https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=308 Turkish Studies - International en 2024-08-29 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19326 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19326 Derya ADALAR SUBAŞI Recently many studies are done on Classical Literary products. Especially some of these works were rewritten several times in different periods by changing some items in the original works by the writers from the different countries. In this framework a common dimension occured among those writings. "Al Faraj ba'd al-shiddah " is the name of the literary collection which consists of the stories which have been transmitted from Arabic Literature to Persian Literature and from the Persian Literature to Turkish Literature with the same name. Al- Faraj Ba'd al-Shiddah (Relief after Grief) means “easiness after difficulties or spaciousness after troubles.” These stories are always concluded with happiness. In other words they have happy ends. With these features these kinds of stories give us several messages. According to these messages we must be strong against the difficulties which we face to. We shouldn't lose our hopes. In our hard days God helps cope to our problems and he always shows us the right way. In Arabic Literature the first Al-Faraj Ba'd al-Shiddah stories belong to Abû al-Hasan Alî b. Muhammad al-Madâ’inî (225/839) unfurtunately they haven't been reached us. After that Abu'l Qasem Al-Tanûkhî (327-348/ 938-994) write Al-Faraj Ba'd al-Shidde stories and it's preface he mentioned Abu'l Hasan's stories. Ibn Abî Al-Dunyâ is the other writer who wrote the stories understand the same name. This article objects to demonstrate the occurance of these stories which are called Al Faraj Ba'd al-Shiddah in Arabic, Persian and Turkish Literature and historical developments of these stories and their general features. My objection is also to demonstrate the appearences of these stories in the different literatures. Although these stories have the same name in Arabic, Persian and Turkish Literature, by comparing these stories we can see the similarities and the differences among them so the rising of this stories since their arising in Arabic Literature will be seen. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19242 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19242 AHMET ADIGÜZEL Progress helps to the speakers of the language and the creation of the standart language in socio-cultural and economic development. Because these two elements leads to the formation of groups, professionalization that is professional unions. Progress in science and technology brings together a wealth of life. Among the branches of this life is coming language. New discoveries, inventions and concepts that are made, takes actions to create conscious and controlled terms defined. It was informed about Bahn in article. It was referred about the effects of French to Turkish in XIX and XV. centuries Arabic to Persian. It was included about Turkish, Arabic and Persian terms that related to sexuality in a copy of Mustafa Ali from Gallipolli’s Rahatu-n Nüfus of the library sir Rashid from Kayseri. Phrases in which were transferred that made an explanation of these terms. Especially, it was mentioned about colloquial as Turkish terms of the words in general public language. Besides the works as well as describing sexual health and sexuality of Bahn, anatomy, pharmacology, zoology, botanic and folk literature disciplines was closely associated with, in this case that it was emphasized the natüre of writing encyclopedia. It was expressed playing an important role that brought to light the history of the Turkish language of science. Bahns were descripted when considered in this context, it was indicated a significant contribution in terms of historical Turkish science and culture. It was referred that in general medical history text and in particular sexual health, Bahns that explain the sexuality were not regarded as important according to its issues. Mustafa Ali from Gallipolli who was a prodactive that served for many years in the center of Ottoman geography and also writes many works and accepted as a wise man of the century and whose Bahns adds to this type a special richness. This work has an important value as well as in many fields, especially historical Turkish language and culture. The term which was prepared in other fields of science referred. In order to establish complete distionary of medical terms was expressed brought to light the necessity of the question being scanned clicks Bahn. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19193 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19193 Okan ALAY Marriage which constitutes one of the most important transition periods of human life, as a concept can be defined as an agreement tool showing the determination of a man and a woman to live together within established rights and responsibilities. However, marriage is not a phenomenon just developing or forming on an i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19481 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19481 Hülya ARGUNŞAH Ahmet Mithat Efendi who realized that educating women is the most important step of the expected and long-awaited change of the era, holds a view on how this education should be directed. For this reason he always goes by ‘guide’ identity, expresses positive and negative consequences as results of obeying or disobeying his advices. Writing activity of women is among the topics on which Ahmet Mithat Efendi places himself as a guide. Through his writings he tries to identify position and paths of women in literature. He takes women by the hand as a reliable and credited ‘teacher’, presents them to the world of literature, helps them to overcome the problems they come across with and behaves in a suitable way for a ‘mentor’. Ahmet Mithat’s writing activities are not limited only to art works such as novel, short story and plays or newspaper articles. He maintains another writing activity through his letters and deepens his domain via private correspondence. Letters of Ahmet Mithat Efendi are the texts that state his views on the relationship between women and literature in a more sincere way. His letters to Fatma Aliye Hanım, Şair (Poet) Nigâr Hanım and Şair (Poet) Fitnat Hanım contain an important content in terms of women and designating their position in literature. One of the most striking views is that Ahmet Mithat tries to keep women out of poetry and writing poetry. This is a different attitude in an environment that poetry is widely accepted and requires producing poetry to attain the epithet ‘man of letters’. Ahmet Mithat Efendi offers trying another literary genre through which they can achieve self-realization. That is novel. In this paper by looking at the letters Ahmet Mithat Efendi wrote to women we will think on the reasons for guiding woman to novel and his thoughts on poetry. Comments on the causes will be done through looking at Mithat Efendi and literary character of the age. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19511 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19511 Mustafa ARGUNŞAH Ahmet Mithat Efendi was the first person to bring up the problem of spelling during the Tanzimat Reform Era. He wrote essays under the title of “Üss-i İmla” on the problem from the 3699th issue onwards in the newspaper Tercüman- Hakikat published in September-November of 1890. In the first one of these essays, under the title of “Mukaddime (Preface)” he mentions that there is a frequent complaint about the lack of a Ottoman spelling, everybody writes with different spelling principles, and the “fundamental regulations principles should be introduced for the spelling of our Ottoman language.” Ahmet Mithat Efendi reflects on some of the spelling problems in these essays. Fatma Aliye Hanım wrote an essay including her objections to some of the issues and sent it to the Tercüman-ı Hakikat newspaper after the publication of Ahmet Mithat’s essays. Ahmet Mithat, instead of publishing Fatma Aliye’s objections as an essay, chose a different method and published it as a conversation with his answers to Fatma Aliye Hanım’s comments. In the December of 1890 in the issues 3728-3731 of Tercüman-ı Hakikat, in the essays titled “Üss-i İmla Hakkında (On the Issue of Üss-I İmla), objections of Fatma Aliye Hanım were given in fragments under the subtitle “Varakadan”, and Ahmet Mithat Efendi responded to these objections immediately under the subtitle “Mülahazamız”. The problem of spelling was revisited in the 3743rd and 3744th issues of the same newspaper, published in the January of 1891, under the title of “Mebhas-ı İmla, this time putting forth new suggestions with the mention of the matters discussed in the 3728th and 3731st issues. In these essays, Fatma Aliye Hanım criticizes some of the topics mentioned in the writings of Ahmet Mithat on the spelling of Ottoman Turkish and explains her own thoughts on some of the conspicuous problems of spelling. On the other hand Ahmet Mithat Efendi either accepts Fatma Aliye Hanım’s remarks or explains the points he does not agree with by bringing some examples. Many problems generating from spelling the of Ottoman Turkish language have been discussed: the language of these discussions is highly academic. Both debaters have brought examples from Arabic, Persian and French to explain the subject better. In this study the matters of spelling, which are mentioned in the essays written by Ahmet Mithat Efendi, Fatma Aliye Hanım’s objections to them and Ahmet Mithat Efendi’s responses to these objections are evaluated. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19181 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19181 Özcan ARSLANOĞLU With this article, it is aimed to remove and/or to correct wrong or incomplete traditions in academic manuscripts written in Turkish. Some academic writing mistakes in Turkish context were mentioned. Academic Writing Rules in Turkish (AWRiT) and Academic Writing Style Guide and Patterns (AWSGP) were investigated. Their differences were explored, too. It can be understood that Turkish has proved that it is a sufficient and mature language and has the capacity to meet demands coming from scientific developments, discoveries, and philosophical thought. In this regard, academic writing rules for Turkish language were revealed. These rules include some Turkish language issues that should be prioritised for academic writing. There seem to be some other preferred linguistic options which should indeed be reduced in amount of usage. While reminding some grammetical procedures that have been neglected for so long in Turkish scientific writing, showing importance of those neglected ones was also carried out. Correct use of some of the tenses were drawn attention on. Extensive use of –miştir and –mektedir tags that exist for some specific tense issues in Turkish have been producing problems declining the language quality of academic articles. A new way of forming new compound words in Turkish was suggested. This new method suggests putting a descriptive word or an adjective in front of another one but in a standart form. Language of articles written related to Educational Leadership and Management in Turkish was particularly a concern point. Kokturk Style was introduced as a new type of AWSGP in line with styles of New Hart’s (Oxford), and APA, etc. Additionally, the reasons to prepare such a new guide for academic writing were explained. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19209 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19209 Vedi AŞKAROĞLU Poetic image is one, and even the most important, of the elements in a poem. How poetic creativity is achieved should be explained with reference to how poetic images are used. Therefore, poetic images need to be explained in order that poetic creativity can be understood. In addition to a general definition of poetic image, types of it must also be known. In this study, definition of poetic image is made in line with classification by H.G. Wells and Ramazan Korkmaz, and the use of “violent image” in Necip Fazıl’s poetry is analyzed. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19164 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19164 Mustafa AYDEMİR At first İstanbul is an unchanging place of Turks novel. The change starting with National Struggle and Republic following it make Anatolia the place of our literature too. Especially with the effect of the value the naturalists give to environment, a personel becomes more dependent on the place where he lives and his memories. Therefore, the authors born in Anatolia prefrer writing the places where they were born, the events they experienced. One of these authors is without doubt Faik Baysal. In this search the purpose is to determine how he handled Sakarya where Baysal spent his childhood and his view on this place. After the importance of Sakarya in the life of the author is mentioned in this sense, the details highlighted about the city with regard to the relation of place and human have been handled in the stories and poems under three titles. And in the conclusion part, an overall evaluation of our study has been done. We have united the information about the view of Baysal related to Sakarya and the conclusions we have reached with our own evaluations. Faik Baysal chooses Sakarya as social environment firstly in the novels of Sarduvan and Rezil Dünya (Sarduvan and Abject World); then in stories and some poems such as “İp Koptu”, “Ilgaz Teyze Öldü”, “Kestaneci Rahim”, “Kırmızı Sardunya”, “Unutamıyorum” ( "The Rope Broke", "Aunt Ilgaz Died", "Chestnut Seller Rahim", " Red Sardinia", "I can't Forget). Sakarya presents ample details with regard to the place in the works of Baysal. The vineyards, gardens and recreation areas had deep traces on the mind of the author. In the aforenentioned works, it is seen that the author has specific interest in Sakarya and the surrounding area. That's why the places in his works are those which are influential in his own life. In the novel Sarduvan, the place is the village of Sarduvan and Erenler; in the novel Rezil Dünya. (The Abject World) it is Sakarya, İstanbul and Kurşunlu. Like in the novel of Faik Baysal, his stories are generally in İstanbul and Sakarya. Baysal approaches the place very emotionally while describing his yönetmen Sakarya. The birthplace of his takes him to his ile nice days. He even likens the girl he loves to Sakarya. Like in his novels and stories, the places in his poems are the places the köy travelled, saw, experienced the atmosphere. Sakarya where he was born and with which he never lost contact all his life, is desribed in many of his poems with the sensitiveness of nostalgie. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19184 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19184 İmge AZERTÜRK, Gözde KARAKAŞ Family Planning Policy is the basic policy of China. By this time, over sixty years of this implemented policies’ effects has had a very large impact on the Chinese society. In the Frog novel, Mo Yan dealt with the result of the Family Planning Policy which started to come up in 1965 and quickly enacted to control the rapidly growing population in China. The events that happened during the implementaion of this policy is told through the experience of villagers living in rural Northeastern Parish of Gaomi city in Shandong province of China. In the novel, the aunt who is gynecologist, and also a Family Planning Employee for the readers, is the novel's most important character. The events centre around the life of the aunt character. Using the character of the aunt, Mo Yan displayed many of the feelings and thoughts of family planning employees as well as the difficulties faced by himself. The psychological effects brought by the family planning policy are shown clearly by the aunt. Other characters in the novel have been related to the aunt character somehow and display various reactions against the Family Planning Policy. Particularly, the three female characters in the novel, named Wang Renmei, Wang Dan and Geng Xiulian, has been used to clearly display the impact that the Family Planning Policy has on women. Family Planning Policy, which had a big impact on fertility and reproduction, has also caused a big concussion on not only women, but men too. The psychological consequences of this concussion have been displayed through three male characters, named Wang Zu, Zhang Quan and Chen Bi. The Family Planning Policy was enacted in the 1970s, Mo Yan pulled the people into the deep reality of this policy as well as the events that was being experienced while making people think, the mental and spiritual collapse suffered by the society due to this policy is discussed in the Frog Novel. This work describes the historical and social realities as its subject being Famiy Planning Policy also brings a critical perspective to this policy. In this study, negative consequences of Famiy Planning Policy has been conducted through the help of the main characters in the Frog Novel. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19312 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19312 Tahir BALCI, Ülger PANZER , Halime BALCI , Erdal KAÇAR The topic “voice of the verb” is a significant matter both for Turkish and German. When the “voice” concept is thought within the context of Turkish; frequently-used linguistic phenomena as passivity, causativisation, reciprocality, reflexive voice or the such – are evoked. However, when the matter is seen in terms of the theming in the linguistic sources, it is seen that passivity in German takes a prioritised concern. Maybe, this state stems from the fact that these linguistic phenomena function differently in both languages. Likewise, generally, these categories emerge morphologically in Turkish and lexically in German. The active and passive voice concepts that we have dwelt on in this work are assessed differently in Turkish and German study fields. While, for Turkish grammar studies, active voice is concentrated on; for German, passive voice is more heavily studied. Moreover, while “passive voice” in Turkish is merely seen as a morphological phenomenon; in German - the semantic, pragmatic, and morphological aspects of “passive voice” are highlighted. As a matter of fact, there exist such text forms that “passivity” is preferred since the agent of the action is not known or the agent is not important. For example; the preferred narration style is the “passive voice” in such fields as press, science, and description. Also, in Turkish, a mistake that is done in this regard is trying to establish a symmetric link between transivity and passivity. Yet, neither can each transitive verb form a voice; nor there exists an obligation for “a transitive active voice”, for the formation of “a passive voice”. The pre-condition of the formation of “a passive voice” sentence is whether the verb allows an agent/doer/maker subject or its expression of a process. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19429 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19429 Cemal BAYAK Two qualities that are inhibited in the nature of mankind probably played the most significant role in the foundation and the development of civilization. They are first, the sense of beauty and the desire for it, and the second, the competiton with one another. Literature being as a kind of registry of all actions and thinking of mankind, is no exception to that. It owes its development to those two qualities as well. The tradion of writing nazire, (parellel poems to one another) in Islamic literatures has played very significant role in their development. It is also true for the classical Turkish literature. This practise became so popular that special works rose to collect them. They are known as nazire mecmuaları (collections of poems composed in parallel). While there was only one work of that nature in the 15th century, its number grew to, at lest, three in the next century. It seems as the new researches conducted, more works of that nature will be discovered. Mehmed İzzî's Collection is one of them. It seems that he aimed to bring together some poems of Muhibbî (penname of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificant, d. 1566) with the poems written in parallel to them. In this study, first, I'll point out some of the problems with the traditon of writing nazires, and to a special case in this Collection that creates another one to them. Later, the contribution that this Collection has to make to Turkish classical literature will be conveyed. The text of Collection will be given at the end. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19238 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19238 Alper BAYINDIR Imagery is a description of someone or something with the help of distinctive features, so it can be easily revived in the minds of the readers. Imagery is not a kind of narrative but a kind of expression that the writer uses while creating an artistic or scientific text. Writers mostly use imagery when describing persons or animals but also when describing situations. In the text Firdevsü’l-ikbâl, which tells the history of the Khanate of Khiva, this kind of narrative is frequently used. What happened in the khanate from the 18th century up to the first quarter of the 19th century has been transferred in a stylistic language. Khanes of the aforementioned period, other headmen, happenings in the enemy’s ranks, wars, hunting ceremonies, banquets and various natural phenomena etc. have been described through an extensive vocabulary. The writer Mûnis uses detailed representations of people, other beings, locations, events and situations with the help of his strong observation skills and his large scope of vocabulary. It can be understood that the writer uses the imagery method in order to make the subject more concrete and effective. Poetry and prose are deeply intertwined in this work and imagery is not only used in the prose but also in the poetry section of it. It can even be said that the representations in the poetry part of the work are even more artistic and impressive than in the prose part. This study aimes at determining the descriptive elements used for people in the work named Firdevsü’l-ikbâl. Since the work describes various things, this study has been limited to the imagery of people. The main focus of the study is the classification of the position and acts of the persons and the representative phrases used for them. In addition, the vocabulary used for the imagery of people has been analyzed in terms of semantic and cultural aspects. One of the other aims of this study is to examine the work Firdevsü’l-ikbâl with the help of the vocabulary and how language acts a culture bearer. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19229 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19229 Mehmet BİRGÜN A certain set of grammar systems in a particular language could be difficult to acquire with respect to other languages. One such system, relative clauses are among the frequently investigated grammatical constructs whose form and acquisition time could vary from one language to the other. Arising from this, it has been one of the hot issues on the part of the researchers in first language acquisition. Chomsky (1986) states all natural human languages share universal properties while specific parameters peculiar to languages are available, too. Demirci (2010) argues the principles and parameters form the basis of the separation between surface and deep structure in Chomsky’s generative grammar theory. One of these parameters, the relative clause is marked with various special particles following to the verb in Turkish. Slobin (1982) indicates that Turkish children acquire the relative clauses later than their English peers. Although all natural human languages derive from a deep structure, the timing difference in acquisition on the part of the parameters is an issue of concern. In this respect, based on the pre-school children’s narration of picture books, the present study aims to examine the differences between 4- and 5- year-olds with regard to their use of relative clauses. The data were obtained in cooperation with the children’s teacher and recorded. The study revealed that older children made use of subject relativization with more complex combinations of items while not uttering any object relativization. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19385 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19385 Dilek ÇETİNDAŞ History, to be used as materials in the literary work is due to a variety of purposes. An event that in the past, to explain in fiction novels, she remembered history to future generations, and to ensure to introduce a lesson, the cause of the link between history and literature. The historian, the fact that the document reached, creating a reinterpretation of history, to be filled by the fiction of the area where the document is blank, the task of literature is to win the reality of the characters. Especially so the event literature, personal tragedy perpetrators and reveal their private lives of the martyrs in disaster emotional side, above the dry a name stack, breathing, to deliver us to the people, the more concrete the point of the event is nearly the reality should be considered as an important witness. In this sense, our historic mission set out by loading an important Ertugrul Frigate adventure story and setting, as well as the history, enters into the boundaries of literature. The most important step to be sent to Japan in 1889, Ertugrul Frigate The decision of starting friendly relations with Japan, the exception success in diplomatic relations, would be the beginning of the end of the Ertuğrul Frigate and her crew. central plant Ertuğrul Frigate Turkish-Japanese relations as a social reference, is referred to with an interest in decline for decades, especially keep an important place in the collective memory of the Japanese people, therefore a place for himself in the literature of the reflection of the public consciousness. This article will examine the three novels in our literature and the subject of a radio play Ertugrul Frigate takes place in the fictional how product. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19273 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19273 Ahmet Naim ÇİÇEKLER In this study, it will be analyzed that the inner clause subject is assigned with genitive case in Qarakhanid Turkic, which is a period of Turkish language, Middle Turkish. Qarakhanid Turks founded a state centered in Kashgar as one of the ancient Turkish civilizations Uighurs was separated into two after the invasion of Kyrgyz in the year 840. Qarakhanids were converted to Islam in 960 under the leadership of Saltuk Buğra Han. With this aspect, they became the first Turkish state having adopted Islam in history. Qarakhanid Turkic is classified as “Middle Turkic” and “Joint Central Asia Literally Language”. It was used between 11th and 13th centuries which. In Modern Turkish, the assignment of inner clause subject is made by the head modifier, whereas it is made by the determiner head in Dagur and Modern Uighur –belong to East Turkish. Genitive case assignment in Old Turkic, similar to Modern Turkish and Eastern Turkish is made by both C0 and D0. According to this classification made by Miyagawa (2008), it will be analyzed in this study whether Qarakhanid is a C-licensing or a D-licensing language. Furthermore, the state of the inner clause subject being assigned with genitive case in Qarakhanid will be compared with genitive case assignments in Old Turkic, Modern Turkish, Old Anatolian Turkish, and Modern Uigur. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19234 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19234 Gül Banu DUMAN In Kyrgyz literature, the lullabies which are called "beşik ırı (crib ballad)" or "aldey" contain a profound meaning beyond their lyrics that seem simple. This condition, which is also called cultural background, takes effect up to word existence of lullabies. Particularly, it is possible to see the trails of epics even in lullabies of Kyrgyz folk literature where epic tradition is dynamic. Mothers show their children samples of epic heroes in the lullabies, personalities in the epic of Manas being in the first place. On the other hand, the importance of lullabies can not be ignored certainly in terms of mother tongue education. When ages of chidren are considered, the lullabies which are the first literary genres that children meet have an important place in obtaining their mother tongue and gaining their basic vocabularies. The lullabies, which are products of folk poetry, are one of the leading products reflecting the language of folk poetry. When we look through Kyrgyz lullabies, we see that one of the most remarkable characteristics of Kyrgyz poetry is that it has rhyme at the beginning of the verse, as seen in the old Uigur poetry. Rhyme at the beginning of the verse does not only shows itself in verbal literature, but also in poems which are written literature products. Verse beginning and verse end alliterations, which are the first things that comes to mind when it comes to poetry language, creates the musical and aesthetic aspect of lullabies. The only remarkable characteristics of "Aldeys" are not such alliterations. Cultural word existence is also another remarkable and important point in "Aldeys". In the language of lullabies, it is possible to see the word existence that is only peculiar to Kyrgyz culture . In order to understand some lullabies, it is necessary to know the Kyrgyz culture and its traditions, customs and social life. Moreover, some political and historical events took place in lullabies as cultural background, and the related word existence has permeated into the tissue of poetry. In this article, the profound meaning in Kyrgyz lullabies and their language characteristics were emphasized. The place of sound and word repetitions in Kyrgyz lullabies, effects of cultural background to the language of lullabies were tried to be pointed out based on the samples. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19208 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19208 Ülkü ELİUZ, Emrah SEFEROĞLU What is male and female? The biological world exists from the moment the categories that emerged as a special kind of reproductive system the distinction between these two concepts, and culturally by the community detailed. Because sexuality is not just biological; in relations between the sexes when it was created, that was able to organize, it is stated, directed, and where men and women known as social assets are created, the relations of the two sexes, is a social process where roles are defined. Trying to repair ripped the old tale of the i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19081 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19081 Ayşe ERTUŞ Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, is a poet of 1940s generation which Attila İlhan has called “section of custodians” and Mehmet Kemal has called “generation of sorrow”. Remembered as a symbol of resistance of tihis generation, Dinamo is a poet who had to struggle many problems. He had been in prison and was sent into the exile since he had written socialist poetries. The poet has experienced a great deal of loneliness and depression during his exile years. This depression and loneliness are due to the constant political pressures, financial problems, unfaithful friends and the judgmental gaze of the society to him. The poet has handled this lonely-full exile in his Exile Poems work. Dinamo, knowing that his poetries are his life’s mirror has found the salvation from the loneliness in those exile years in taking refuge in nature. The exile poems are the exhibition of the poet's nature nesting. Dinamo, being an example to the poets coming after him as a socialist poet even when looking for the ways to overcome his loneliness of exile, leaving himself to one side is a poet who can not get of himself worrying for his country and the country’s poor people. Although being otherized in the society, the poet did not give up writing his hope-despair, faith, dreams for the future and his social struggle. He has cried the demand of the freedom, anti-fascism, poverty, craving, loneliness, peace and opposition to war in his poetries. Irrespective of the concerns of the art penning in a plain language, the poet has also benefited from the opportunities of the singing the folk poetry. Dinamo could release the works just after 1960 that he penned after 1940The same one The reason is that the poet has the financial difficulties in addition to the constant political pressure on the socialist poets. The poet who also works in the novel kinds has primarily defined himself as a poet and kept his poetry in the forefront. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19170 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19170 Duygu GÖKÇEN, Ali Rıza ÖZUYGUN Literature and literary works have made humans feel their presence all throughout their existence. Language, which emerged as a tool to communicate, is the main source of literary works.Therefore, studies which aimed to understand and interpret the language have been a very common practice during various periods. Structuralism, which emerged as a reaction to comparative linguistics of 17th century, is associated with its founder Ferdinand De Saussure. The novelty that he introduced to the filed of Linguistics is, to view a language as a ‘system’. Saussure evaluates the language as a colony of words. In this sense, Classical Turkish Literature poetry is worth investigating in terms of structure and system, and word and meaning. Classical Turkish Literature poetry is valuable source to be investigated in terms of its embedded meaning and unique structure. It will help the contemporary reders to interpret those texts from structuralist approach, besides the classical commentary. This approach saves these takes from being possessed only by history. After a period of six centuries ruling, the Ottoman Empire marked the magnificence of the period by leaving behind large number of precious literary works of the period. Literary works of poets and writers of that period are worth examining and interpreting. Nef’î is of the representatives of that period. This article investigates ghazels by Nefî, who is one of the most important ode writers of the period, from the perspective of structuralism. Firstly, a diachronic study of odes to the classic commentary tradition method is carried out. Then, the method of simultaneous examination according to the structuralist literary theory has been applied, which is proven to be applicable in many areas in contemporary literary criticism. As a result, ghazels have been evaluated according to their meaning and structure, and their aesthetic value has been determined. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19393 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19393 Rabia GÖKCEN KAYABAŞI Folktales are one of the most important genre of oral literature. Folktales are rich treasures for a nation. Just like other oral literal works, folktales which arise out of peoples common thoughts has the function bearing a nation's culture and conveying it to future generations. There could be different versions of the same folktale both in the same country and different countries. Because of this, different versions of Turkish folktales also continue progressing among other turkic tribes. In this article Türkiye and Kazakh region folk tales' versions and alterations in the text are discussed in terms of discoursal structure factor. Intertextual alterations arise from many storytellers' reflection of the effects of environment and audience on the folk tales. Therefore, it possible to find the traces of lives that poeople dream of and they kept alive in their dreams in folk tales. People become happy in folk tales because they live in a world they dreamed of. Illogical motives can be observed in Kazakh folk tales. The chracters in Kazakh folk tales also differ depending on the periods when Kazakh Turks lived. The public needs a hero that fit in the period when they live and who leads them. It is seen that there are differences of the heroes of Kazakh folkstories between Tsarist Russian Era and USSR era. When you compare the folktales in Kazakh and Türkiye region, it appears that there are more similarities than opposition also it can be seen that fakelore so fake folklore cases are reflected in the folktales. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19451 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19451 Selma GÜLSEVİN All conjugation or derivation in Turkish can be made by suffixes. Besides, some postpositions or verbs in the function of dependent morphemes may also enable conjugation or derivation. It is very common for some verbs to be used as grammatical morphemes, though they are lexical (independent) morphemes, and there are many examples of this in many categories. Several structures are used to use the verbs as potential verbs, verbs of haste, durative verbs, approximative verbs, the commonest of which is the compound structures called “descriptive verbs”. These verbs are not used literally but as grammatical morphemes. The structure of the descriptive verbs in Turkish are as follow: {F1 (asıl fiil) -(y)A(zarf-fiil eki) F2 (yardımcı/tasviri fiil)-}. Any of these structures may mean different than the expected function (potentiality or haste, etc.). Sometimes, the expected function (potentiality or haste, etc) can be given using different structures. Approximative expresses that the action is almost done and that it is on the point of happening. Appropximative is a category related to the ‘tense’, ‘mood’, ‘manner’ and ‘aspect’ of the verbs. The commonest approximative structure in Turkish is {F-(y)A yaz-} made with descriptive verb structure: düşeyazdı (he was on the pointf of falling down), öleyazdı (he nearly died). This structure is seen in some historical and contemporary Turkic literary languages. Aproximative can be made in literary Turkish using several structures apart from {F-(y)A yaz-}, the commonest of which are as follow: {neredeyse F-(y)AcAKtI /-(y)AcAK}: Neredeyse ağlayacaktı. Neredeyse ağlayacak. {az daha / az kalsın F-(y)AcAKtI}: Az daha gülecektim. Az kalsın gülecektim. {F1-DI F1-(y)AcAK} : Çocuk düştü düşecek. In the dialects, we see approximative structure that cannot be seen in literary Turkish language. Mustafa Tanç has studies some structures made with the verb “ol- (be)”. In the Malatya Province dialects the structıres {F-(y)A yaz-}, {neredeyse F-(y)AcAK(tI)}, {az kalsın F-(y)AcAK(tI)},{F-DI F-(y)AcAK} etc. Are used. However, there is another compound structure expressing approximative but not used in the literary Turkish: {ediy ki F-(y)A} : • bacım başın mı agrıy? ediy ki agrıya. (Bacım başın mı ağrıyor? Neredeyse ağrıyacak / ağrıdı ağrıyacak) The use of the structure {ediy ki F-(y)A} with the conjugation of third person singular is common and characteristic. However, first and second person conjugations are also seen in Malatya and Elazığ. The features of the structure {ediy ki F-(y)A} can be shown as follow: in terms of aspect ‘proximative’; in terms of mood “approximation to the possible end; approximation, possible, probable”; in terms of tense “ future tense (something that has started or become evident is on the point of being completed)". 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19271 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19271 Turan Özgür GÜNGÖR William Shakespeare (1554-1616), English national poet and the most distinguished English literary playwright, produced his most well-known works between 1589 and 1613. He first began his literary career as a comedy and chronicle writer, but he did not confine his literary genius with comedies and chronicles. He also produced very prestigious tragedies, tragi-comedies, romances and poems. His history plays deal mainly with the events from King John to Henry VIII. His main concern was order, disorder, importance and continuity of monarch in these plays, in which he also emphasized the Englishness and advised on the destructive influences of civil wars and disobedience against the monarchs. The Wars of the Roses, in which the Houses of York and Lancaster, fought on the monarch of England between 1455 and 1487, was an important historical event for the history plays. Henry Tudor defeats Richard III and succeeds to the throne as Henry VII. He achieves to unite the two families, marrying Elizabeth of York. Tudor dynasty ruled England and Wales until 1603. Shakespeare lived under the reign of Elizabeth I, who was the last monarch from Tudor dynasty. Shakespeare advises the audince against the dangers of civil wars and speaks well of the Tudor dynasties in his history plays, such as King John, Edward III, Richard II, Henry IV (Part I, II), Henry V, Henry VI (Part I, II, III), Richard III, Henry VIII. This plays were about the English history. In this study some important historical events before the Elizabethan period and how Shakespeare used historical events in his plays will be discussed. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19200 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19200 Devrim Çetin GÜVEN Metaphors of “mortal illness” in the literary and political discourses appear very often as discriminative structures. This phenomenon had not attracted much attention until Susan Sontag, the American writer and director, wrote Illness as Metaphor. When the author experienced such otherings herself after she caught breast cancer, she undertook to uncover the almost totally institutionalized literary origins of these discriminative attitudes. In her book which was the result of that process Sontag executes a comprehensive discourse analysis of illness metaphors and she calls attention to the necessity to destroy the yoke of verbal mechanisms over illnesses. An “internal” criticism to this perspective came two years later, from the Japanese literary theorist, philosopher and critic Kojin Karatani. In his essay entitled “Sickness as Meaning” which is contained in his Origins of Modern Japanese Literature, the author maintains that to turn such diseases as tuberculosis and cancer into metaphors is not only the essential discursive mechanism of modern literature, but also that of the institution of modern medicine. In other words, the author emphasizes that these discriminative structures are not limited to the level of art, but they are produced also in the discourse of sciences; furthermore, these two levels are of complementary quality. The aim of this article is to provide a critical perspective to the rhetoric based on the dichotomy of health-illness that operates hand in hand with the ideological discourse specific to Western and Euro-centrist modern nation states —which has not been discussed enough in our country— in the light of postcolonial theories. With this aim in mind, by analyzing the above mentioned essays via the method of comparative literature, we demonstrated how the “discourse” formed “health” and “illness” that is posited as the polar opposite of “health” through a forced Romanticism, in the processes of passage to capitalism, namely to modern nation state system of Western and Eastern countries (such as the USA and Japan) in our paper. In order not to restrict ourselves with the level of literary study, we took up La Dame aux Camellias by the French novelist Alexandre Dumas Fils which belongs to the level of creative writing and we clarified how even in such a work that is imbued with the atmosphere of proto-feminist social criticism, discriminations of gender and class intersect with discriminative attitudes towards the ill. Finally, we stated how the discriminative structures towards illness overlap with the discriminative structures of imperialism. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19391 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19391 Fatma İMAMOĞLU Literature, is the most read work after Sadî’s Gulistân and Mevlânâ’s Mesnevi and both with its essence and content, and its stylistic qualities it is among those works that affected Classical Turkish Literature deeply. Many sharhs (commentaries) have been written about this work that has such a great importance. In this article sharhs to the second ghazal with the repeated voice “şumâ” in the Divan of Hâfız done by important poets of Ottoman sharh tradition Şem’î, Sûdî and Vehbî Konevî will be compared in terms of sharh methods so it will be tried to state the methods each poet used to practice while creating their works. When their works are analyzed it seems three of the sharihs (commentators) have written their works with more different translation and sharh practices than each other; it is possible to list Sûdî’s and Konevî’s sharhs within the explanatory sharhs and of Şem’î’s are from which is mostly quotative. The environment where sharihs (commentators) were born into, their education and cultural accumulation, their aim in writing the sharh and the audience they want to address have been primarily effective in this difference. In our analysis the plans that sharihs (commentators) practiced are outlined and then it is analyzed by giving titles as transference of the source text to the target texts; transference of original text, translation of source text, commentaries about the source text, grammatical analysis of the words and their meanings. Consequently, contrarily to the misunderstandings about the sharhs of the same text it is seen that they are not the repetition of each other and they are practiced with the different aims and needs, included personal opinions and methods of its author. For preliminary preparation and to make the subject clear the terms tafsir, translation and sharh are explained and relation network among these terms is tried to be stated. Also, it is informed about the author of the source text Hâfız-ı Şirâzî and as subjects of our analysis, biography of Hâfız sharihs (commentators) and the second ghazal of the Divan of Hâfız with the repeated voice “şuma”. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19197 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19197 Sonnur IŞITAN Children may encounter with difficult life events that are hard to comprehend and deal with. Children’s literature is used to support children in dealing with these difficult events. This study aims to examine the distribution of special topics featured in illustrated storybooks targeting preschool children. The convenience sampling method was used in the study. The sample of the study included a total of 405 illustrated storybooks published in Turkish in the period 1990-2015. Books were collected from 58 publishers. A total of 292 books were (72.5%) authored by native authors and 113 books (27.5%) were translations. In the study “Book Assessment Form” was used for coding the data. The data of the study was analyzed using content analysis method and 5 general themes were identified. These were: (1) difficult subjects (challenging behavior), (2) Values/Character/Moral education, (3) Social skills and social adaptation training, (4) Values/Character/Moral education through religion themes, (5) the concept of being special needed. Sub themes were constructed according to content analysis due to 5 main theme categories. The results indicated that difficult subjects (challenging behavior) were the topics to be most commonly addressed. This category was followed by the topics of values/character/moral education, social skills and social adaptation training, values/character/moral education through religion themes and the concept of being special needed. This study showed that despite the growing interest in publication of books with special themes, the books about different subjects are still limited. It is suggested that the number of children’s books targeting special themes should be increased and the developmental appropriateness of the illustrated books should be assessed by specialists. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19220 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19220 Nimet KARA In the period of old Anatolian Turkish, a lot of texts are produced in different matters. The number of the books of this period is so high that it can’t be underestimated. One of the aims of these texts is to find out treatment techniques for illnesses and prepare drugs for illnesses. Another one is to inform the community about the illnesses and to provide information to the experts concerned with this science field. These texts include the names of the illnesses and parts of body, drugs, medicine and medicine equipment and terms of health and anatomy. These terms guide the researchers of Turcology when its information about phonology and morphology is taken into consideration and also researchers of medicine, history of medicine and medical deontology when its content and matters are considered. The general meanings of the words in this language can be nearly understandable without looking up in a dictionary on the other hand the terms don’t seem understandable without a dictionary since they can be extended and narrowed down regarding the science field they belong to and limitations of the related science field. For this reason, the intended use of the words covered in the texts written in old Anatolian Turkish can only be discovered when the phonology, morphology and of terminology of the words are analysed and they can be used more functional. This study focuses on the names of the plants, animals, illnesses, parts of the body and drugs/mixtures stated in İlm-i Tıbb by Muhammed bin El- Hasan Tabib, which is assumed to be written in old Anatolian Turkish period considering its phonology and morphology even though its written date isn’t known. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19399 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19399 Onur Alp KAYABAŞI Turkish world spreads over a wide area both geographical and historical period. Therefore the subject is discussed and restricted by selecting the examples from different periods and geography. Surveyed epics are Oğuz Kağan (before and after Islam), Manas, Dede Korkut, Boktu-Kiriş, Bora-Şeelay, Kangıyay Mergen ve Kartıga Pergen epics. If other Turkish Epics are scanned, there could be similar examples. There are several motives in existence and showing itself in secret or openly in every epics. These motives should be embedded in the minds of society in order to be in existence. Because unused motives are condemned to be forgotten and disappear. One of the motives gaining meaning is father-son struggle in other words father-son conflict in our epics making transition from mythological era to historical era. The father and son struggle shows its face as different examples in Turkish epics such as Erlik and Tengri Kayra Khan in Yaratılış epic and an incident between Mete and his father Tuman. Father and son struggle has played an important role in some of these epics' text's construct and theme. Common motives in epics like Boktu-Kiris, Bora-Seelay and Kangivay Mergen from Oğuz Kahn, Manas, Dede Korkut, Tiva and KartıgaPergen from Sor Hero epics are products of historical accretion. In Turkish Epics the reason of father and son struggle is narrated as religious reasons, jealousy and heroic instincts but on the basis it starts with the disobedience of son to father. Father and Son struggle seen in the fundamental epics of Turkish Culture like Oguz Khan, Dede Korkut, Manas shows itself not from the personal disputes but from the interferences of external factors. These external factors can be specified as religion, jealousy, defying tradition, son's desire to be hero. The son's desire to be a hero does not appear to be an external factor unlikely the son's desire to have power in the society he is in arises from the society's expectations and needs. The son which will become khan must meet these expectations and needs. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19223 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19223 Mehmet Fatih KAYA İlm-i Tıbb is a work in which ways of creating a ture lifestyle to protect against disea-ses are described generally and which has been translated from Arabic into Turkish. The work of which only a single copy has been identified has been written by a medical scholar named Muhammad bin Hasan. We could not get any information on when the work was writ-ten. Language features of the work and a statement which mentions İstanbul as “Dâru’s-saltanatu’s-seniyye” strengthen the possibility of to be written in late 15th century and early 16th century. The work is consist of muqaddima and eight chapters each of which is called as "ravza". Topics to be considered in the maintenance of health such as foods, drinks, sleep, cupping, human psychology and advice on measures against diseases are mentioned in the work. Our study consists of introduction, language features, text, dictionary and conclu-sion sections. We provide information about general characteristics of the work in the intro-duction section. Because of the fact that it is studied for the first time, we put a complete grammar of the text in "language features" section that includes writing, sound and structure of the language. After the text section which includes the translation of our work, we added "dictionary" section that includes some unknown food, drink and disease names and treat-ment ways of them in addition to meanings of some Arabic and Persian words. In the conc-luding section, we included the results we have reached during the study. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19525 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19525 Mehmet KAYGANA No matter whether the works of Ahmet Midhat Efendi are being liked or not, his name comes at the head of all the other founders of a Turkish novel. The criticism of his works, especially the technique of his novels, is based on a mistaken consideration that he was immitating contemporary Western writers or great novelists of the former epoch. It is, actually, the result of prejudice based on leaving the traditional narration of a Turkish novel and adopting the Western style of narration. Meanwhile, the majority of Ahmet Midhat’s novels symbolise the transition period between the tradition of classical narration and the modern one. One of the other disputes around Ahmet Midhat’s personality is based on the misjudgement either of some of his symbolised novels or on the prejudice which is the result of very severe generalisation caused by a holistic approach to his works. When we add the writer’s own assessment of his novels to the above said, it becomes hard to provide a different interpritation of the above mentioned literary works. Meanwhile, every text has a potential for different interpretations, no matter what has been said about it before, including its writer’s remarks. In our work, we have analysed the novel “Diplomalı Kız” by Ahmet Midhat Efendi from the point of view of the writer’s understanding of Rationalism, Capitalism, and Naturalism in education, taking into consideration all the above mentioned points. By using fictional logic, we have tried to analyse the data belonging to the deep structure of the novel, which is being covered by the surface structure and uncovered by systematical interpretation. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19225 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19225 Murat LÜLECİ Since the rise of text linguistics, the notion of text has been from a multi-directional per-spective. Text. which was analysed from the level of sentence under general linguistics, has become a field of interest in modern text linguistics, which regards the text as a uni-ty whose elements are interconnected at various capacities. Literature is a realm in which language is recreated in a specific context, which, as en end result makes litera-ture an object for linguistic inquiry. Moreover, since literary texts are organized in a manner to reflect a specific communicative purpose, they become a useful field for text linguistic scrutiny. From a text linguistic perspective, a literary text is considered a uni-fied whole, whose units are interconnected at various levels. Among those levels, cohe-sion and coherence play a crucial role in the perception of literary texts and their holistic processes. The methodological framework proposed by text linguistics provides a more detailed exploration of text producer, text and the receiver. This will contribute to both literary scholar’s and literary critic’s assessments of the text, by showing them the text in its entirety. In this study, I will first introduce text as an interdisciplinary realm of in-quiry. Then I will elaborate on the text linguistic notions, cohesion and coherence. Fi-nally, I will conduct text linguistic analyses of three literary texts, Atilla İlhan’s poem Boulevard of Mists, Sait Faik’s adapted story An Amazing Train and Oğuz Atay’s novel The Disconnected. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19241 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19241 Kamil Veli NERİMANOĞLU, Gencer GENÇOĞLU The concept having developed rapidly from Aristoteles to our time has gradually improved as a worldwide discipline. Poetics, which identies with analysing of poems in our today, studies subjects including its form, content, style and aesthetic without depending on a certain example is a science emerging by the birth of literature, developing, and turning into the study of literary genres in time. Language not only transfer what we want to say, but also gives us information about what we are and where we come from. What is the language to answer the question of folklore in a sequence of needs to clear up issues. The assassination, dialogue and formulas, formats, again ordering samples, samples of psychological paralelism poetik we language of literary folklore-we see the way the aesthetic value. One of the functions of folklore is its effect that forces the i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19191 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19191 Ali Rıza ÖZUYGUN, Şefika YAPICI Conquered by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in 1463, Bosnia and Herzegovina was rapidly introduced to Ottoman culture and civilization right after the conquest. Bosnians, who as a community converted from Bogomil sect to Islam, were one of the most privileged people Ottomans in the Balkan region. Bosnians were promoted to important positions in the administrative, military, scientific, and literary fields of the state during the long Ottoman reign. Bosnians, who entered into the Ottoman cultural space, started to produce their first literary works in Turkish during the period of Sultan Bayezid II. Using Turkish in a very beautiful way, Bosnian poets usually produced works in the literary genres such as kaside, gazel, mesnevi, and şehrengiz with a sincere and simple style. Bosnia and Herzegovina, which remained within the borders of Ottoman State until the Berlin Treaty of 1878, were left to Austro-Hungarian rule after that year despite it was still considered Ottoman land legally. This situation caused significant changes in the social and cultural lives of Bosnians. Despite all the problems encountered, the tradition of producing literature in Turkish language continued in Bosnia and Herzegovina until the 1930s. One of the important literary figures who kept writing literary works in Turkish during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the historian and author Muhammed Enver Kadic. The literary work known as “Tarih-i Enveri”, or “Kadic Chronicle”, is comprised of 28 volumes. It covers the Bosnian history between the years 1364 and 1927. In our study, we have evaluated the poems written by Meyli for the city of Sarajevo, by Derviş Paşa for the city of Mostar, and by Bülbüli for the city of Travnik, all of which are included in the “Kadic Chronicle” of Muhammed Enver Kadic. It is possible to conclude that our study enabled us to know more about the Bosnian cities of 16th and 17th centuries. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19219 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19219 Gökhan ÖZBEK, Oktay Selim KARACA The place of the word groups that are situated in the syntax in Turkish is very essential. Usually, we can not cover entities, objects or actions with one word so in these situations we prefer to word groups. The word groups, basic in a sentence and formed an integrity in the way of the structure and the meaning was examined by using the many various classification methods in the recent studies. The classification made by those skilled in the dependencies between companents is not expressed in the majority of word groups with clear statements; even morphological and syntax categories are used nested mixed with each other. In this study, by taking the functional classification of word groups which is one of the controversial issues of Turkish grammar. It is emphasized an which facts will be reqarded with and how to be applied in terms of classification. The classification method used in the study has a functional qualification making structure features out as a different morphological classification from the others which have been made so far. In accordance with this purpose, word groups have been classified according to the frames of the grammatical and semantical plans. In the grammatical section, the lexical-morphological level in which the constituent element is classfied; the syntax level which is through with the types of relation and the classification which is done according to the number of conjugating elements. However in the semantical section, the classification related to the word groups with attributive features are used in which tasks. Finally with this quaufication, dissimilation criteria of word groups in terms of grammar and function is confirmed, the functional features of them which can not be explained accurately with the comparison technique have been clarified. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19134 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19134 Yunus ŞENYİĞİT, Mehmet ÖZDEMİR Turkish language has also been involved in an interaction with the languages of cultures and civilizations it has confronted within the historical process, as all languages. The language of Turkish nation including in a new civilization with the acceptance of Islam was also affected by initially Arabic and Persian that were efficient in the new civilization involved and Romaic and Armenian thereafter. This influence and efforts of language simplification has continued to be a matter of debate by means of constantly being on the agenda for long years. Recently, Turkish became a matter of debate one more time in terms of the simplification with the process of westernization in particular. Initially the amelioration and familiarising of literary (written) language to the public language came to the fore, then with Genç Kalemler (Young Pencils), making public language as written language was adopted. In the republic period, making public language as written language was aimed, too; but alienation of new written language from public language in the passage of time generated the discussions. Those who thought that simplification of the language deviated from its aim and transformed into a discharge (clearance) voiced criticism on different platforms. One of these platforms was Journal of Kubbealti Academy that started to be published in 1972. In this study, the change of Turkish vocabulary and the discussions of language within the process of westernization were touched upon shortly; the issues that were published between 1974-1975 of Journal of Kubbealti Academy, which was one of the parties of language discussions and argued for ‘living Turkish’, were examined and the criticism of the thoughts about ‘the research’ of the language were identified. The gradation of these criticals would be possible like: severing the connections of new generations with the past, destitution of language, not being impartial against the foreign words, failure to comply with the logic of Turkish word formation and harmonic distortion, wrong word formation in terms of semantics, some new words having non-Turkish origin, reproduction of new words instead of some words with Turkish origin and public’s unfamiliarity with new words. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19317 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19317 Serpil ÖZDEMİR This study focuses the role of i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19452 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19452 Hasan ÖZER, Sinan DAVULCU Language constitutes the basic material of literature which is saving of experiences in human life and the conveyer of societies’ word existence besides forming system of understandings among people, too. Difference of the levels of use, development, understanding and transfer of the language has brought with the variety of methods and opportunities in the language, too. Morpheme is accepted as the smallest part – which is conveyer of meaning – of a language. Case morphemes can be introduced as affixes which correspond the cases of names on the point of establishing the temporary meaning connections between names and verbs in the sentence. These morphemes which have taken their part in literary texts of every era of our language right from the first Turkish texts have had an effect upon literary works and accordingly on language with various semantic contributions. To view pieces of poem from the viewpoint of their additional uses besides their frequencies of word presents us important data in terms of both morphemes and features of wording. Hamdullah Hamdî is an important milestone of the era in consequence of being the son of a scholar father like Akşemseddin, who has branded on the era, besides writing first important mesnevi of Yusuf u Züleyha in our literature. In this study, the case morphemes which has taken place in the Divan of Hamdullah Hamdi who is accepted as an important personality of mesnevi field of his era have been reviewed and examples which belong to case morphemic uses have been presented. The poet has tried to reflect these uses which are of expression opportunities of the language in his poems by combining with the opportunities of the literary perception in which he has been. The language material which we have presented will be able to give ideas about the related era and following eras in Hamdi’s personality. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19430 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19430 Erol ÖZTÜRK Most of the texts of the Anatolian dialects have been collected and published. It is understood that these collected texts have been studied in terms of sound and form. Studying the dialects fields that show the regional differences of the Turkey-Turkish in the terms verbal mood will contribute a lot of benefits to the research of the Turkish language. Studies done in the dialects of Turkey - Turkish, except the subjects of sound and form are extremely few. This study is about the different usages of the modal affixes in the dialects of Rize and its surroundings. That the usage of the modal affixes, especially simple present tense mood (modals) seen in the region dialect is used instead of other modals will beintroduced with the examples of texts of the regional dialect. In this study, the scanned examples of texts in the books of The Dialects of Rize Province (by Turgut Günay) and The Texts of Northeast Dialects (by Ahmet Caferoğlu) have been used. Rize dialect is discussed with Turkey Turkish dialects, Trabzon and Hopa of Artvin, Borçka and Arhavi, within the Northeast Group Dialects. Ahmet Caferoğlu, Tooru Hayashi, Zeynep Korkmaz and Turgut Günay made various classifications regarding regional dialects. These classifications show that in comparison with the standard Turkey-Turkish and Anatolian dialects; Rize and surroundings, where Oghuz and Kipchak elements live with the groups speaking various languages and dialects, differs in terms of its phonetics, morphology and syntax. Similar situation is also observed in terms of modal suffixes. In the introduction chapter to this study, history of the Turkish language in and surroundings of Rize has been given in short and the place of the Rize dialect among the other Turkey-Turkish dialects detected. By means of the scientific studies concerning the region, the problem of ‘Reassignment of the Time Indicating Modals in Rize Dialect’ was examined. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19358 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19358 Mehdi REZAEI Due to the massive immigration of Turks, many Turk ethnics chose Iran as their main fatherland. Geography of Iran is known as one of the main areas of western Turkish dispersion. According to many researchers, the geography of Iran is important because of the recognition of Turk and Turkish language. The existence of different Turkish dialects in various parts of Iran, represents a historical record. These dialects and accents have suffered of various changes over the time, and some of them are on the verge of entire extinction, now. One of the Turk nations who live continually in different provinces of Iran are Shahsavans. Although Shahsavans live in northwestern of Iran, but they can be seen in different provinces. One of the provinces where the tribe of Shahsavans has been living centralized there, is Zanjan province. In this paper, whilst introducing Shahsavans, general information about them is presented, too. In addition, the recognition of the important characteristics of the dialect of Shahsavan is studied. Language data contained in this publication has been compiled from the Shahsavans of Zanjan province. According to gathered information, the main properties of phonetic and structural of Shahsavani's Turkish have been determined. The most important features that distinguish Shahsavani's Turkish from other Turkish dialects in Iran, is the use of extension -Im/-Um (first-person singular suffix) and the extension of -sIn / -sUn (second person singular suffix). Being decentralized of Shahsavans and having the minority of population in their area of living, lead their language to destruction, on the other hand the influence of other dialect on the Shahsavani's Turkish can be seen clearly. Thus, by taking these points into account, recording the specifications of Shahsavan's dialect is necessary. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19235 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19235 Müberra SEYDİ ERTEK Language perception is the thought that non-linguist’s perceive about in any language and speakers of that languages. Language perception studies began in the 20th century in Japan and the Netherlands and after it has been interested in a work area with other researchers from linguists. Language perception, other than linguistics, offers opportunities for disciplinary and interdisciplinary research by drawing the attention of various disciplines such as sociology, psychology and cultural anthropology. Perceptual language datas, play an important role to determine the language and cultural differences between other variants such as dialaect speech and in drawing boundaries. These data provides an information about how any groups of i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19284 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19284 Serpil SOYDAN Leyli vü Mecnun is one of the masnavis composing Hamse of Ali Şir Nevâyi who turned Chagatai into classical literatüre language in fifteenth century.Supposed to be written in 1484,Leyli vü Mecnun has all the characteristics of the era.This work which was written in relation to Nizami and Emir Hüsrev’s masnavis which have the same title like this work ,constitutes thirty-eight chapters.In each chapter,there are totally three-thousand-six hundred twenty two couplets.There are sixteen versions of the same work only in Turkey libraries.In addition, there are also other versions in Tashkent,Leningrad,Paris and London.In this paper,we aim to analyze gerundials in Leyli vü Mecnun.Gerundials are grammatical elements which are used to enrich statements and expression ,to express statements in short,to form subclauses,to substitute conjunctions.They do not show all the characteristics of verbs although they are generated form verbs.They carry some aspects of adjectives,adverbs and nouns.They are 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19245 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19245 Nurcan ŞEN Until today a monograph or a detailed examination on the works of Cevat Kâzım who has produced works in almost all literary genre within the history of Turkish literature have not been conducted. In fact, the works of this important literary character has not even been published in Latin alphabet. However, it is the literary domains that reveal important poets and authors. What forms these domains are actually the literary figures who are disregarded in the history of literature in general and whose works are not emphasized as much. For this reason, the monographs of these literary figures should be prepared and studies have to be conducted on their works. One of these literary figures is Cevat Kâzım. He is of a military background. For this reason, he has personally witnessed the occupation of Istanbul and the war of independence and he has manifested what he has witnessed during these periods in his memoirs that he published with the title towards Martyrdom. Cevat Kâzım did not suffice with that and again he published what he witnessed during the War of Independence with an epos that he published with the title “İnkılabın Şiiri” exactly ten years prior to Nazım Hikmet's Epic of Turkish Revolution. This work is exactly an epos of the Turkish Revolution both with the sub-titles which refer to the names of the fronts and live moments of the war described. Again in addition to this poetry book, Cevat Kazım has other poetry books entitled “Gönül Yaşlarım”, “Günahlarım” and “İçli Saz”. When we examine the poetic approach in Cevat Kazım's poems, we can classify these poems under two groups. The first of these consists of the poems where he described his i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19423 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19423 Rabia Şenay ŞİŞMANʽİmād,zāde Velī b. Yūsuf,ı ʽİmādī This text that is in our hand is one of the dictionaries that was used as a school book in the Ottoman elemantary-primary schools at the time it was written. The text that we are dealing with is the existing Persian-Turkish section of the 53 page/leaf periodical’s first 29 pages/leaves. The complete version of the text is composed of 53 pages/leaves. After the Persian-Turkish part there is an Arabic-Turkish part and the dates of the verses are not given in the text. It is known that the only edition of the text was copied in 1560. The Persian-Turkish dictionary section between the pages 1a-28a is studied to serve for the Classical Turkish Literature and Turkish Language fields. The only confirmed copy of the dictionary which has the masthead that says "‘İlm-i Lugat, ʽİmād-zāde Velī b. Yūsuf-ı ʽİmādī, telif 968/1560" is in kitāb-hāne-i ‘Umūm-ı Āyetullāh Bahfī-i Marʽaşī, Iran/Tehran, with the record number of 2048 and it has 53 pages. In the first 28 pages of the compendium, apperas the Persian-Turkish words. The rest of the compendiom, in between the pages 29 and 53, there is the Arabic-Turkish chapter. It was copied by Ahmed b. Vildan-ı Akçeşehri, in the style of naskh calligraphy (nesih hattı), in the fourht month of hijri calendar/Rebiyülahir 968/December 1560. The first part we have studied, composed of 71 verses. This part is titled as Persian-Turkish dictionary. It was put together in form og poetry by ʽĪmād-zāde Velī b. Yūsuf, who used the pseudonym "ʽĪmādī". The author, who was known by the name ʽĪmād-zāde Velī Çelebi, was born in İskilip. He was instructed by his uncle, who had retired from the office of mufti in Manisa. After he completed his education, he served as a kadi (judge). During his his duty as a kadi (judge), he was also known with name Kadi Veli, but he kept using his name İmadi in poetry. About the date of death of the Fāʽizī author, there has been made a record that states 1003/1595. The copy was announced to science community by Seyyid Ahmed-i Hüseyni and in this announcement the name of the volume was determined as "İlm-i Lugat", but it hasn't been given any information about date. The information given in the characterization part, it says that the 'İlm-i Lugat composed of 71 verses. Even though it is stated that, the verses are organized alphabetically, in according to their rhyme and repeated word patterns (Öz, 1996: 267), it is confirmed that in the Persian-Turkish chapter wich we analyzed, the lines do not proceed in an even degree and there is no positive pattern of rhyme. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19309 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19309 Bülent Cercis TANRITANIR This article aims to show how a forbidden love finds itself in both America where strict Puritan rules dominate and in Turkey where there are also harsh rules about marriage and faith. The protagonists of forbidden loves are women in these novels. So it has been tried to shed light into their psychological situations, emotions and the society in which they lived. This article has conducted the issue from three notable points: The first point has been explanatory of forbidden love, the second point has established a desciption of men in order to understand forbidden love better. The last one has focused on how and why forbidden love affects the characters in The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne and Eylül by Mehmet Rauf. This study aims a journey to your minds from America to Turkey through two characters being their own destiny’s prisoners in their love stories in forbidden love stories. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19190 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19190 Ali TAŞTEKİN Although linguistics and psychology are different disciplines, the common ground they share is quite vast. The area that covers the act of trying to reach concrete results with reference to scientific data that address the influence of psychology on language and vice versa is referred as the area of interest in psycholinguistics. The relation between language and psychology originates from the fact that an i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19463 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19463 İlke TEPEKÖYLÜ In folk cultures that are fictionalized and shaped by myths, from archaic period to today, it is seen that the societies preserved “mythic” factors in different ways. The applications towards the transferring of culture shows a parallel progress with the popularization of values of the era and it is seen that the narrative types such as myths, epics, folktales and tales of societies have established the nurturing source of this progress. These elements, forming the cultural DNA of the society, leave their oral citational feature to visual and literary area in the “modern age”; and they continue to exist as novels, comic novels, theatres and movies. In these types, many mythological heroes took place or new heroes were created. Especially with the movies that are adapted from literature and comic novels, the magical visuality of this seventh art has created a new medium for itself. Characters like Karaoğlan, Malkoçoğlu and Tarkan, which were important in the Turkish cinema, and the most famous personalities in traditional Turkish theater Hacivat and Karagöz, Dağlı Ahmet of Yaşar Kemal, Ağrı Mountain legend with Gülbahar have been mixed with rich “oral culture” and won the hearts of Turkish people. Hence; the “heroes” that lived in the myths, tales and folktales that have been told in the village squares and in coffee houses throughout the historic process, told from mouth to mouth in homes, they have obtained permanence in the cultural memory. A comic novel, novel or a movie, transfers and carries these loved characters to present day. In this study, the application area of mythology with folktales, myths, tales and their reflections to “cinema” as mediators will be discussed. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19403 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19403 Yavuz UYSAL Kirve is the person who bears the right of fatherhood as much as a real father by taking the boy on his lap to be circumcised. This can be rendered as an offer of kinship by one part based on the level of intimacy and friendship between two close persons, which cannot traditionally be declined. Kirve is distinguished from among those who have not any kinship ties; thus, it is intended to build such a tie with the person to be offered. This relation arrives at such a further degree that the to-be-kirve person is the spiritual father of the child to be circumcised and it is forbidden to make marriages with any member of the kirve’s family. This situation originates from the traditional traditions and customs to, rather than religious beliefs of the society. These kinship tie and the related prohibitions are due to the blood to be shed before the kirve, and this blood is adopted as the indicatory of kinship tie. The kirvehood and circumcision ceremony is still alive at present in Adıyaman, and the respect fed to the social values that this culture has created seems to rise day by day. Though the application field on which the ceremony is held displays some changes, the value to these gatherings given by the society remains the same. Kirvehood is the share of problems and responsibilities. Kirves are together with the families which they build a kinship through kirvehood on bad and good days, at weddings and festivals, and they exchange ideas on significant matters and share various responsibilities. Also, it is known that kirvehood gives valuable contributions to the resolution of such some problems as blood feud. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19425 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19425 Hakan YALAP Each literary text makes a sense of a mirror for the period when it is written and a psychological monolog for the writer. Each period of Classic poetry and each poet of every literary period have tried to be different sounds in their style. This matter is the hardest work to be done while the utterances are clear in its traditions and also are important for steps of poetry. In Classic poetry, it is absolutely important what said but it is more important how said. On this occasion, though being in search of a different wording almost every century, classic wording called as kudemâ style has been the basic wording style of Classical Turkish Poetry and followed every century. As a result of ongoing researches for long years, 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19188 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19188 Maksut YİĞİTBAŞ, Gökçen SEVİM Gülten Akın, one of the poets of Republic Period Turkish Literature, has produced literary work in other literary genres as well as poem until today from 1950s. Akın who has formed a poem world to herself proceeds consciously and knowledgeably in this wave. The poet doesn’t steer away from the general poem characteristic in his poems establishing a bond with the life and reflects this characteristic to the poem style accomplishedly. Akın having intimate knowledge about traditional poetry composes her poems by dealing with her poems in this perception of perspective, adding new things and enriching. The socialist side of poet plays a principal part in her poems. This principle firstly started with i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19474 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19474 Ömer YILAR Folklore has many functions such as transferring the culture educate, entertain and the like. Infulfilling this function, the use of multiple tools is in dispensable. In the past folklore products were produced orally then transferred in writing, in doingso, the book manuscripts, journals, and many tools were used as the calendar leaves. Once seen as the indispensable part of our lives, the leaf calenders to day are losing their importance. Despite this, leaf calenders survive in our daily live sand contain folklore products as they used to. In this study, randomly selected 10-leaf calender dating to 2012 were analysed in terms of folklore content and it has been aimed at revealing the elements relating folklore. Before starting this work, we had estimated that we might come across more and varied folklore elements in leaf calendars. However, after our analysis we found out that there appeared very few folklore elements than we had estimated. In the calenders we analysed it could be said that in most of the calendars religious subjects were given place. So to say, the calenders we used in this study were compiled with the aim of giving religious knowledge. With this study, we noticed that there was not enough work on important cultural information over the leaf calendars of the past century (1900-2000). To us, leaf calendars being the important witnesses of the time are worth examining from different angles. Folklorists should not ignore making comparative studies on the subjects and the changes according to the content of certain calendar of the year or pay close attention to the traditional behavior in the use of the calendar, showing how they benefit from the folklore of different calendars. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19280 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19280 Ceylan YILDIRIM, Dilek TURAN The representation and dissemination of Turkish culture by transferring various texts into other languages and cultures is made possible through translation. The contribution of literary translation to the perception of Turkish culture worldwide is significant. Besides, the cultural elements ranging from community to community and creating distinctive cultural identities transfer the cultural patterns of the source language. Focusing on the study of the translation of cultural elements, Newmark emphasizes the difficulties of intercultural translation caused by the particularities of different cultures. Newmark re-evaluates his own classification of cultural elements and offers further methods for effective translations. In this study, the following three novels by Orhan Kemal are examined in their French, German, and English translations, respectively: Bereketli Topraklar Üzerinde (Sur les terres fertiles), Baba Evi (Vaterhaus), and 72. Koğuş (Ward 72). These translations are analyzed to reveal the function of translation regarding the transference and presentation of various elements of Turkish culture to the target languages. In the translation of cultural elements of these novels, the foreignization strategy is predominantly followed, by which the particular values and customs of Turkish rural society can be directly transferred to the target culture. In the process of translation, codes of communication usually differ and present a problem for the transfer of cultural elements from one language to another. However, the foreignization strategy is observed to be dominant in these three translations, and this may contribute to the foreign reputation of Turkish culture. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19361 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19361 Hafsanur YILDIRIM 19th century which is also named as period of regression of Ottoman Empire is an era full of political hardships. It is observed that literate and cultural environments followed a similar situation to state politics. In comparison with previous centuries, Divan Literature is seen not to have been able to take considerable steps and renew itself, and remained as a repetition of the past. Divan poetry, based on a classical tradition that holds on for ages, brought up many poets in this period. In this era, poets followed their predecessors who were accepted as masters. In addition to this, this is an era when nazire was much sought after and written the most compared to the past. One of the poets who wrote a great many nazires is Mehmed Râ’if Bey. Two 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19233 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19233 Kübra DİLAVER YILDIRIM “Ağa” can be considered as one of the basis words that represents the historical process in the structure of Turkic culture. In a sense, it is one of the important key words to understand the heritage of the Turkic Steppe aristocracy. The word “Ağa” with its many using forms, it holds a characteristic, special and interesting place in Common Turkic vocabulary. The word “Ağa” has a wide scope of use ranging from that of a high level title, a term used among relatives to a simple call or a form of address. As well as the topic of article, with this study, the word “Ağa” which shows a usage variety will be seen with its examples that it is the reason of riches in vocabulary knowledge of the source of Turkish culture. It has an active usage in various areas that reach from Harem to military hierarchy, from political bureaucracy to family. In historical and modern Turkish language we see that the word “Ağa” is inside of usage areas which we mention above by undergoing changes meaning and task (agaş, agadaş, agaçe, agayın, agayınçıl, akani, ağavat…) with various affixions. The term “Ağa” and the job areas of its derivations, usage styles will be tried to search by following from text in the historical period. We see that this word of Mongolian origin that transfer from Turkish language to Albanian, Arabic, Urdu, Farsi has a wide usage area and also survive in these transferred languages by keeping its common meaning in Turkish. In this article, this quote from Turkish Word in Mongolian Turkish culture place and importance in history will be highlighted. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19214 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19214 Talip YILDIRIM, Duygu KOCA Kyrgyz Turkic are one of the oldest tribes known. Kyrgyz Turkic is a dialect which is presently spoken by Kyrgyz people living mostly in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz Turkic belongs to the Northwestern dialect group of Turkic (Kipchak), and it is remarkable that Kyrgyz Turkic is very similar to Kazakh Turkic which belongs to the same dialect group. It resembles Southern Siberian Turkic in terms of some significant language properties. Especially, it is possible to ascertain a number of common traits between Altai and Kyrgyz Turkic. Kyrgyz Turkic is 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19496 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19496 Oğuzhan YILMAZ Even though fictive texts were primarily related to literature, the messages in the fictive texts for children are also known to be effective in creating the type of man desired. Thus, in this study, 24 special issues of Turkcem under the topic “Let’s make it live the fun of mother tongue in the Balkans” published in 2015-2016 were examined. In data analysis of the study, the texts in the issues were found by the researcher and one field specialist then the fictive texts in two issues randomly selected among those comprising the study corpus were read each by the researcher and the field specialist and the fundemental messages of the texts were determined. These messages were encoded comparatively and coherence was sought. When no obvious problem was encountered in encodings made by the encoders, the researcher indexed 20 issues left on his own. The results of the study suggested that the leading messages in Turkcem magazine were related to such values as “sage, faith, feeling, environment, Kosovo and Balkan history”. Except for the environment related messages in the issues, all of the message were found to take place in the texts as a result of experiences lived in Kosova. In particular, it is possible to point out that the messages regarding sage, faith, value, Kosova and Balkan history contribute to identity construction of a generation “wise, value dependent and sensitive to national values”. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19418 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19418 Ünal ZAL Throughout history, there have been various Islamic comments, and movements of thought in the societies accepting Islam as religion due to political, social, economic, geographical etc reasons. After Turks had embraced Islam, Islamic mysticism and sufism spread in the Turkish world. Numerous works placing special emphasis on mysticism were written in Eastern Turkistan region where this Turkish-Islamic thought -which is still well accepted- first began to spread. One of these is the booklet named Tezkire-i Hazret-i Hāce Muhammed Şerįf Büzürgvār Bu Turur. This collection of biographies within Gunnar Jarring collection in Lund University is one of the two collection of biographies registered at Prov.327, and consists of 48 pages. Each page of the work is made up of 13 lines, and it is 21,5x16 centimeters. This manuscript which was duplicated in 1915 by Molla Abdülkadir Yarkendî is clean, and suitable for use. It was donated to the library of Lund University by the misionary and surgeon Gustaf Raquette’s ex-wife Hanna Raquette, and preserved by Gunnar Jarring. Though this collection of biographies was written in Turkish, there are some Arabic and Persian words as well. This manuscript starts with a gratitude to and beautiful names of Allah. Tezkire-i Hazret-i Hāce Muhammed Şerįf Büzürgvār’s being an orphan, his life full of difficulties after his mother’s death, his dream of Satuk Buğra Han, and his way into mysticism under his guidance, his help to Muslims, and interesting life stories he had are narrated in this work. In this article, the subject, language study, translation and vocabulary of the work which was duplicated in 1915 by Molla Abdülkadir Yarkendî, and donated to the library of Lund University by misionary and surgeon Gustaf Raquette’s ex-wife Hanna Raquette will be emphasized, and some assessments will be made. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19512 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19512 Münteha GÜL AKMAZ Sign can be described as a kind of form, object, fact, etc. which represents thing except it and can substitute the things it represent. Although its basis goes over to ancient times, as for significs became an independent field of science at the beginning of 20th century, and it is a kind of science which studies sign system that is meaningful totality, determines connection among signs and classifies signs and sign systems. In significs, which has two domains; semiolagy studies signs in system which is formed with the aim of communication, in terms of functions in communication process, on the other hand semiotics searches the forms of meanings in system formed by signs. Nowadays, significs, especially semiotics is one of the approaches which analyzes diegetics. In significs, in which the diegetics are accepted as a system(whole) formed by semantic stratum, realization surface of shear of signs and how they articulate to each other are revealed. In this study, Kutadgu Bilig written by Yusuf Has Hacip has been read in terms of significs and the notions represented by Küntogdı, Aytoldı, Ögdülmiş and Odgurmış who are the creators of the text and also the relationships and the differences between them have been tried to determine. In as much as, these characters’ names which represent justice, happiness, mind and modesty have been signed. According to the significs, each text has both text of ancient cultures and enviromental cultures. So, the relationships between the textes that are the existence conditions of them appear. In this study, the relationships between the textes have been constituted and the subjects dealed have been evaluated within society and history. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19590 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19590 Şeyma BÜYÜKKAVAS KURAN Necip Fazıl Kısakürek is an artist who has own characteristics. He has his unique place in Turkish Literature with his poems, novels, stories, theatres and philosophical texts as poet, writer and philosopher. This study will examine his media critics in his theatre works. According to Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, theatre is the greatest creation among the other art branches. It is an effective and excellent means of narration. He believes that the theater is a very strong mean to explain his thoughts and the cases. He tells his thoughts about the social matters he touched in his poems, novels and his speeches by using theater as a mean within the limits of theater provide to him. Necip Fazıl accepts also newspaper, cinema and radio as effective and powerful means as much as theatre to point out social and political issues of daily life. He makes these criticisms in his theater works “Bir Adam Yaratmak”, “Reis Bey”, “Püf Noktası”. He criticizes Turkish media because Turkish media accepts newspaper as a commercial activity rather than a mean for thoughts and the cases. In order to get more profit it does not respect human life and privacy; values such as decency, honor, self-respect, privacy and holiness do not exist for Turkish media. They believe that they have the rights to write even the most private matter in the lives of especially artists. They keep magazine news as headlines for days as these are interesting and they also increase the circulation. They try every possible ways to collect information they need and to make up news that serve their aims. Therefore there cannot be a friend from journalists. They do not know who their readers are. They see them as they wish to see. They use the power (newspaper) in their hands as they wish. They serve political power in charge. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19227 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19227 Ergün ALTUN One might thought that the word “paso”, which is widely used especially among youngsters as a durative marker, is a borrowing in Turkish. However, to consider about the etymology of a word, only phonological knowledge and/or intuition may not be enough. It is essential to have a scientific profundity which can conduct an in-depth etymologic research and diachronic language culture. It may be thought that word “paso”, which has been used by young generation increasingly, is a borrowing from a foreign language as it contradicts the phonological rules of Turkish. According to dictionaries, the word “paso” is borrowed from Italian or from the French verb “passe” (= to pass). However, “paso” is used, to mean “continuously, non-stop” so that this explanation may be insufficient. It is not only used as “paso” it also has allomorphs such as “basa or pasa”. Morphophonological changes, which occur in a language, are related to time rather than origin. In Turkish, in durative aspect beside adverbs “pasa, basa, paso” auxiliary verbs “yorı-, dur-” are morphemes used as durative markers. In conclusion, according to our lexicology studies and dialect compilations “basa” or “pasa”, which are archaic words in Turkish, can be considered as allomorphs of current “paso” as a result of morphophonemic processes. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19311 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19311 Fatma Sabiha KUTLAR OĞUZ 2024-08-29