https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=306 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19014 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19014 Ahmet ALTAY, Tania TODOROVA Our world has been exposed to a great and rapid change in the social economic, cultural and political fields with the transition process to information society. These alteration and revolution process has affected all social structure and institutions. One of the institutions affected by this change wave is the public libraries. The public libraries are social institutions that present cultural, educational and information services to the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19145 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19145 Mehmet ANIK, Kamil ŞAHİN In this field study, social, cultural, political identity and sense of belonging to Turks in Sweden, to which degree they are integrated into the country they live in, their perception about their homeland, and whether there is a difference between the generations about this subject were assessed in line with the data obtained in the research. The data obtained in the field study carried out in Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö cities, the most densely inhabited cities by Turks, and the analysis of the data was made using SPSS 18 programme. When the data obtained are analysed, it is revealed that Turks in Sweden care for the identity formation representing their homeland and its continuation in socio-cultural terms, and they generally tend to be conservative in this sense. Nevertheless, it is also understood that the contact of Turks in Sweden with Turkish culture and Turkey is gradually decreasing (when it compared to the past). This also reveals the differences between the generations. When that 3rd generation young Turks born in Sweden came to Turkey, they generally do not feel like in their homeland, but in a foreign country or a country they visit as guests, and this also related to this kind of change. While negativities occur at the point of active participation of the Turks in Sweden in the political system in this country, that they are generally in a positive level at the point of corporate integration is another result arising out of the data obtained in the field study. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19469 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19469 Güldane ARAZ AY It is known that modern concept is defined as when apprised in the time it was made, that which has contains indications of future. The basic reason of meaning shift between modern and contemporary is caused by the translation of word "contemporary" to Turkish. Because of that reason Matrakçı Nasuh's miniatures are accepted as modern art works although he lived in 16th century. In fact when Nasuh's works are observed for painting style, composition assembly, painting of objects, color and shape elements, it is thought that these can easily find a place in contemporary art. From this perspective Matrakçı Nasuh's works should be assessed as beyond miniature tradition and precursor of modern representation. Considering Matrakçı Nasuh time and miniature is done with a range of rules, Matrakçı Nasuh's avant-garde approach is important for history and roots of Turkish art. This makes him an important milestone for Turkish art. The distinction of Matrakçı Nasuh from his contemporaries is his artistic style. Because he found his own style when artistic style concept hadn't come into prominence yet. Furthermore he showed his style in miniatures that was seen as official documents, which was his signature. Matrakçı Nasuh's artwork transforms to a visual feast caused by his strong character and separate him from others. Matrakçı Nasuh, who is considered as a trailblazer artist, brought embroidery art that is produced by a group, closer to art with his avant-garde approach. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19447 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19447 Ayla ARSEVEN, Erkan YEŞİLTAŞ This study aims to compare the learning styles of gifted students with those of their ungifted peers and to reveal the relationship of these learning styles to the variables of sex, class, family income and parental education level. The study was carried out with 84 gifted students attending the Sivas Science and Art Center and 86 ungifted students. The Student Learning Styles Scales developed by Grasha and Riechmann (1994) and adapted into Turkish by Koçak (2007) was used to collect data. The statistical techniques such as frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multi-way analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used in analyzing data. The findings of obtained in this study reveal that learning styles of the gifted students differ from those of their ungifted peers; gifted students mostly prefer "independent" and "competitive" learning styles, while ungifted ones mostly prefer "dependent" and "participant" learning styles. It was observed that, while there is a significant difference in favor of non-gifted students on “depent” subscale of Learning Styles Scale, there is a significant difference in favor of gifted students on “competitive” subscale. Based on the study findings, there is a statistically significant difference between the learning styles of the gifted and ungifted students in terms of of sex but, there is no significant difference was seen between the scores of gifted students and ungifted students from the Learning Styles Scale by gender, grade, maternal educational background, and paternal educational background (p > .05). 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19116 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19116 Hassa District is located on the Syrian border of Adana Department in the east Mediterranean Region. Located in the northeastern district of Hatay, the province has an area of 577 km2. Located in the Hassa district, Amanos Antakya-Kahramanmaras Graben line has a rugged topography because of the influence of tectonic events (figure 1). Fault lines exist on both sides of the graben field. While the Fault Zone of the Dead Sea is limiting the east part of the graben line, the East Anatolian fault zone is limiting the west of the graben. Significant changes has occurred in the topography as the shift of the river valleys, rerise of the alluvial cones and weak zones has occurred on the earth crust. Particularly, volcanic materials which erupt by following the weak zones has covered very large areas. The volcanic material which initially appeared by following the fault lines, then turned into the central eruption. Taking into account the characteristics such as the radiometric age, lava morphology, stratigraphic position and alteration colors, and typographical structure, it is seen that volcanic areas in Hassa vary depending on their eruption time. That lava occurring in the most recent period spreads to a large area is related to the very low lava viscosity. Therefore, basalt thickness gets thinner and decreases to 40-50 m as we get further away the pyroclastic cones. The purpose of this study is to introduce the pyroclastic and spatter cones in the basalt plateau, volcanic shapes that occur depending on the type of solidification, the characteristics of lava tunnels formed in the basalts and lava caves. For this purpose, the field studies have been reviewed and measurements and assessments were made on necessary locations during field work. The study has been completed being supported by a number of figures which serve the aim of the study. Pyroclastic cones that form interesting landforms in the region are operated as a quarry. Therefore, cones are faced with the danger of extinction in the near future. In addition, Hassa Organized Industrial Zone and Amanos tunnels that will be constructed to develop Hassa and its vicinity are in the project stage. Lava tunnels will be damaged in several ways as a result of the realization of the project. Therefore, detailed studies on lava tunnels should be carried out and they should be protected. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19178 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19178 Aydın AYDIN, Oğuzhan TEKİN War on terror in Iraq is an appropriate case to evaluate IR theories whether they can explain it or not. The aim of this his article is to discuss why and how US decided to invade Iraq in terms of realist, liberal and constructivist approach and why the US waged war because the War on Terror in Iraq by the US in 2003 provides us a significant case to work on. To understand how it happened and if and how ideas shaped foreign policy of the United States, this article will discuss neo-conservatism, realist, liberal and constructivist approaches. As an ideational and ideological approach, neo-conservatism shaped US foreign policy during the Iraq War in 2000-2008. Although only realism and liberalism could not explain the decision of the invasion of Iraq and their scholars criticized the invasion; constructivists successfully carried out role of ideas and ideologies on behaviors of states and foreign policy. The Iraq War has been a relevant to examine constructivists’ arguments. Constructivist approach considers political outcomes as products of a complex interaction of material. Therefore constructivist theory will be applied to inquire causal relationship between invasion of Iraq and social construction of ideas. This study has shown that constructivism presents a relevant framework for understanding motivations of the Iraq War. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19440 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19440 Mustafa ALTUNKAYA Everywhere and every village in Khorasan there was a famous mystic. Famous figures of the Sufism were here with the outstanding works and religious practices. Khorasan mystics, also played a yeast part in Islamization of Anatolia. After the Mongol invasion, sufi scholars who came to Anatolia, they have developed a new concept with their educational services and their books. Pervade of Islamic movement headed from East to Anatolia with the Khorasan character. No doubt this movement occured by the figures who are Akhmad Yassawi (d. 1166), Mavlana Jalaladdin-i Rumi (d. 1273) and Ali Samarkandi (d. 1456). This school intellectually supported the Seljuk civilization basin. It initiated the formation of the Ottoman civilization and restored the crumbled surroundings of İslamic world. This school was recognized with the talent of establishing the civilization from aesthetic to science and from technology to art and architecture. This school which employes impotant mystics in the formation of mystic mind necessitate to investigate the mystery of the school. There was a spirit in this school which conducived to Isliamification rapidly pervade by Prophets grandchilds. The Khorasan Rical, rejected all kinds of discriminations and saw the humanity as a big family. caught between Western and Eastern Mongolian-crusader attacks of Islamic civilization to a new medium. Thus, Seljuk and Anatolia Emirates period, the accumulation of centuries has evolved into this school of Sufism and to shape the Ottoman civilization. So they found a new medium to Islamic civilization that trapped between East Mongolian-Western crusader attacks. Thus, Anatolia Seljuk and Emirates period has evolved into Ottoman civilization with this school of Sufism which is accumulation of centuries. To know this Khorasan School we need to count those qualities; futuwwa, sama’, malamet, hangah culture, literature, poetry, commitment to sharia, to stand against persecution. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19544 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19544 Sıddık ARSLAN First of all, the importance of cultural integration is emphasized for the Turkish world to move together in every area. The importance of the concept of culture and the building up of this concept’s unity is emphasized as a base for our view. The aspect of Atatürk’s longing of the “unity in the Turkish world”, that light up the way for today, is mentioned. With examples from history, up to date practices try to support our thesis about “cultural integration.” The necessity of our approach on “cultural integration” that we have suggested for the Turkish world through the lines of the development of globalization in a concise manner is informed. On the other hand, after we define the Turkish world and give general information about it, we try to draw attention to the geopolitical location of the Turkish world along with the other Turkish communities. While mentioning the discordance of the factuality of political integration models, the importance of the area of a cultural integration project is also informed. While mentioning the 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19516 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19516 Özlem ATALAN, Hasan Şahan AREL During the 15th and 16th centuries, developing of cities and growing of population led to new significant changes on both municipal and commercial frameworks of Anatolian cities. In this process, new streets that have a centralized mosque and a domed market building surrounded by inn and covered market street, also specialize according to commercial activity branches began to appear. Also known as “long bazaar”, which demonstrated a distribution from central to surrounding, commercial activities were made in the shops which were positioned in the wayside of the streets. Inn structures of these streets were found to be taking place in city centers as well as covered market streets, domed market buildings and bazaars. Particularly in these centuries, many commercial districts in some cities such as Edirne, İstanbul, İzmir and Bursa, were rigged with “commercial inn” structures and turned into significant commercial centers. Inn, bazaar, grand bazaar, covered bazaar, arasta bazaar, and shops are commercial structures with different functions. Inns of Anatolian historical cities have reached today as basic structures that form the patterns of commercial districts. In this study, spatial analysis of the 15th and 16th century commercial inns that have a significance on Turkish urbanism and folk culture as well as commercial life are going to be conducted. Selected inns within the context of study were chosen from historical cities of Ottoman period that located on significant trade axes. These inns are going to be investigated in accordance with their layout distributions and evaluated based on plan variations. The common and 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19410 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19410 Meral BATUR In this study, the helplessness of mankind's existence while pictures of opposite, the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19262 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19262 Salih BİRİNCİ, Mehmet ZAMAN Tourism is one of the leading sectors which is rapidly developing both around the world and in our country. Alternative tourism types such as alpinism, climatism, cultural tourism, eco-tourism, rural tourism, etc. have arisen particularly upon variation of the tourism. One of the alternative tourism types attracting attention among these is speleological tourism. Accordingly, many caves have been investigated, and opened to tourism in our country. Cimagil Cave, located within the provincial borders of Bayburt, is one of the caves opened to tourism. Cimagil Cave is located at the Quarter of Tasindibi affiliated to the Village of Asacimagil in the southeastern of the Province of Bayburt. It is 57 km away from the centrum of Bayburt, and its altitude above the sea level is 2550 m. The Cave has been opened to tourism upon completion of trip platforms, lighting and other infrastructural services. The Cave has a rich potential for tourism with its many stalactites, stalagmites and various forms. However, the number of visitors is quite a few due to failure in introduction of the Cave nationally and internationally. In respect of environmental features, Cimagil Cave has natural and cultural values regarding eco-tourism varieties besides speleological tourism. Accordingly, it will have been ensured that development of the region with limited resources is contributed, even a little, through the tourism investments to be carried out considering the eco-tourism potential of the Cave and its surrounding. To that end, it will have been ensured that geographical position and formation of the Cave as well as eco-tourism resources available at its surrounding will be introduced through this study, that many more tourists will visit the Cave and its surrounding, and that thereby an alternative resource will be added to the economies of the rural settlements available in the province of Bayburt and the surrounding of the Cave. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19226 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19226 Hülya ÇAKIR, Erdal AKSOY This study is a descriptive field research in purpose. Prevalence of modernity together quickly increased communication and interaction systems change quickly from shocks experienced by other institutions and also a reflection of the fact that it takes more time to move to the living area, with large-scale process of change in the social status of women, it aims to describe the roles have changed. Yozgat centers and districts connected in research Hüyükkışla, Paşaköy, Güdülelmahacılı, Topçu, Divanlı, Erkekli, Gökçekışla, Lök, Osmanpaşa, Gelingüllü and Büyükincirli villages, grandmother of the same household, the mother and the mother's 17 years older girls, including 30 women with semi-structured Interviews were conducted. The two-stage designed as the first stage of field research in the village of socio-cultural structures of data "Village Information Form", the data of the actors in the second stage "Women Questionnaire" was obtained through. SPSS software to analyze the socio-demographic data obtained from the interviews; The description of the ideas of three generations of women, while MAXQDA 11.0 software was used in the analysis for the identification of the findings. With regard to gender roles in terms of gender 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19287 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19287 Soner ÇELİK, Aydın AYDIN This study is special in Iraq and the possible effects of the Turkish foreign policy of the European integration process and the Europeanization of Turkey's foreign policy has been investigated. While Börzel process analysis and Risse 's built on a three-step approach to integration and rational institutionalism was chosen as the theoretical framework . This work is being performed, that aims to contribute to the Europeanization literature, but also what kind of interaction with the candidate countries in the field of foreign policy between the European Union aimed to provide a new framework. Turkish foreign policy of the EU assessing the impact on the interaction of internal and external factors is taken into consideration. Events of September 11 and the Iraq occupation, the AKP’s rise when addressing the external factors and new foreign policy quest, along with decreasing life military’s political role in the government’s growing influence in the foreign policy of the above organization has been evaluated factors as internal. On the EU side, another factor has been concluded that the EU's attitude towards Turkey in the past and the present decisive. As long as the EU encouraged reforms in Turkey it has demonstrated an increased Europeanization faith. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19263 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19263 a Currently the globalization is still in effect and export-oriented economic development and job creation models that have been adopted throughout the world become mandatory to be converted into the innovation-based export models. Entrepreneurs are the most important actors in this transformation. Entrepreneurs are the main driving forces of innovation. They possess innovative business ideas or inventions. But they are confronted with several major problems when they want to commercialize this ideas or inventions from funding shortages to production issues and to sales and marketing problems. When they could not find the support they need, they have to shoulder all these processes alone and therefore time and resources are wasted and this reduces the chance of success of the enterprise. To accelerate the innovation process and to commercialize the innovative business ideas or inventions some proper persons or institutions must come into play. Even though public institutions provides some financial incentives that needed by the enterprises they cannot provide support for the other requirements for the success. As a result, integration of the proper persons who are known as business angels and have financial resources and expertise in their sectors and advanced business connections to the system is very crucial. Business angels have been shown to be effective on increasing the number of entrepreneurs, the rise of innovation capacity, improvement of the performance of companies and employment creation. Because of the absence of a sufficient number of business angels in Turkey incentives must be given to this area aiming especially to accelerate the institutionalization. Owing to the increasing number of business angels hence the increasing number of innovative entrepreneurship it will be possible to find more efficient solutions on economic growth and especially on employment issues in countries. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19406 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19406 Şahin DOĞAN The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of children on the 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19307 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19307 Mustafa İsmail DÖNMEZ In this study the poems by Omar b. Abi Rabi‘a, who lived during the Umayyad reign and was regarded the master of love-poets both in his lifetime and after, has been anaylysed pschoanalytically. First of all his biography and poetry is treated. He was of a well-being family, and pursued a wealthy and leisurable life. He was almost always with ladies around and attracted to them with poems dedicated to their beauties. Omar was a sort of narcisist. As he was the leading figure of 'gazels of desire' woman was the prominent element in his poetry. In psychoanalysis Freud maintained the existence of two phenomena, the instinct of life and death. The symbol of woman in Omar's poetry and the place of her in between the two given instincts are tried to be dealt with here in this paper. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19265 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19265 Abdullah DURAKOĞLU, Gülçin CEBECİOĞLU The aim of this paper is to analyze reflections of revolt philosophy put forth by French philosopher Albert Camus (1913- 1960) in his novel ‘The Plague’ In the first part of the paper formed with three parts, the place of Albert Camus in the Existential Philosophy is mentioned. Opposed to the philosophers who think that people have to believe in the existence of God to know themselves, it is important to question concrete human-being for Camus. As a result of this questioning, he cannot explain the meaning of the situation people are in, life and the reality that everything comes to an end with that with mind and believing. Starting from this idea he bases his ideas on the terms of ridiculous, revolt and suicide. So, in the second part, Albert Camus’ terms absurd, revolt and suicide are discussed. In the third part, understandings of God and religion, main problems of the study are dealt on the context of religion and reverend images in the novel The Plague. Camus who mainly intends to question human life uses the plague as a metaphor in his novel. As a result of this plague he symbolizes dreadful feelings of suffering, fear of death etc. that they can come across throughout his life. In addition to this, he also put an emphasis on the idea that religious doctrines cannot answer any questions on how people lead their lives. Generally taken it is seen that Camus supports the idea “Even if God exists, nothing will change.” with his novel. This idea can be qualified as one of the most hugging messages of the novel. However, it doesn’t come to mean that Albert Camus is a sheer supporter of atheism. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19416 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19416 Gülay ERCİNS, Levent GÖRÜŞÜK As far as nation-state organization which is the main component of modernization, humanity hosted to the coexistence of different cultures. However, by the modernization, composing a dominant culture in the social structure and the tradition that asserts melting other different cultures into this dominant culture was transforming to the evolutionary process of unicultural view. This situation led to the problematique regarding cultures’ existence and sustainability in homogeneous society. Nation states created by modernization draw our attention by having some values such as democracy, secularism, equality and freedom, as well as canonizing these value. While these values keeping alive in the nation states, multi-culturism and the other concepts generated by powerful states harms the concept of “nation” which is the integrative component of modern state structures. Therefore, it is getting hard to create a strong synergy and common belongingness among citizens. As a post-modernistic reaction, multi-culturism, indicates the desire of coexistence of different religious, ethnic and linguistic structures. Different cultures were living their identical, linguistic and religious existence only in the private space. However, after post-modernism, they can realize themselves in the public space too. In Turkey, the multiculturalism is an Ottoman heritage. After collapse of Ottoman Empire, the successor modern republic identicated himself as “Turk”. This identification resulted in the problem of sub-identities’ alienation. However, since 1990’s, academic debates and the reforms of EU participation process have showed a potential of generating solution against to republic-sourced problems. In this context, our study aims to examine the historical and philoophical origins of multiculturalism and investigate the evaluation of multiculturalism phenomenon in Western Societies. After all, the multiculturalism in Turkey will be analyzed comperative to applications in the World. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19277 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19277 Türkan ERDOĞAN In this article, Hungarian author Imre Kertész’s world of thought and his novels were analyzed within the context of holocaust. In this study, the author’s first three novels written in Bildungsroman genre, Fatelessness, Fiasco and Kaddish for an Unborn Child, were analyzed from the point of literary sociology. In this study in which a thematic analysis of contents of these novels was conducted, the empathy reading method was used qualified as an effort to reread-understand and interpret. Kertész’s novels, Fatelessness, Fiasco and Kaddish for an Unborn Child, have the characteristics of a text comprised of elements such as fiction-experience and self-biography. From philosophical-sociological perspective, the essential question to concern Kertész is why the Holocaust occurred rather than how. Attempting to define Auschwitz as “a universal” problem by removing its quality of being “a marginal” problem, the author defends this basic idea in his novels. Kertész, in all his three novels, pursues a goal of reminding his readers latently the question “May the society build itself on the fact of destroying the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19328 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19328 Burak Hamza ERYİĞİT This study aims to analyze the administrative model applied in the Turkish Municipal System; on the axis of presidential, parliamentary and semi-presidential system. In Turkey, while intensive discussions have been continuing for a long time for the central government on the axis of presidential, parliamentary and semi-presidential system, especially some intellectuals and politicians advocating the presidential system to create legitimacy to their discourse and to defend what they describe on a more practical way, emphasizing the model of the Turkish Municipal System is the presidential system. Especially in 2007, with a referendum held after the adoption of regulations that paved the way for the election of the President by the people currently being implemented in Turkey's parliamentary system in an environment where there is potential to produce greater crisis however, when the original and secondary properties of the presidential system is properly investigated, the administrative model of Turkish Municipality does not resemble with the presidential system so much. In this study, with the data obtained from archival research, content analysis, field research and observation methods, it is supposed that parliamentary system is more dominant in the applied model of the Turkish Municipality System but it is a mixed model that has the features of the presidential system. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19504 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19504 Maide GÖK The concept of violence’s which is parallel with history of mankind causes and consequences continue to be one of the significant issues of sociological literature. Mostly the issue of violence is subject to experimental work, is continuing a dual focus, including the determination of emergence of causes and perpetrators. Although many of these studies performed with quantitative methods, the theory is not included in most of the studies and an interdisciplinary approach does not appear to apply. On the other hand, it is seen that most of the conducted studies on the subject are only made up of situational detection of the problem. Therefore, in this study as a broad social problem, violence against women is being addressed in the context of different sociological approaches and theories and micro and macro factors that influence the emergence of violence are included. Located between socialization theories; psychoanalytic theory, social learning theory, cultural transmission theory and ecological theory and gender theory among; feminism, patriarchy, masculinity and motherhood theory is used to determine the micro and macro causes of violence. In this study it is aimed to contribute emerging discussions regarding violence against women, why violence is a universal problem and why it pursues for centuries and cannot be eliminated, and how it can be eliminated. Besides, it is observed that in the studies without theoretical approaches all the aspects of violence cannot be identified and satisfactory proposals have not been developed to solve the problem. In that context, it is thought that current study will contribute design of conducted studies in the future and interpretation of obtained data. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19292 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19292 İsmail GÜLLÜ In this article, it is aimed to elaborate sociology of religion courses in sociology departments in context of academic institutionalization periods of sociology science in Turkey which has an agelong history starting from 1914 in İstanbul Darülfünun, on the basis of students’ viewpoint. In this research, which is conducted on the sociology of scientific knowledge, the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19278 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19278 Veysi GÜNAL In this study, Turkey’s population (1935-2000) has been investigated in the context of persons birthplace in same province, other provinces and foreign countries. The amount, rate of change, annual growth rates, shares and differences between regions have been discussed. The annual growth rate of population birthplace in same province has been less than Turkey’s annual growth rate. For example, between 1935-2000, While the annual growth rate of Turkey has increased by 18.3‰, the persons birthplace in same province has increased by 13.3‰. The share in total population has decreased from %86.9 to 70.8% between 1935-2000. Whereas, the annual growth rate of population birthplace in other provinces has been quite higher than population birthplace in same province and the total population of Turkey. For example, in the period between 1980-2000, while the population of Turkey increased around 20‰, the growth rate of the population birthplace in other provinces exceeded 40‰. The share in the Turkey’s population increased from 7.1% to 27.3%. However, the population birthplace in foreign countries has developed depending on social, political and economic factors. The share of persons birthplace in foreign countries in total population of Turkey declined from 6.0% to 1.9%. There are also differences between regions. In the context the persons birthplace in same province, the regions which population increased the most have been Mediterranean, Southeast Anatolia and Marmara regions. Also, the population birthplace in other provinces most increased in Mediterranean and Aegean regions. The Mediterranean region is important in the rate of change of the persons birthplace in foreign countries between 1932-2000. When it has examined annual growth rate, significant differences have observed. Marmara region is important in the annual growth rate of persons birthplace in same province and Mediterranean region in the persons birthplace in other provinces. On the other hand, in terms of annual growth rate of the persons birthplace in foreign countries, the most important region is Mediterranean region. The share of population by birthplace in the total Turkey’s population also has showed important differences. The highest rates in persons birthplace in same province have seen in the Southeastern Anatolia, Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia regions. In contrast, the highest share of persons birthplace in other provinces belogns to the Marmara region. The highest share of foreign population in the total population of the region is in Marmara and Mediterranean regions. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19282 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19282 Firdevs GÜNEŞ Authority can be explained as the skill and power of directing people by not oppressing. Previously, the authority was generally considered as the strict perception of discipline, and the applications of punishing the children, scolding and criticizing. The concepts of authority and using power were mixed up and using power came to the forefront in education. In the historical development process, the perception of oppressive authority was applied until 1960’s and then free authority emerged and the concept of educational authority was formed in 2000’s. In this process, the perception of accusation and application of oppression have been given up and education has been tended towards. It is aimed to improve the students’ language and mental skills, enrich their attitudes and values and direct their future in educational authority. There are rules in application of educational authority to improve the students’ skills of learning to learn, developing themselves and their responsibility. With the aim of applying the educational authority well, it is suggested that the teachers should know the students very well, care their feelings and ideas, take in consideration of their criticism, guide them, determine rules and directions and solve the conflicts. It is necessary to pay attention on educational authority in order to improve the students’ skills such as active learning, questioning, discussing, problem solving and critical thinking. However, it has been observed that some teachers still apply the perceptions of oppressive, free or educational authority in the education of children and adults. Our hope is that all of the teachers adopt the perception of educational authority to educate the students directing the future of our country by thinking, understanding, questioning and solving problems. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19347 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19347 Gonca HARMAN, Aytekin ÇÖKELEZ The aim of this study was to determine 5th grade students’ readiness about the number of bulb and battery and their positions in the simple electrical circuits on the effective brightness of the bulb. This situation was questioned to use 4 separate electrical circuits. The data collect instrument consisted of four open ended questions has been used in this study. The study was conducted with the participation of 98 (45 boys, 53 girls) fifth-year students enrolled in the middle school. General screening method was used in this study. The data that obtained from this study were analyzed descriptive analysis. Research results, an important part of students' readiness on the number of battery’ effects on the bulb brightness were sufficient. But more than ¾ of students’ readiness on the number of bulb’ effects on the bulb brightness were not sufficient. A small number of students have thought that bulb brightness is depending on position of bulb and battery and the distance between the bulb and battery some students expressed that the number of batteries is increased when the bulb brightness is increased. But some students expressed to have difficulty that the number of bulb is increased when the bulb brightness is decreased. Misconceptions were determined that the weakening current model, regional reasoning model, shared current model and experimental rules was called in the literature. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19293 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19293 Hakan İNANKUL The phenomenon of crime has been around since the first day of humanity and it is a social problem that will continue to exist in the future as well. A world without crime is a dream. However, reduction in crime rates is possible with policies applied according to the social, economic and geo-political conditions of a city or a region in particular and of a country in general. No doubt that policies created by governments about crime prevention are applied by different actors. The police in Turkey is considered to be one of the most important of those actors. Yet the role of the police in prevention and reduction of crime is an important issue discussed especially at the western security literature. The aim of this study is to reveal the role of the police in particular and law enforcement officers in general in the light of new crime threats and security paradigms. In the study, a relation between crime and the activities law enforcers practice in the prevention of crime has been mainly tried to establish. Prominent theories for the prevention of crime and the manifestations of these theories in different police practices have been discussed in detail. In addition, the problem "whether the police prevents crime" has been discussed in reference to the scientific results of the field studies in the security literature. The study is limited to the police practices in the top title of law enforcement and it includes the activities of private law enforcement officers. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19433 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19433 Taşkın İNAN, Recep AZMANOĞLU In recent years, photography has become an indispensable part of the life. Its availability and usability has increased rapidly because of the developing technology. Photos, which can save up the attractive imagines in the finest detail, has became an important communication device with its noticeability, memorability and accessibility. On the other hand, documentary photography is used as a method to leave their mark on history and to transfer different events, values, cultures, art and nature to the next generations. Even though Ottoman bird palaces are one of the important part of traditional Ottoman architecture, they are known enough today in terms of their special architecture, function and artistic features. Therefore, it is essential to record examples of such structures with the help of the documentary photography method and introduce and transfer these forgotten Ottoman bird palaces to next generations. In this research, it is aimed to record importnat examples of Ottomon bird palaces. In the current research, such structures are visited, observed and investigated in the following places: Amcazade H. Pasha Primary School, Arabian Inn, The Ayazma Mosque, The Bali Pasha Mosque, The Bereketzade Madrasah, Büyük Selimiye Mosque, Büyük Yeni Inn, Darphane-i Amire, Eyüp Sultan Mosque, Feyzullah Effendi Madrasah, Laleli Tomb, the Seyit Hasan Pasha Madrasah, Şah Sultan School, Taksim Maksemi and New Mosque (Valide Sultan Mosque). It is not only aimed to record these strutures visually but also to get written documents and indepth information. Therefore, besides taking photos of the bird houses, info is gathered in terms of where they are built on, how they are structured, what buildings they are stated on and so on. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19357 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19357 Ahmet Burak KAHRAMAN In contemporary societies, where needs and desires are confused, many consumption objects are used by i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19402 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19402 Lütfü KAPLANOĞLU, Zeynep Özge KALYONCU During periods of no technology development, located within the travelogueand engravings, communities have played a major role in recognizing each other. Travelogue and engravings were made by artists who visited the Ottoman Empire, during 17th, 18th and 19th centuries which European and Ottoman Empire had relations. These travelogues were intensity about Turks. Because of the social structure in some of the works they have given but they were unable to behave in a prejudiced and they could not reflect the reality of Turkish women. This is taking place on the engraving of the dominant male orientalist perspective, creating the image of Turkish women in Europe. Engravings and gaze with understanding the importance of the role that women play in Turkish society made in the image of West 17th 18th and 19th century and the works of over 100 artists depicting the Turkish women were screened. In engravings through the eyes of European orientalist image of Turkish women in research on content analysis method it was adopted in the analysis. In this context, process, travelogues texts and engravings in Turkish woman were made in order to analyze the situation analysis of the role of subjects affecting the image. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19390 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19390 Mahmut KARAGENÇ In this paper, we have given general information about “Sipsi” instrument which is used intensively in the cities such as Denizli, Burdur, Isparta, Muğla, Afyon (Dinar) and Antalya that are called “Teke region” in West Anatolia, and then we have mentioned the instrument construction technique of Mehmet Bedel, who is a Sipsi performer and constructor. His being awarded as Living Human Treasure in traditional handicrafts category as “Sipsi Constructor” within Intangible Cultural Heritage Project of UNESCO has led us to choose him as the subject of our study. As a professional performer and instrument constructor, Mehmet Bedel is the most important person in Sipsi construction and performance tradition. Since there aren’t enough studies about Sipsi performance and construction tradition, Mehmet Bedel’s contribution to this tradition has importance in terms of the continuity of the existence of Sipsi instrument in music ensembles and music education departments on a national scale and in terms of keeping the tradition alive. In this paper, we have emphasized Mehmet Bedel’s role on transferring the acquired information, skill and music culture about Sipsi construction and performance to the future; and his contributions to continuity of this construction and performance tradition today and in the future. Supporting the craftsmen and performers such as Mehmet Bedel who have an important place in revealing folk culture products and transferring them to next generations, in addition, protecting these cultural products as society will ensure the improvement of professional construction and performance techniques of Sipsi instrument and its existence in education life of music institutions. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19172 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19172 Atilla KARATAŞ, Şana SUNGUR , Vedat YILMAZ We discuss the systems and kinematic structures of many faults via different viewpoints around Hatay, which is an active and complex transition zone among the African, Arabian and Anatolian plates. The studies on the complex multi-component structures provides more comprehensive interpretation interferences through the findings from a variety of relevent disciplines. It is therefore of critical importance to collect and analyze a broady variety of data and methods for accuurate identifications of the fault characteristics around Hatay. A physico-chemical analysis of mineral water spring was conducted to provide additional data on the geotectonic structures. The results were then evaluated in terms of the structural properties of faults, which generated relevant sources. Mineral consumption and it’s seasonal changings of those mineral waters are observed by correlating for disclosure the relation between aquifers and springs. Throughout this study, the faults generating both spring groups were found to be similar in terms of the physical and kinematic properties. It was also evidenced that the faults creating both “Kisecik I and II springs” and “Tahtaköprü and Suluca springs” have the same mechanisms regardless of the system they belong to. Therefore, it was found to be necessary to further address the fault lines, where the mineral water springs are connected, within the same tectonic structures. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19204 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19204 Ahmet KESER Throughout the article, it’s intended to investigate the evolution of the global order from a bipolar structure to a temporary uni-polar and then to the actual multi-polar constitution in sequence. That’s why this article aims to focus primarily on the question of “If the international system has evolved to a multi-polar system in terms of power relations or not?”, and then the question of “If the evolution process has been completed or not”? By using a descriptive methodology, the recent international conflicts ongoing especially in the Middle East region and affecting Turkey are investigated with a perspective depending on the evolution of the power balances and the changing character of the war and conflicts. It is asserted that the current conflicts in the region have converted the asymmetric warfare to a new and supra-asymmetric type which can be named as asymmatrix warfare. After this investigation it is supposed that the current governance system and its institutions are not able to satisfy the overall requirements of both the global and regional balance system. Starting from this assumption, the minimum basic requirements of a possible global total governance system, which should meet the prerequisites of a multi-polar, multi-dimensional and multi-layered global and regional balance, are discussed. Finally it is concluded that a glocal integrated governance system requires a mechanizm, which respects and preserves all cultural 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19437 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19437 Ahmet KESGİN This article focuses on the importance of the concepts for human mind. The concepts are the most important visible instruments that our mind are opened to the outside with them. Some of the concepts is more effective, encompassing and founder than the other ones. These concepts can be called/referred as dominant or founder (mihver) concepts. Each of them has a history. In other words, they have a memory. Almost no concepts can leave this memory out. In this case, the concepts using in all processes from speaking to produce an idea move this memory and habits of circumstances borned in it. Therefore, it can be said that at he same time these kind of concepts can contribute to be proned to dictating life style without noticing. Their another contribution is primary meanings at the areas used themselves. These concepts initially effect to areas used themselves with their meanings. A concept immigrating to another culture or time moves along the essential meanings of its own memory. It can be given lots of example regarding it. In this article, it was tried to clarify this issue by focusing on the concept of empire. In this context, the concept of empire highlights as a political consept builted and matured in the Western mentality that the constituent elemets are old Greek Philosophy, Roman law and Christianity. Its meaning and value primarily should be understood in this context. How can using this concept based on the existence of different factors and, for this reason, identifing various political powers being visible with different facts in the history contribute to the formation of political thought and perception? How does this concept have an identifying quality for a different experience by possesing its own experience and leaving the meaning gained in the modern times out? For instance, what kind of meaning does the compound of “Ottoman Empire” contain? Especially, how can it be put together this concept’s meaning gained in the modern times, which causes to the collapse of this state, and this compound? This article studied how the compound of Ottoman Empire gained its current meaning while questioning the concept of empire as an example of dominant or founder (mihver) concepts. Through this article, it has been aimed to demonstrate to this concept’s capacity of expressing the other experiences and its effect on essential meaning related to the fields. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19506 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19506 Sibel KILIÇ Whichever system that they may belong to, the numbers while representing life on one side, on the other hand, through mystical powers attributed to them, they play a key role in relation to mystic and metaphysical aspects of life. The numbers which are codes of the nature and life are not coincidental or random but results of observations and experiences of mankind throughout the history. In this sense, many figures are attributed with common or similar meanings regardless of the geographic, cultural or ethnic boundaries that allows us to observe a common number symbolism. Although, in some cases, specific characteristics of a particular society is attributed to numbers and thereby some specific meanings attached to them, among the societies of the world certain numbers have been observed to intersect. Frequently intersecting of these are 3,4,5,7,8,9,12,14,28,30,40. Among these, especially in Turkmen culture attributed with mystical powers that are in parallel with our subject are 3,4,5,7,8,9 and 40.[2] As almost among every other society, Turkmens too have developed their own number symbolism and mysticism related to this and even at present day this subject still receives intense interest among Turkish and Islamic societies. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19339 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19339 Fatma KOÇ, Emine KOCA With global fashion, rapid change in aesthetics and consisting of different perspectives cause falling off the agenda of folk costumes and their practices in traditional societies. It is hardly to inform and identify about cultural property such as folk costumes that the usage of wide period of time. Because, they are instable and they cannot be preserved about their past tangible asset. This kind of clothes used with only courtiers and the evaluation of clothing, which is used by the public, was made in the light of this idea. In the condition of disappearing these kind of works, certification, reservation, protection and the situation of transmitting to the other generations can be seen significantly debatable issue. In this work, By determining the reason why disappearance of using clothes, deterioration and corruption of originality, changing hand, loss of parts or causing the disappearance of the original usage patterns and by revealing the function of clothes and conditions and environment where they are used, the necessity of why they have to protect with using 5W1H method and suggestions about the issue was worked. The problems of this issue and the solutions were grouped under the headings. Abstract factors; “the loss of cultural values on clothing with the effect of globalization”, “corruption of clothes” and “becoming widespread of fashion consciousness, remaining on the agenda of modern and practical clothing” and concrete factors; “lacking of original material belonging to the area on clothes”, “loss, abolishing or changing the usage of piece of clothing” “exhibiting, preserving, reserving and repairing” were determined. The study is crucial for two aspects. Firstly, putting under protection of traditional folk clothing and necessity of documentation was emphasized. Secondly, this work makes a contribution to suggestion about this issue, remaining of values and transmitting into younger generations and it will lead other studies about this issue. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19297 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19297 Hüseyin KORKMAZ, Reşat GEÇEN , Veysel KUŞÇU After Industrial Revolution, utilization of coastal region in purpose of tourism and industrial has caused disruption of coast and coastal ecosystem. Legal arrangements about coast which do not included coastal dynamics thoroughly and are changed frequently cause new problems. Today a similar situation exists on the coast of Orontes which is located in Samandağ district of Hatay province at the southern part of Turkey. In this study the legal arrangements about utilization of coastal region in Turkey have been investigated. According to these arrangements, the utilization of Orontes Delta’s coastal region and the utilization problems have been handled. In this context the utilization of coastal region has been evaluated by 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19521 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19521 ALİ ÇEKER Sustainable agriculture; does not harm the agricultural ecosystem, allowing nature to renew itself and it consists agricultural systems and practices. The objective of sustainable agriculture and sustainable agricultural practices is the protection of the natural resources, the production of safe food and fiber without harming the natural environment. Another objective is to improve the economic status and quality of life of farmers by providing the rural development. Thus, sustainable agriculture has a holistic approach. In Turkey, the realization of sustainable agriculture and mechanism at all stages of agricultural activities are carried out the highest level of operation of on behalf of TARSEY project. This giant project which will be a milestone on behalf of agricultural sustainability, when the full realization of Precision Agriculture (PA) happen, the transition process will be completed. TARSEY project is conceived as a system that covers all sustainable agricultural practices in Turkey in 2015 and it is planned to include all applications that have been realized so far. The project is based according to agricultural practices which intend to collect them under one roof. This study was designed in two parts. Firstly, the conceptual framework for the sustainable agriculture and sustainable agriculture indicators has been put forward. Hence, the importance of sustainable agriculture and sustainable agriculture applications has been revealed in order to create awareness. In the second part, an evaluation will be made with in sustainable agriculture framework of the current situation with reference to the ongoing agricultural practices. The latest stage of sustainable agricultural practices that reached in Turkey; Agriculture Integrated Management Information System (TARSEY) as projected, supportive of all sustainable agricultural practices and all its complements, it consisted decision support mechanism of the latest technology that use in of the whole. This system will be evaluated by study which is a milestone for Turkey. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19336 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19336 Mümin KÖKTAŞ Enlightenment Age is one of the most important intellectual, political, and social moments in the modern Western history. In the nineteenth and especially twentieth centuries, there have been many claims about that Enlightenment thought have been transcended. But against these arguments Enlightenment is still going on affecting the history of modern thought. Enlightenment demolished worldview of middle ages and initiated modern Western world. Evaluations and commentaries about Enlightenment can extend from history to politics, economics, art, religion, literature, poetics, novel, architecture, medicine and music. Besides Enlightenment thought is generally known by epistemology discussions. But it cannot be reduced to its contributions to epistemology. Most important philosophers for these discussions are Locke, Hume, and Kant. Kant in his famous article titled “What is The Enlightenment?” answered his question as a “Sapere aude!” (dare to know). Accordingly, Enlightenment is mankind's exit from its self-incurred immaturity by using his reason. In other words, that means to transcend ancient regime. Consequently, Enlightenment thought, first of all is about political thinking. In other words, Enlightenment is known by its political victories. The political thinking of Enlightenment is certainly not one-dimensional. Basically, it can be found at least two aspects of political thinking in the eighteenth century. One of them is Anglo-American liberal-republican political thought, which is mainly formed according to Whig thinking. Another one is the enlightened despotism or absolutism, which is mainly seen in the Continental Europe. This article focuses on these two aspects of Enlightenment thinking. To understand these differences is necessary to have a healthy and sound explanation of Enlightenment. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19264 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19264 Arif Olgun KÖZLEME The phenomenon of religion surrounds the social life in many ways, and it has always been dealt by people sometimes as a fact and sometimes as a social necessity. This study examined the need for religion based on the opinions of the precursors and founding fathers of sociology regarding social necessity, and it was found that they had to create their social theories taking religion into consideration in some way even though they did this to different extents. Ibn Haldun said that social life was inevitable for people and he tackled religion as a 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19485 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19485 Adnan KÜÇÜKALİ International higher education has become an application that is adopted by countries and widened all around the world. Just like Turkish higher education system, progressively sends out students to abroad and approves students from abroad. In this context Atatürk University is a state university which approves many students from abroad. This study has been worked out to determine the socio-economic conditions and problems encountering of Azerbaijani students studying in Atatürk University and to develop a set of policy concerning such problems. As a result of the study, it is found out that utilizing social and cultural facilities of the university effectively has a meaningful effect to cope with those problems. As a result of this study, it has been arrived that Azerbaijani students generally are pleased with their conditions in Turkey and Atatürk University, instead, less amount is faced with a set of socio-economic problems. These problems can be listed and titled as: Having insufficient utilizing of social facilities of Atatürk University, having insufficient allocated time to relax because of training and studying, having insufficient time allocated to relax and fun because of rush-hour program of courses, denominational problems that stem from cultural differences, accommodation and economic problems. Azerbaijani students, who are insufficiently utilizing social facilities of the university, have reasons of not having enough knowledge of their environment and the city. There are a few number of students who assert problems regarding to accommodation and economic topics. The idea of having insufficient time allocated to relax and fun because of rush-hour program of courses can be seen as one of the primary problems which can be faced in a foreign country. The idea of denominational differences accepted as a problem in such a community, in which there are Muslim students in majority, also is a different issue that is to be investigated academically. Further studies can lead to emergence of new social policies about this issue. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19279 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19279 Murat KÜÇÜKEBE This article aims on analysing the computerized tomography scanning technology and certain related analysis techniques applied in the field of organology within the context of paleoradiology which was initially developed with its use on human body in the world of medicine but later became a special field of research on the examination of the anthropological or paleontological materials presenting examples from the studies abroad. 17 organology studies performed with the above-mentioned technique were scanned, the studies called Strad 3D and The Girolamo Amati Viola in the Galleria Estense were bought and the rest were reached by the browsing the web-sites where they were shared between the dates 20.11.2015-10.12.2015. The review presented in this article doesn’t intent to contain all of the studies performed up until today. However, all the studies published in English were included and departing from the common point where computerized tomography technique was used in the process of all the researches, these works were examined in terms of the question of “which information” was tried to be obtained by the general use of this technique and the related analysis methods in the field of organology. In addition to this, the two sub-titles presented as “comparative works” and “inventory works” have a different quality compared to the other subtitles with their potential to answer the questions “how the information obtained from computerized tomography and related analysis methods” and “what kind of contribution does this information provide for the field of organology?” In the article, the Turkish equivalents “önel”, “yanal” and “eksenel” were preferred to use instead of the foreign terms of “coronal”, “sagittal” and “axial” referring to the screening planes of the results obtained through the computerized tomographic scanning device. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19436 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19436 Salih Paşa MEMİŞOĞLU The objective of this study is to evaluate the Regulation concerning the Assignment of Administrators at Educational Institutions of the Ministry of National Education, which was published on the Official Gazette dated 6 October 2015 and numbered 29494, according to the views of doctorate students. In this study, we used the qualitative research method. The participants were determined by using the criterion sampling, which is among the purposeful sampling methods. Being used in collecting the data; semi-structured interview form was developed by the researcher. Expert opinions were received for the purpose of determining the validity of the study. Interview form was reorganized after receiving the expert opinions. The data were examined and analyzed by three different researchers for the purpose of increasing the validity and reliability of the study. While analyzing the data, the views of participants were coded separately. Descriptive analysis technic was used in analyzing the data. As a result of the study, the following findings were reached: The present regulation ignores the principle of competence in assignments. Short periods are not sufficient for forming and sustaining a school culture. An administrator that works at the same institution for years may become insensitive toward problems. Change would create a dynamism. Evaluation criterion are far from being objective. Academic studies are not valued sufficiently. It is a regulation that ignores postgraduate education in the field. Objective and scientific principles are not taken into consideration while assigning administrators. The fact that school administration is not considered a professional occupation is an important deficiency. Written examinations should be applied to all candidates that intend to become administrators. Competent, equipped and well-trained administrators should be assigned in administrative levels in order to develop and efficiently conduct the process of education. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19448 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19448 Haldun NARMANLIOĞLU The differences between television reality and reality of physically experienced world occupy important place in communication researches. Among these researches Cultivation Theory has a distinguished gravity with its long range studies and consequences. The subject of this study depends on comparison of the images about Turkey and Turkish people which spread from Turkish TV channels and the images in social life. For this aim a focus group study has conducted with the foreign master students in Turkey. A comparison asked for students between the images that they obtain from television images and from physical world. The purpose of the choice of foreign students for study is that, they have outsider eyes and they have stronger and regular observe reflex than natives in order to understand a country they came first time. The experiences of the students has examined according to the Cultivation Theory. It is understood that there is a wide gap between the students’ television experiences and their physical observations. Students think that especially the codes at TV series about male – female relations and social interactions give an open society image whereas they observe much more confidentiality in physical life. One of other observations of students is about TV news. According to this observation more violence occurs on news when they compare it with their physical observations. General findings of study are coincided with many empiric researches, which are conducted according to Cultivation Theory that reached the important differences between television reality and physical reality. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19152 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19152 Fatma OKUR ÇAKICI, Gülsüm ÇALIŞIR It has developed different techniques in order to communicate with people from creation and improving. Cave paintings, smoked communication, that the pigeon adventure started today, the impact of the heavily used differentiated technology and has become a more important situation. The importance of communication revealed that since the first ages being active in politics today, with de getting many new applications. Ability to create interaction with people in politics, in order to be more effective than them influence, and political competition many used communication techniques. People express themselves well, as well as communication of great importance in order to be understood by other people. As in all areas of life it emerged the importance of communication in politics and policy actors, as they are aware of it. In particular, we see that political competition with a further increase of communication techniques and communication strategies in the field of politics, much used. In the study, the Internet-based public relations and political communication activities of political parties in the parliament in Turkey were investigated. In this context, especially the pre-election period November 1, 2015 and have tried to communicate with political parties after it has been studied for an evaluation of the pre and post election period. Political parties have contacted the data that is collected in this process and its Internet address has been demonstrated in the study. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19295 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19295 Zübeyir OVACIK In this work, in the last quarter of XIII. century and in the first period of XIV. century, in the intersection period of the Ottomans and the Seljuks, how “Âşık Paşa” deal with the existence and the mankind, in the centre of “LOVE concept problematic” will be discussed, so that “Âşık Paşa” wrote the masterpiece “GARİBNÂME” as an important book in the Turkish Islamic Philosophy. This study has been created in the basis of hypothesis as it will be understood the nickname “The Lover-Âşık” forming his thought system according to the concept of LOVE and on the ground of LOVE, creating a LOVE metaphysics, that “ÂŞIK PAŞA” created a “LOVE concept” in the basis of creating optimism philosophy to the human being. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19298 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19298 Erhan ÖRSELLİ, Erdal BAYRAKCI , Selçuk KAHRAMAN The emergence of the women councils in Turkey corresponds to the mid-1990s. The women councils, which began to have a more institutional nature with the regulation of city councils in 2006, emerge as an effective tool in providing local democracy, participation and local governance. Today, the demand and expectations of citizens make local governance required in the delivery of various urban services. In this context, the Women Councils can play a role for the women being more visible in urban life, for possibility of local governance, for and provision of local services in cooperation with local governments. In the study, whether the women councils can be an actor in the provision of local services, or the role of women councils on that issue; and the findings obtained from the interviews conducted with the members of The Women Council of Karatay District of Konya will be included. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19175 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19175 Tacettin Gökhan ÖZÇELİK The fact that modernity phenomenon, which is a product of the Enlightenment Period the West went through, being imposed upon non-Western societies, which accept the West to be the constituent outside, as the only way to civilisation has caused irreversible deformations within the traditional ideological systems of these countries. The West has achieved to be the society that shaped the realities of the world by actualising the idea of holding the power through the use of strength, shaping the Eastern societies, creating images and discourses, and thus processing knowledge. It is not surprising that Orientalism which was created by the West in order to obtain the values of the Eastern societies embodies colonialism by its very nature. In this structure built by the West societies survival depends on the conflict that comes up as a result of the will to power. The power and strength struggle between the societies was shaped with the creation of othering and hierarchies following the modernism and therefore each society tried to empower the identity of the civilisation it assumes it belongs to. However, this will to power was not shaped in the way that the available sources were shared fairly. Rather it became a destructive source because of the desire to get hold of what the other society had at the expense of terminating that society. In this study the term Occidentalism which has been practised since the 19th century by the East against the term Orientalism which was instrumentalized by the West that endeavoured to capture all material and moral values by will or force by processing knowledge will be tried to explain. However, instead of Arabic nationalism as a tool of this resistance, the traditional and cultural connectiveness of Anatolia, a universal language, will be used as the point of view. This respond that has been given from Anatolia for ages includes accepting positivism, respect to partiality, and accepting the other without trying to change it. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19322 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19322 Mehmet ÖZDEMİR, Ozan ALEVLİ Ottoman’s attempt to be included in the western civilisation with the Tanzimat took place in various ways from intellectual to social life. Western genres of novel, story, article, newspaper and periodical in which Fatma Aliye Hanım also had works started to be seen in our literature in this period. Many of our authors discussed people’s view on religion and how and to what extend it is lived in their works. To determine the Tanzimat novelists’ perception of religion in the 19th century, to evaluate its perception in society is critically important for both getting the gist of the period’s reality and drawing a conclusion in connection of the novel and society. Fatma Aliye Hanım is widely acknowledged as the first woman novelist of the Turkish Literature. She dwelt upon the issue of woman, which became the symbol of Turks modernization ,in a traditional and İslamic point of view. The aim of this work is to identify how and to what extend the issue of religion is discussed in Fatma Aliye Hanım’s novels. For this purpose the analysis results are all given by classifying under suitable subtitles. Fatma Aliye Hanım’s novels called “Hayal ve Hakikat”, which she wrote with Ahmet Mithat Efendi and “Muhadarat”, “Refet”, “Udî” and “Enîn” were analyzed in this study. The work is created with scanning model in qualitative research approach and evidences of work are collected together with document analysis. Collected datum is put forward with content analysis. Islamic tone is perceived in Fatma Aliye Hanım’s analyzed novels. İslamic impression is seen appearantly in the dialogues and attitudes of the novel’s characters. Perception of morality based on the Ottoman - Turkish tradition and Islamic merit is emphasized in her novels. Islamic components are intensely seen particularly in her novels of Muhadarat and Refet. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19364 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19364 Hakan ÖZDEN This article reveals how Turkish-Syrian relations have evolved from a common historical background, culture and civilization. Times of tension have occurred in this mutual relationship during which both sides have experienced conflict, enmity and heightened security concerns. Bashar al-Assad’s ascent to power in Syria in 2000 and the rise of the Justice and Development Party in 2002 in Turkey marked a new stage in bilateral relations. At that time, Turkey and Syria were engaged in political and economic cooperation to improve their relations. However, with the emergence and spread of the Arab Spring into Syria, the relaxation of tensions could not be perpetuated. The effects of the Arab Spring were felt in Syrian society by March 2011, when Syrians were exposed to the cruelty and increasing bloodshed of the Assad regime. Turkey initially called for political reforms from the Assad administration that did not occur. Regional and international actors, including Turkey, subsequently attempted to broker a peaceful resolution for the crisis. Several meetings and conferences were organized, and a six-point Annan Plan was prepared, but all attempts failed to produce concrete results. Turkish-Syrian relations continued to deteriorate. Bilateral relations entered a phase of disengagement during which several tension-escalating incidents occurred, such as the downing of military jets by both sides and bomb explosions on Turkish territory. This study focuses on the inability of both regional and international actors to produce a peaceful and effective resolution to the Syrian crisis, which has had regional and global effects. The study also describes and analyzes various perspectives regarding the nature of the crisis. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19231 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19231 Servet ÖZÜNAL Waste material has been always an environmental issue. Waste material collection, storage is always a cost. As a waste material glass is a raw material itself and it does not smell, taste and have a transparent appearance. For theses reasons unlike plastic or paper packaging glass - packaging, application is quite common. Novadays , running out of natural resources and environmental pollution have reached critical proportions. As all kind of recycling is important, reusuge of waste glass is also important. All waste meteriaral have value and if it has taken taken into account declining raw material reserves, glass recycling can be implemented in different areas, it can be used as aggregate in concrete applications, especially in architectural and decorative purposes. In Our study three different colors and and four different amounts of waste glass are taken and researrhed effect of alkaline-silica reaction to mortar. By this way waste glass meterials have been intended regain in economy again. In decorative purposes concrete elements glass used meterial can be produced if the amount of glass used at optimum levels. İmplementation of glass used concrete on the architectural and decorative purposes will bring profit to economy, environment and will be eligiblefor visual quality. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19468 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19468 Mehmet PINAR This study examines environment’s negative effects on historical structures that are restored and to be restored in Antakya. Antakya district has a special place in point of carriying both Hatay province’s and Anatolia’s historical and cultural recollections in it’s existance. Preserving the historical monuments in Antakya for future generations will have a significant impact in highlighting Antakya’s place in Anatolian art and architecture. Historical structures carries sociocultural, economical and architectural marks of historic periods they were constructed. Hence, historic buildings are very important for the formation of our social memory and cultural heritage. Each protected structure undoubtedly will make an important contribution to our economical, social and cultural advancement. Revealing the texture of the past is possible with a totalitarian approach to a historical environment. Ensuring and future proofing historical and cultural continuity can only be achieved by complete restoration and conservation. When restoring the structures, preserving the structural integrity should not be the sole focus, their constituent and environmental values as well should be protected as a whole. For sustainable preservation, structures must be given their authentic function and this function should be in harmony with characteristics of the environment. Also, starting restorations and conservations without first analyzing the environmental problems and effects, will result in negative impact on the structure in years to come. Interdisciplinary studies must be concluded with care prior to of restoration on historic buildings in order to minimize the negative effects on the structures. Purpose of this study is to consider environmental conditions in Antakya restored structures and future restorations. In accordance with this purpose, environment’s negative impact on restored structures and future restorations will be extensively examined and in order to prevent recurrence of future problems, a range of solutions will be presented. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19428 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19428 İbrahim SEZER Natural parks attract many visitors with mainly their natural attractions and interesting beauties from historical, cultural and aesthetic perspectives. These facts prepare a ground for opening of these natural parks for the use of people taking into account certain criteria in terms of recreation and tourism. Thus, natural parks may host both daily recreational uses and tourism activities such as ecotourism. In Giresun city Located on the eastern Black Sea region, Ağaçbaşı Natural Park located in Giresun city central town İnişdibi county Çavlaktepe region is one of natural parks with high potential in terms of tourism types such as ecotourism and mountain tourism and recreational use and it attracts attention with its natural and social resources. Said Natural Park and its surroundings have ecotourism potential that may be utilized with local cultural attractions at many tableland and plains such as Ağaçbaşı tableland in this environment and due to its attractive topography, suitable and fresh climatic environment called climatherapy, lush vegetation and wild animal species. According to our field researches with the condition of considering protection- usage balance and principle of sustainability it is possible to perform many ecotourism activities like nature trekking, botanical tours, jeep safari, photo safari, horse safari, bike safari, wildlife watching, camping-caravan tourism, grass skiing, paragliding, mountain tourism and tableland tourism. Besides there are also opportunities in this environment suitable for winter tourism, cultural tourism and health tourism. While performing all necessary preparation it is very important to be attentive to protection and use balance and touristic arrangements and activities to be performed should be suitable uniqueness of the natural park. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19520 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19520 Şermin TAĞ KALAFATOĞLU With the rise of the cinema all other art branches are affected of this. Artists looked over their roles and art branch in the means of the opportunuties of new expression that cinema put forward; and some other made a move for experimental studies in the field of cinema. Painters were in the lead, sculptors, musicians, writers, architects and photographers came together in the cinema clubs that appeared in 1920s and expressed their points of views on the films and also exhibits their experimental studies. Artists focus on the composition of various forms of movements, light and textures instead of fictional construction of cinema. Abstractions attract attention in the first works that experimentality leads. These works are related with reality both they seem to be distant from documentary productions. Artists set out from the reality in the first stage. These works that they put forward are the expression of the impressions that were created on this reality. Every kind of reality can become resources to documentary film studies of artists which lean also abstractions. In the framework of this paper, two documentary filmmakers and their films in the focus of experimental studies are examined. These are Swedish avant-garde artist and filmmaker Viking Eggeling; German painter, graphic artist, avant-gardist, film director Hans Richter; French painter, sculptor and filmmaker Fernand Léger; American painter and photographer Charles Sheeler; American photographer and filmmaker Paul Strand. Avant-garde approaches that can be seen in the documentary productions are being evaluated in the framework of Eggeling, Richter, Léger, Sheeler and Strand’s films that they put forward. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19180 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19180 Soyalp TAMÇELİK The conservativeness in the popular culture and the impacts of the politicization in Turkey’s entertainment culture have been analyzed in this research. The main purpose of research is to indicate the impacts of the conservativeness occurring in political realm to the entertainment culture. This paper is related to Marshall McLuhan’s “Global Village” doctrine among the transmission theories, and analyzes the entertainment culture, conservative assets and the changes in Turkey. The content limitation is since 2003 till now. For a depictor analyze McLuhan’s user-centered public interaction method has been preferred and in this way it was attempted to indicate the changes in Turkey’s entertainment culture. The main problematic of research is to find out the changes in Turkey’s entertainment culture which has the changeable, dynamical, unrestrained and perpetually updated features. The other assumption in this paper; radical and short-timed changes in entertainment culture in Turkey, are actually related to the political culture and they reconstruct the entertainment mentality. As a result, it can be assumed that Turkey is not up to the reactions against various social problems and the changes that happen in entertainment culture. Consequently, it was detected that the conservativeness in political realm reverberates to the entertainment culture in ‘New Turkey’ and this reflection is complicated, changeable and uncertain. So, the changes in Turkey’s political life can be defined with redefine of entertainment culture. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19405 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19405 Ferhat TEKİN The body has gained a central importance among sociological subjects since the 1980’s. Sociology deals with body by its socio-cultural features and tries to emphasize the social sides of it. In this respect, the effects of religions, powers, ideologies, and lifestyles over body provide remarkable sociological data. In this article, it is discussed that how the body has been transformed by relying on the social mentality and understandings in historical period. In other words, it will be explored how the body is approached by the general sensibilities in traditional, modern and postmodern societies and in relation to this, how the importance and status of body is changed during the historical processes. In the study, firstly, the approach of religion (in specific to Christianity), which mainly effected the social life in pre-modern or traditional life, on the body has been discussed. Religion, which recognized the body as the source of the sins, insults the physical pleasures and necessities, so body is given such a lower position. Religions, on the other hand, want to create their own power and show their existence over bodies by means of rituals, prohibitions and dressing formats. After modernization and secularization, the body is freed from the domination of religions and it gains a new status. Instead of being humiliated and recognized as the source of the sins; body alters to the source of acclaim, desire, and pleasure. However, the modern nation state becomes the new master of the body, which was freed from the control and supervision of religion, and it is targeted as the main subject of “bio politics”. Lastly, in postmodern era or consumption culture, body in fact becomes a private property by coming to the forefront due to some dimensions such as body care, vanity, identity, and health. The understanding of body by postmodern culture is very different from both modern and traditional periods. In this postmodern culture, body becomes a subject of consumption, pleasure and vanity rather than being a subject of religion and state. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19551 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19551 Vedi TEMİZKAN In this study, we will try to understand the main theme that constitutes the dialogue Meno as a whole. On this ground, we will assert that there are two scenes that encompass each other in their entirety; that the slave boy experiment is a miniature of the Meno dialogue as a whole; and that Meno also obtains ortha doxa like the slave boy by the hypothesis method in the search that is accompanied by Socrates. This shows that hypothesis method is present there, and that an inquiry based on poion ti questions conducted the hypothesis method is, aside from being contrary, is an indispensable element of this anamnesis process. Therefore, the first phase of the process of anamnesis is a person’s joining to a survey conducted by the method of hypothesis based on poion ti question accompanied by sophos. Considering both the anamnesis theory and its demonstration on the uneducated slave boy, we will defend that the kind of anamnesis that is in question in the Meno dialogue is dianoetic anamnesis. This type of anamnesis explain the process of obtaining ortha doxa. And we will argue that both in the beginning and at the end of the dialogue, it is pointed out to be the noetic anamnesis with two different similes. These two examples which refere to each other in the dialogue, are meant to express episteme as an high order knowledge by making it similar to an example from the real world. In the given examples, namely the one about Meno and the other about the road to Larissa, the description of the episteme as a direct experience of the objects, suggests that the experience of an episteme in these analogies is the noetic anamnesis. This case shows that the type of knowledge that is described as episteme in these samples correspond to noetic anamnesis. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19394 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19394 Yasin TOPALOĞLU Eastern Anatolia is a region of important gateways between east and west and north and south, because of its high and rough geography. Although settlements have been observed in this tough geography since Palaeolithic Age, main organized settlements are thought to start with Bronze Age. A new culture has been seen to rise up covering Eastern Anatolia during this period. From the ends of 4th century BC to the beginnings of 2nd century BC, this culture preserved its influence spreading from Caucasus to Euphrates, and it has been referred to with various names. Karaz Culture, Khirbet Kerak Culture, Kura-Araxes Culture, Old Trans-Caucasian Culture, Early Bronze Age Culture of Eastern Anatolia, Early Trans-Caucasian Culture, Stoneware Culture with Red-Black Polish, Yanık Culture, the Culture off the Fertile Crescent, Eneolitik Culture of Trans-Caucasus are some of these references. Erzurum, asserted as the origin of the culture, for which we prefer the name Karaz, has a particular importance. 83 centres, 9 of which have been located with excavation works and 75 of which have been located with surface explorations, are known in Erzurum dating back to this age. Although the mounds in the plain are generally dug, a large part of the centres is constituted by castles with strategic locations above 2000 m. Strategic location of these centres is the reason for them to be used in the following periods. Therefore, organized settlements in Erzurum starting with Late Chalcolithic / Early Bronze Age continued recurrently until the Middle Age with exceptions. In this article, we tried to evaluate the Bronze Age circumstances of the region, in which probably the first organized settlements were encountered. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19257 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19257 Muhammet TOPUZ, Murat KARABULUT Geomorphometric analysis provides a better understanding of different topographies on which humankind shaped his life by using actual technologic data. The aim of this study is to analyze the development and formation of geomorphological properties of the basins between Limonlu and Erdemli using the geomorphometric indices. Firstly DEM (Digital Elevation Model) model of the area was produced and then, all calculations of geomorphometric indices were carried out using this model. Morphometric parameters used in the study are stream gradient index, drainage density, stream frequency, the Valley Width-to-Height Ratio (Vf), basin shape ratio, head load index, surface-area ratio index, surface-form index, topographic roughness index, composite topography index, hipsometric curve and integral value, and slope position classification. The effect of basin formation and evolution of lithology were evaluated by using the geological map. The results showed that the lithology had an important role on drainage density. Because Alata watershed consist of ophiolite, its drainage density index value was found as 0.34 km/km2 but Limonlu watershed which consist of limestone and its value was 0.17 km/km2. As a parameter indicating the level of erosion hipsometric integral values for Limonlu watershed’s was 0.64 and it was calculated as 0.54 for Alata watershed. As a result, it was found that the effect of lithology has been decisive in the development of these basins and that neighboring streams had not only similar properties but also different features. However most important of them, the Karaisali Limestone is not have same thickness in whole area. It has variable thickness that increasing from east to west. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19149 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19149 Murat Fatih TUNA Studies about Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) generally handle the subject in terms of firm aspect. Salespeople have great importance on embodiment of customer’s attitude and establishment of customer reputation on the customer as firsthand. Considering CSR activities in terms of healthy communication and productivity, the CSR perception of salespeople become more important. From a relatively different viewpoint, this study aims to investigate the CSR perception of salespeople who labour both in sectors of white goods and consumer electronics in the province of Sivas. Due to the fact that sectors of white goods and consumer electronics are technology intensive and innovative complementary sectors and that there is an industrial convergence between them, their salespeople were determined as sample group of the study. For this purpose, a survey was prepared with included 22 questions and was applied to 111 salespeople. Data derived from the survey were subjected to Clustering Analysis and clusters were built via K-Means method using Euclidean distances. By this way, CSR profile and features of salespeople were determined and it was found that CSR perception has a discriminative effect by determining a salesperson’s profile. Numbers of clusters reflect accurate discrimination was found as three and it was also revealed that salespeople with higher CSR perception are at the age of 21 and below. It is thought that this study guide further studies focus on salespersons’ CSR perception. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19417 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19417 Polat TUNÇER Urbanization is one of Turkey's main problems. As well as improving the standard of living because living in a planned and orderly urbanization cat easily allow for the provision of basic needs. The vast majority of Turkey's population lives in urban areas. The urbanization process began with industrialization speed continues unabated. To gain both a contemporary look to the city to meet the needs and expectations of living in the city, it should be sustainable urbanization. Therefore, the matters dealt with in the five-year development plan and the according to country's needs and modern development it is planned. But the problem is implementation rather than planning. On the other hand, it is sustainable urbanization policies is extremely important. For this, the country must have the political and economic stability. In fact, the government often changes caused by political instability, the achievement of objectives in the development plan, obstacles. Despite the presence of a ministry related to urbanization and the objectives related to urbanization policy, to give place in the government programs, urbanization policy to be successful, not exactly. There are dimensions political, social, cultural, economic and legal of this failure. Urbanization is a phenomenon that emerged with the industrial revolution, must compromise and be implemented in a decisive way in Reveals the opportunities and threats for evaluation and sustainable urbanization legal order of the plans to ensure drink. Development Plans are seen as an important process and the plan needs to be managed observed that urbanization in Turkey at the beginning of the planned period examined was not given a place. In later years, the problems posed by urbanization can not be ignored much longer been aggravated and began to chronicity. Thus, identifying the problems posed by urbanization plenty of plans and measures have been raised in this period will be made. Unfortunately, many plans and measures to be taken in the same determinations were repeated continuously. the problem can not be solved by urbanization and lack of application from time to time in the Plan have also been raised. However, the last few headlines about urban development plan has been filed, and the impression is given importance. However, the same can be detected in the last period. Plan how serious matters were discussed, although significant deficiencies in the application are available. Although one of the reasons why this phenomenon is the lack of legislation and legal practice, the real problem it must be emphasized that the moral, cultural and social dimensions. This issue is a separate research topic is beyond the limits of my article. In this article, we'll discuss in the context of sustainable urbanization policies in Turkey. The issue will be considered in the context of five-year development plans and progress reports. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19421 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19421 Mustafa YILDIZ, Sümeyra CEYHAN The purpose of the study was to investigate fourth-grade primary school students’ anxiety levels of reading and writing in terms of various variables, and to determine the relationship between reading anxiety and writing anxiety. This study adopts a relational screening model and students’ reading and writing anxiety were investigated in terms of gender, mother’s and father’s educational levels, having preschool education and reading habit. The sample of the study consists of 317 fourth-grade students in a primary school in Sincan, Ankara. The data were collected by using “Personal Information Form,” which was formed as a result of the literature review, by “Reading Anxiety Scale,” which was developed by Çeliktürk and Yamaç (2015) in order to determine primary and elementary school students’ anxiety towards reading and by “Writing Anxiety Scale,” which was adapted into Turkish by Özbay and Zorba (2001). According to the findings of the research, fourth-grade primary students’ reading anxiety were found insignificant in terms of gender, and mother’s and father’s educational level; however, found significant in terms of having preschool education and reading book every day. According to the other findings, fourth-grade primary students’ writing anxiety were found insignificant in terms of mother’s and father’s educational level; however, found significant in terms of having preschool education, reading book every day and gender. It was determined that there were a positive and moderate relationship between reading anxiety and writing anxiety. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19514 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19514 A. Muhsin YILMAZÇOBAN The commonclassification of family has been built on quantitative properties, like core family and large family. Family should be analyzed depending on its sociological functions; I 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19446 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19446 Fadime YILMAZ Collective memory has been a great issue of interest and played an important role in politics, society and literature. Maurice Halbwachs coined the term collective memory and defined it as a sense of common history shared by the members of a group that define its identity and promote its unity (Halbwachs, 1992: 81). He emphasizes the power of social influence on people's personal memories and on a community's collective memories of the past. We remember our past in a group context; therefore, everyone needs other people to remember. Without the framework of collective memory, i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19303 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19303 Murat YILMAZ Change of population in Malazgirt district over the years is discussed. Also, the current situation of Malazgirt district’s population is studied. For conducting this study, the most recent statistics is used. Between 1927 and 2014 the population of Malazgirt district increased from 6894 to 55801. In other words, the population of Malazgirt district increased 709 % (8,1 times) in 88 years. Over the same peiod of time country, Turkey as a whole, population increased 451 %. This shows that Malazgirt districts population increased more than the whole country. The cause of the higher population increase rate in this district than whole country is higher birth rate. In fact, Malazgirt is losing population because people migrate to other places to find better paying jobs. Becasuse of migration from Malazgirt, real population icrease rate is much more higher. The migration from Malazgirt toward cities in the west of the country as it is true for all Eastern parts of the country. The trend of migration from the Malazgirt district is analyzed for using the data of Muş province. The rate of the younger population is high in Malazgirt district. The population of 0-14 age rate is 40,6 % in Malazgirt district. Employable population rate is 55,5 % in Malazgirt district. The population rate for elderly is around 4,4 %. Young and elderly population are high. Rates of younger and elderly population of the Malazgirt district is very high. This means that dependent population is very high in Malazgirt district(82 %). The higher dependent population means working population has much load on them, economically. Currently, literacy rate in Malazgirt district over the 6 years-of age is lower than country average (Malazgirt district lieracy rate is 88,7 %, country average literacy rate 93,6 %). However, literacy rate of male and female population are different. Male literacy rate in Malazgirt district is 1 % lower than country average rate. Female literacy rate is lower than 9 % country arerage rate. In 2014, the population density rate is 95 in Turkey. In Malazgirt district, density rate is 37. It is well below from country’s level. In 2014, 36,5 percent of the population in Malazgirt district live in city center. Konakkuran, Adaksu, Beşçatak, Çayırdere, Gülkoru, Hasanpaşa, Hasretpınarı, İyikomşu and Yaramış are differinciated from other rural settlements by having more population. Agricultural activities are higher rate of employment (82 %). Service and industrial sectors are not developed. Because of having high level of young population; for Malazgirt district, it is advised that educational and employment opportunities should be improved. This could help to develop region’s economy as well as country’s economy. For sure, without educating younger generations and opening new employment areas, young population cannot help to establish a developed society. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19138 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19138 Mehmet Ali YÜKSEL Whatever the factors it contains, Africa has been an area of action where experiencing the power struggle over in each period. This power struggle has been experienced between European countries until the Cold War and between the US and the USSR during the Cold War. Then, It has begun to emerge in the post-Cold War between the US and China. African geopolitics, find response in the European policy with geographical discoveries, has great importance for many years as a commercial seaway with icoastal colonies and its ports. African territory were perceived as a symbol of power in Europe with the sprawling colonial activities toward the continent's interior. After the Second World War, also it was the scene for ideological bickering, Africa was replaced such a buffer zone between competing ideologies. Since the end of the twentieth century African geopolitics has been shaped by energy sources, the radical groups and competing actors policies for the continent. In this study changing geopolitics of Africa and factors causing these changes are discussed. Then the changing geopolitics of Africa what expressed for the USA and how impact on its Africa policy will be examined. The aim of this study is to reveal that gives emphasis on the geopolitical situation of Africa from perspective of USA and how is reflected in the US Africa policy. This study which analyzes US - Africa relations in terms of the geopolitical has a significance because that it may pose assumptions about the future of the US Africa policy 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19492 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19492 Mehmet Nuri GÖMLEKSİZ, Ümmühan ÖNER It is important for the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19288 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19288 Yelda ÖZKOÇAK Television, which makes the world into a global village, can be placed within local, national and global relations while providing i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19571 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19571 Ali ÇİFTÇİ Ottoman modernization starting in the 18th century continued throughout the entire 19th century. Although the Ottoman modernization turned the direction of the West, modernization strategy pursued by maintaining largely the legal and cultural structures of society. The most distinctive difference of the Republic modernization from the Ottoman modernization was that existing legal, cultural and social values and institutions was completely replaced by the Westerners. The Republican modernization was multi-dimensional and covered all aspects of the life in terms of society and the state. In this study, family and social policies in Turkey's modernization policies pursued by legal and political axis between the years 1923-1945 will be discussed. After First World War and Independance War, it was economically and socially poor communities and an insufficient population stands out in terms of employment between 1923-1945 in Turkey. These factors identified social policy to be followed. In the early years of the Republic, the determination of the population and social policies was mutually included in the view of the Republican People's Party (RPP), the founder of the party and the Progressive Republican Party (PRP), a short period of 7.5 months survival as a political opposition party. This study gives place to regulations and practices encouraging increase in population after 1923 and it is also addressed in social policy of local governments from the 1930s. It have been analyzed Road Tax practice which was most influential villagers and Celibacy Tax debate in a period in which a large peasant society in 1920 and 1930s are evaluated. 2026-07-16