevayî

Erkan KIZILARSLAN — 2024-12-13

Ali Şir Nevayî is a poet who wrote his works in Chagatai Turkish in the 15th century. Nevayî used a versatile language and style in his poems. He was both influenced by various scholars and improved himself by being in literary and scientific places. Nevayî, who is fluent in Arabic and Persian as well as Turkish, has a wide terminology. Because he used this language skillfully, the language of the time he lived in was called “Nevayî language”. Nevayî's ability to produce many works influenced the poets after him. In addition to including linguistic, literary, historical, religious, moral and social issues in his works, he also included scientific and scientific issues. One of the scientific subjects that Nevayî deals with is “chemistry”. The change of matter through various methods is described as chemistry, and this subject is covered directly or indirectly in Nevayî's works. One of the subjects that Nevayî includes in his poems is “alchemy”. Although the science of alchemy, also known as ilm-i huruf, is closely related to chemistry, it was included in his poems mostly to illuminate a mystery, make an astronomical inference or give information about the future. In this study, it was tried to explain how Nevayî handled the subjects of chemistry and alchemy by focusing on the terms “chemistry” and “alchemy” in Ali Şir Nevayî’s works. It has been examined how the features of chemistry such as reaching the essence, change, misleading and making inferences are related to humans. In Nevayî’s poems, it is aimed to reveal the relationship between the science of chemistry and human, matter, love and magic. In addition, the subject of alchemy, which is treated with similar meanings as the science of chemistry, was also discussed, and the ways in which alchemy was used in Nevayî’s works were interpreted and explained. It has been learned that Nevayî, who produced versatile works, also had deep knowledge on scientific subjects that could be described as distant for a poet.

Siege Wars in the Timurids: Sultan Abû Sa’id Period (1451-1469)

Muhammed Emin KOÇAKMusa Şamil YÜKSEL — 2024-12-13

Siege wars were an important type of warfare used by many states throughout history to achieve their goals. Castle and city sieges were a form of warfare that lasted longer and required more preparation than field battles. The siege period of castles and cities, which had fortified structures, sometimes lasted for months. During the Timurid period (1370-1507), which was established in Central Asia based in Samarkand, there were many castles and city sieges. The founder of the Timurids, Amir Timur (1370-1405) besieged his rival Amir Husain at Balkh Castle in 1370, defeated him and established his state. Therefore, the Timurid State emerged after a successful siege. The sieges of the castle and the city during the reign of Sultan Abû Sa’id (1451-1469), one of the Timurid rulers, also attracted a lot of attention. During this period, there were intense struggles to capture strategic cities and powerful fortresses. Most of the siege wars occurred due to power struggles within the Timurid dynasty. Sultan Abdullah’s siege of Yesi, Abu’l-Qasim Babur’s siege of Samarkand, Sultan Husain Bayqara’s siege of Herat, Sultan Abû Sa’id’s siege of Ikhtiyaruddin Castle, Imad Castle, Niratu/Tiratu Castle and Shahrukhiyya Castle can be mentioned as examples. During the reign of Sultan Abû Sa’id, the sieges mostly occurred in the regions of Transoxania and Khorasan. As it is known, these two regions were the centers of the Timurid Empire. Samarkand and Herat, which were the capitals of the Timurids, were cities of both strategic and symbolic importance. The sieges of the highly fortified fortresses of Imad, Niretu/Tiratu and Shahrukhiyya, especially Ikhtiyaruddin Castle in Herat, were important examples of the siege techniques of the period. It also contains noteworthy information about the activities of not only the besiegers, but also the defenders. In the late Timurid history, the first issue that was considered primarily in siege wars was food and military equipment. These were two parameters that both the defenders and the besiegers attach great importance to. Another important factor was intelligence activities. It was very important to ensure the flow of reliable and accurate information by the enemy through spies. When this situation did not exist or was neglected, the war was either lost or lasted too long. Another important practice in the siege of fortresses and cities was to completely cut off the besieged city or fortress from the outside world. Another important point was that the civilian population and the city’s leaders were at the forefront of the city defenses

Tezkire Writers and Poet-Women: Genderist Discourse in Poet Tezkires

Fatma Sabiha KUTLAR OĞUZ — 2024-12-13

The first female poets of classical Turkish literature are representatives of literature outside the Anatolian field. As far as can be determined, one of the first known Turkish female poets is Mehsetî-i Gencevî (b.1113-d.?), who grew up in Azerbaijan in the 12th century and is considered the first great female poet of the Muslim East. The other one is Radıyye Begüm (d. 1240), the queen of Dehli Sultanate, who wrote poems under the pseudonym Şîrîn. However, the Turkish poems of both poets have not survived to this day. These two poets are not included in the biographies written in the field of classical Turkish literature. According to the information provided by poet tezkires and other biographical sources of the Ottoman period, the first female poet who grew up in Anatolia was Zeyneb Hâtûn (d. 1474-75), who lived in the 15th century. However, the divan of the poet, of which we have a few pieces of Turkish poetry, mentioned in the sources, has been lost. The poet who grew up in the same field and whose Turkish Dîvân is available is Mihrî Hâtûn (d. 1514-15). It is not clear in which period the female poet named Şerîfe, with the pseudonym of âfitâbî (d. ?), who is mentioned in the Garîbî Tezkire, which is estimated to have been written only in the first half of the 16th century, and is not included in other tezkires, was brought up. After the 15th century, although not many in number, female poets trained in Anatolia were included in tezkires and other biographical sources. As a matter of fact, it was stated that in the period until the beginning of the 20th century, the number of female poets who were found to have written poetry in accordance with the characteristics of classical Turkish poetry reached 90 in the last study. In this article, the poets mentioned in the poet tezkires of the Ottoman field written in the period between the Sehî Tezkire and the Fatîn Tezkire “Zeyneb Hâtûn, Mihrî Hâtûn, âfitâbî (d. ?), Hubbî âʾişe Hâtûn (d. 1589-90), Sıdkî Kadın (d. 1703-04), ânî Kadın (d. 1710), Fâ'ize Mollâ Kadın (d. 1763), Fıtnat Hanım (d. 1780), Nesîbe Safvet Hanım (d. 1837-38), Feride Hanım (d. 1903-04)” 10 female poets, including, will be examined in the context of how the writers of the memoirs describe them, focusing on their characteristics. In the meantime, it will be tried to show the gender-related characteristics of the language used by the tezkires in their evaluations of women poets, whether this language has the characteristics of male-dominated discourse, and what the explicit or implicit examples of this are in the language. In this context, it should be noted that since Zeyneb Hâtûn and especially Mihrî Hâtûn are given a lot of space in the biographies, most of the existing evaluations focus on both of them, and therefore the examples are mainly chosen from those related to these poets.

Cohesion as a Criterion of Textuality in the Poem of Monna Rosa

Erol KUYMAArif ÖZDİLLİ — 2024-12-13

Texts are verbal or written communication tools created with cohesion and consistency criteria. The fact that the texts are based on the task of providing communication makes them a part of the cultural structure. The mutual interaction between the text creator (sender) and the text decoder (receiver) is a requirement for the transfer of information, emotions and thoughts. Texts; while they contain clues about the language, world of thought and art of the text producer, they are also witnesses of the period to which they belong. For this reason, texts have a special importance both linguistically and socio-culturally. Textlinguistic analyzes offer the opportunity to see the linguistic and cultural qualities that texts carry. In this study, Monna Rosa, one of the most well-known poems of Sezai Karakoç, was examined in terms of textological cohesion criteria. In this regard, the text of the poem; It was analyzed under the headings of repetitions, post-referential elements, pre-referential elements, elliptical structures, patterns and theme, relation elements, grammatical verb tenses, aspect and implicit expression. The findings obtained from the poem show that Karakoç brought the discourses of classical poetry to modern poetry. Discourses such as rose-nightingale, lover-beloved in Divan poetry are redesigned with imaginary expressions such as black roses, white roses, bird with broken wings, and bloody bird feathers in Monna Rosa poetry. The theme of impossible love seen throughout the poem; It has been supported with post-reference elements, patterns and implicit expressions. In addition, the elliptical structures, synonyms and close-meaning repetitions in the text were decisive in ensuring the fluency of the poem. Textlinguistic analysis, as in this research, helps to obtain concrete information about the language, thought and emotional world of the text creator.

The Lexical Influence of Russian on Late Chagatay

Lira MAIRAMBEK KYZY — 2024-12-13

The Russian Empire’s occupation of Central Asia led to a number of innovations and changes in the lives of the local people. To keep up with this change, the vocabulary of the people of the region inevitably expanded, and a considerable number of new words were borrowed from Russian. In this way, the influence of the Russian language became evident in Chagatay, the written and spoken language of the time. This influence, which coincides with the last period of Chagatay, is mainly lexical. According to the data we have, the borrowed words generally contain elements of material culture and reflect the innovations brought to the region by the Russian Empire. These innovations cover a wide range of subjects, such as innovative news tools, transport terms, professions, measurements, chemicals, dyes, tobacco products, plants, food, household goods and utensils, fabrics, leather and clothing, harnesses, fish species, etc. It is worth noting that the vast majority of words borrowed from the Russian have been adopted into colloquial language and phonetically transformed. Some words reflect the characteristics of a dialect because they have been borrowed a number of times at different times and in different ways. The focus of this paper will be on what areas the Russian words in late Chagatay represent and how they were adopted into the colloquial language. Taking into account that some of the words have been borrowed from Indo-European languages into Russian, their etymology and how they have been borrowed into Russian will be given from time to time. These words, borrowed from Russian into late Chagatay, will reveal the outlines of the innovations that took place in Turkestan during the Russian Empire.

A Study on the Names and Adjectives of Allah in Khwarezm Turkish Works

Muzaffer SAZ — 2024-12-13

Khwarezm Turkish, which developed from Karakhanid Turkish and gave way to Chagatai Turkish in the ⅩⅤ th century, is very important in terms of reflecting the language features of Oghuz, Kipchaks and other Turkish tribes. In the Khwarezm region, many works were written in Khwarezm Turkish, which is accepted as the second stage of Central Asian Islamic Turkish writing language and included in the Middle Turkish period within the historical periods of Turkish language. When these works are examined, it is seen that the works are very rich in terms of vocabulary in subjects such as language, literature, military, astrology, astronomy, plants, clothing-dressing, animals, law, chemistry, culture and art, mathematics, professions, architecture, proper names, colours, organ names, numbers, etc., especially religious-moral subjects. In this study, the vocabulary related to the names and adjectives of Allah is analysed in Mu'înü'l-Mürîd, Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb, Husrev ü Şîrîn, Kısasu'l-Enbiyâ, Nehcü'l Ferâdîs, İbni Mühennâ Lugati and Interlinear Qur'ân Translations (Hekimoğlu Nüshası, Meşhed Nüshası), the occurrences of 330 words or phrases in the works were tried to be witnessed by giving examples from the texts, and these text fragments were analysed in terms of structure and meaning by indicating the number of varak/line/page numbers. In addition, these examples obtained from the works of Khwarezm Turkish are classified according to their subjects under the headings "General expressions about the names and adjectives of Allah and Esmâ-i Husnâ in the works belonging to the Khwarezm Turkish period" and information about the origins of the words is given and the suffixes they have received are shown.

Names of Food and Beverage and Textile Products in the Poems of Armiye İli Sayrami

Serpil SOYDAN — 2024-12-13

Contemporary Uyghur literature includes verbal and written texts of Uyghurs. The historical and political events of the period were also reflected in literary works. One of the authors who wrote such literary works is Sayrami of Armiye İli. Armiye İli Sayrami, whose nickname is Nimşehit, was born in the Sayram village of Bay district of Aksu in 1906. The nickname "Nimshehid" was given after the farmers were injured in the uprising against the Chinese government. In addition to the works he wrote mostly in the genre of poetry, he also wrote works in the genre of fairy tales and operas. Nimşehit makes use of the possibilities of both spoken and written language in his poems. At the same time, the daily expressions of the people can be found in his poems. The richness of the vocabulary he uses in his poems shows that he is a socialist poet. In this study, it has been tried to evaluate the vocabulary of food and beverage names and textile products in Nimşehit's thirteen poems. Food names; meals / salty foods, fruits, sweets and sugary foods, nuts, spices, cereals / bakery foods were examined under seven topic. The vocabulary and numerical data of food names, beverage names and textile products identified in the study are as follows: I. Food Names: 1. Dishes / Salty Foods: Aş “ash”, Kavap “kebap”, Zixta Kavap “shish kebab”, Qatlima / Qöşnan “bread, flatbread, meat bread.”, şorba “soup”: four, 2. Fruits: Neşpüt “Pear”, Anar / Alma / Grape “Pomegranate, Apple, Grape”, Tawuz / Qoğun “Watermelon, Melon”, Encür / Biye / Neşpüt / Gilas “Fig, Quince, Pear, Cherry.” : ten, 3. Sweets and Sugary Foods: Qen / Qendu-Şeker “sugar, cube sugar, granulated sugar”, Hesel / Gezek “honey, sweets and confectionery”: two, 4. Nuts: Yel-Yemiş “nuts”, Mégizğa “pistachio”, Çilan Qéqi “dry jujube”, Badam, Grape, Mégiz, Piste “almond, grape, raisin, seed, pistachio”: eight, 5. Spices: Zepiran “saffron”: one, 6. Cereals / Floury Foods: Aşliq “grain”, flour “flour”, Wheat “wheat”, Nan “bread”, Hornéni “steam bread”, Gürüç “rice”, Qonaq “corn”: seven, 7. Animal Products / Offal: Yağu-göş / göş ve yağ “ adeps and meat”, May “adeps”: two, II. Beverage Names: Tea “tea”, ,Qemiz “kumis”, Mey “drink”: three, III. Textile Products: Meşüt / Yipek “silk”, Paxta / kévez “cotton”, Yip “rope”, Rext “texture”: four.

Proverbs Based on the Principle of the Antonymy in Kitâbu Gülistân bi’t-Türkî

Yaşar TOKAY — 2024-12-13

Kitâbu Gülistân bi't-Türkî, written in Kipchak Turkish, is one of the most important literary texts of its period, as well as the first Turkish translation of the book Gülistân (1258), written in Persian by Sâdî. According to many researchers who have studied the work, the text was introduced into Turkish language and literature by Seyf-i Sarâyî in 1391 by adaptation rather than literal translation. Kitâbu Gülistân bi't-Türkî is at a very important point in terms of its content features. The fact that the work does not have the identity of a complete translation created the opportunity to reveal the expression possibilities of the Turkish of the period. Aside from reflecting the rich vocabulary and semantic world of the work, the proverbs sprinkled throughout the text for the purpose of giving advice are quite remarkable. In many examples, instead of directly translating Persian proverbs, Seyf-i Sarâyî preferred proverbs that are common in Turkish culture and appeal to the cultural codes of the target audience. As far as we can determine, the number of proverbs in Kitâbu Gülistân bi't-Türkî is 177. These proverbs are linguistic data that concern many different subheadings of linguistics and can be discussed in a wide range. In this study, 53 proverbs constructed according to the principle of opposition were tried to be examined under two main headings: Realistic (canonical) Oppositions and Metaphorical (non-canonical) Oppositions. In addition, Realistic (canonical) Oppositions, one of the main headings mentioned, has 8 subheadings; Metaphorical (non-canonical) Oppositions are divided into 8 subheadings. As a result of the analysis of the proverbs identified in the work, 53% of the 53 proverbs were used in Realistic (canonical) and 47% were in Metaphorical (non-canonical). However, it is also noteworthy that 22% of the 53 proverbs have both Realistic (canonical) and Metaphorical (non-canonical) features.

Two Heroes Ferhād And Salur Kazan Who Slay The Dragon

Funda TOPRAK — 2024-12-13

Since the day the Turkish nation appeared on the stage of history, it has found a place for itself in difficult living conditions, the struggle for existence and survival. Therefore, they have always chosen heroes as leaders to continue this struggle. These leaders, who have distinctive characteristics as the Turkish alpine type, are people who are not afraid of reason – or mind -, courage, knowledge, bravery and death. After the adoption of Islam, the Turkish alpine type was transformed into the Alp-eren type and enriched with Islamic values. While these heroes have innate superior qualities, their struggles with superhuman beings or powerful animals to show their heroism have always been emphasized and told in epics and stories. In Dede Korkud epics, one of the unique works of Turkish literature, it is possible to see this heroic Turkish alpine type in every story. In the story of Salur Kazan's Killing of the Dragon in the Turkmen Sahra copy of the Dede Korkud epics, Salur Kazan's struggle with the dragon and his killing of it is told. The dragon motif has found its place in Turkish epics and tales as a very old mythological element. The 15th century master and great poet and scholar Ali Shir Nevāyî also changed the original Persian story of Husrev ü Shirin and took the character of Farhad as the main hero and named his work Ferhād ü Shirin. Here, Nevāyî equipped the character of Farhad with the characteristics suitable for the Turkish Alperen type and treated a story of love and heroism with mystical motifs in his work. Ferhād in his work will fight and kill the dragon just like Salur Kazan. In this study, the motif of fighting and killing the dragon, which is given as a common concept in both works, will be compared and the phenomenon of fighting the dragon will be discussed through similar and different aspects.

Lexical Comparison of Old Turkish and Modern Kyrgyz and Kazakh Turkish

Ceyhun Vedat UYGUR — 2024-12-13

This study aims to compare Kyrgyz and Kazakh Turkish, which belong to the Kipchak Turkic dialects group, with Old Turkish (Kokturk and Old Uighur periods) in terms of lexical aspects. The number of words compared is over a thousand. However, it generally includes phonetic and semantic comparisons and partially allows for morphological comparison. The aim of the comparison is to link the present-day Turkic dialects to Old Turkic and to identify the traces of the present-day Turkic dialects in their earliest known forms. In this way, it is aimed to realize and reveal that the dialects (dialects) used by Turkish communities today are not separate “languages”, but nothing but the appearances of the great and general Turkish language, which has been expressed with names such as “Turkish”, “Turkish language”, “Turkic language”, “Turkic language”, “Turkic language”, etc., in different geographies and at different times, based on scientific foundations from a lexical point of view. For this purpose, the texts of the period including the Köktürk (Northern Turkic dialect) and Uyghur (Southern Turkic dialect) Turkic (between 6-10 centuries) of Old Turkic were taken as basis. Köl Tigin, Bilge Kagan and Tunyukuk inscriptions were selected from the Köktürk inscriptions (Orkhun Inscriptions / Monuments), which are the texts of the Köktürk period; Edgü Ögli Tigin Ayıg Ögli Tigin (Good Thoughtful Tigin, Bad Thoughtful Tigin) text was selected from the Uyghur period texts. With the study, it is aimed to see and show the phonetic, morphological and semantic changes that the words have undergone from Old Turkic to Kyrgyz and Kazakh Turkish (there are also those that have never changed) and to emphasize the “General Turkish Language”.

Examınatıon of Narratıve Texts in Secondary School 7th Grade Turkısh Textbooks in Terms of Creatıvıty

Kibar YAKIŞIR OĞULSelma ERDAĞI — 2024-12-13

 In this study, which examines the usage of creative thinking skills and creative thinking dimensions in narrative texts in Turkish textbooks, it is aimed to determine to what extent creative thinking and creative thinking dimensions are used in narrative texts in Turkish textbooks and which dimensions of creative thinking are given more space. Because of this narrative texts in Turkish textbooks belonging to two different publishing houses, which were decided by the Ministry of Education to be taught in the 7^th grades of secondary school, were examined. The findings obtained were analyzed using the document analysis method. Narrative texts in which creative thinking dimensions were used in the Turkish textbooks of both publishing houses were identified and the findings were tabulated. Then, sample sections from texts with this feature are given. The narrative texts in the books of both publishing houses were compared according to the creative thinking dimensions, and the frequency and percentage distributions of the texts' inclusion of these dimensions were given. At the end of this study, it was determined that the dimensions of creativity were included more in the narrative texts in the 7^th  grade Turkish textbook of MEB Publications compared to the texts in Özgün Publications. It has been observed that narrative texts containing the detail dimension are fewer, especially in Özgün Publications. In addition, while Özgün Publications included texts in which no dimension of creativity was used, MEB Publications used narrative texts in which at least one dimension was included in each text.

Lullabies, Nursery Rhymes and Manis in the Mardin Arabic Dialect as Elements of Oral Literature

Ahmet ABDÜLHADİOĞLU — 2024-12-13

Oral literature, unlike written literature, is a type of literature that is passed down orally from generation to generation and has survived to the present day. Stories, tales, proverbs, lullabies, nursery rhymes, and manis are among the most important elements of this type. Mardin Arabic dialect is also an important area of oral literature that contains many elements of oral culture. A significant portion of these elements of oral culture, such as lullabies, nursery rhymes, and manis, have survived to the present day orally. In the widely known manis and lullabies sung to put children to sleep in the oral culture tradition of different languages and cultures, mothers express their love for their children on the one hand, and on the other hand, express their complaints about a situation or event that upsets them. The nursery rhymes that we mostly encounter in children's games are elements of oral culture that consist of a sequence of inconsistent dreams and thoughts that lack a specific theme. The manis, which are one of the most important types of anonymous folk poetry, are sung on occasions such as weddings and holidays. In addition to reflecting the cultural codes of the society, these three elements we have mentioned have an important role in teaching children moral values, acquiring language skills and especially their mother tongue in early ages. In this study, lullabies, nursery rhymes and manis, which are elements of oral culture and have an important role in the transmission of cultural memory and reflect the different cultural aspects of the Arabic-speaking local people besides the dominant language Turkish, are analyzed. The lullabies, nursery rhymes, and manis we included in our study were obtained within the scope of the fieldwork we conducted between 2011-2019 in Mardin and its surrounding districts and villages. The average age of the participants, consisting of seventeen people, was 66.

Metaphorıcal notıons in turkish idioms

Celal DEMİR — 2024-12-13

Idioms are stereotyped expressions that draw from the rich imagination of their users (collective imagination) and have taken their final form through repeated use in conversational culture. The most distinctive feature of idioms is their association with a metaphor that has gained general acceptance in society. Although this association may not always produce a figurative meaning, it is the crucial element in the crystallization of an expression into a focused meaning. In this context, not every word used in a figurative sense can be called an idiom. For an expression to be considered an idiom, it must be formed through expressions unique to the people, associated with a metaphor (figurative, reminiscent, anecdotal, aphorism, conception, etc.), and gain general acceptance over time. "Idiomization" appears as a semantic (meaning-based) phenomenon in the language. It is not a syntactic (syntax-based) event. This is because idiomization occurs as a result of the relationship established between two things gaining general acceptance in society. On one side of this relationship is what is meant to be conveyed (situation, thought, imagination, desire, conception, etc.), and on the other side is the metaphor (the thing it is likened to). In this context, idiomization undoubtedly occurs on a metaphor. Thus, the term "idiom" refers to the metaphorical meaning produced by structures composed of two or more words. Even if these structures become stereotyped and either fade from collective memory or are internalized over time, the meaning they produce can only be understood or gain significance when associated with a metaphor. Therefore, we must accept that idiomization is a very specific semantic phenomenon and seek the linguistic identity of these stereotyped expressions in the relationship between the meaning they convey and the associated phenomenon (metaphor), rather than in their syntactic (syntax-based) characteristics. A metaphor is an image or reality that suggests, reveals, or exemplifies what is meant to be conveyed by a word. Thus, metaphorical expressions are always based on the similarity or exemplification between the "situation" (what is meant to be conveyed) and the "conception" (what it is associated with). The clarity and prevalence of this metaphor naturally make the expression understandable and effective. For example, the word "blind" is an adjective that emphasizes the non-functional state of an eye that has lost its physical characteristics and light. This organ, which has lost its light and colors, has been the subject of many and various conceptions. Thus, a broad family of meanings and metaphors nourishing these meanings have been produced around the word. In many descriptions, we use expression patterns formed with this word: blind well, blind lantern, blind darkness, blind bullet, blind devil, blind fate, blind cripple... In these expressions, we see a high power of allusion created through a familiar metaphor. Some consider the idiomatic quality of a word as "assigning a new meaning to the word through various similes and transfers" (Aksan, 1978, p. 123). It should be emphasized that these similes and transfers must absolutely be made by associating them with a metaphor. When this metaphor is forgotten over time or the relationship between the situation and the conception weakens, idioms either fall into oblivion or become rootless memorized expressions.

Inappropriate Words

Faik KANATLI — 2024-12-13

The language contains the knowledge of nations. Historical facts mature in language and pave the way for transmission from generation to generation. The expression of individuals and societies, which is a consequence of this, is realized through language, allowing a space of freedom. While the freedom of expression or the right to use language, which is guaranteed in terms of structural, biological and universal law, makes a decisive contribution to intellectual development and social cohesion on the one hand, it also hosts the misuse of language on the otherIn this respect, many societies allocate language institutions to protect this order. In the comparative analysis made between Turkish and German within the framework of the concept of inappropriate word, the negativity suffixes in German and Turkish were compared to find a Turkish equivalent of this prefix based on the word "Unwort", which is a negative prefix in German. The aim of this study is to clarify the meaning of inappropriate words in the language and to present a criticism of the importance of inappropriate words in the language by mentioning the place of this concept in the Turkish language. As a result of the study, the concept of inappropriate words is firstly examined by examining the definition of this concept, and then different perspectives are evaluated within the scope of language sensitivity by mentioning the process, concept and principles of inappropriate word selection process carried out in many countries. As a result of the examinations, it is suggested that the German word Das Unwort should be translated as "unseemly word of the year" in Turkish, that in the process of choosing the unseemly word of the year, which is carried out in many societies, the public should be encouraged to use language in this direction by mobilizing more conscious and humane perspectives, and that the selection of the unseemly word of the year should be selected by a committee to be formed by linguists specialized in the field in Turkey and shared with the public.

Kitab al-manazır, Prof. Dr. M. Faruk Toprak

Derya ADALAR SUBAŞI — 2024-12-13

Book Review

Gamze YÜCETÜRK KURTULMUŞ — 2024-12-13