https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=301 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19016 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19016 Mustafa AKBEL Shari'a courts have an important place among the sources of Ottoman history. These registers provide very important data in terms of social and economic history. In the towns one of the administrative-judicial organization unit in the Ottoman Empire, is being held by a Kadi offers detailed information about their social and economic status of the inhabitants. The records on “seriyye sicils” are guarantee of securing the rights and these records are significant in terms of local historiography. Many issues have been resolved pertinent to the history of the cities based on the “seriyye Sicils”. These “sicils” reflect military, political, economic, social, cultural, as well as the legal status of the period. They are one of the crucial historical resources in order to comprehend the events taking place specific period of time. We can make use of many sources in History Researches. These are recorded or unrecorded sources that cast a light upon history. In our study, registration of power of attorney is held as an example of an town in the Ottoman Empire numbered 395 has been made evaluation on the Kula Sharia Sicill.The “defter” is belong to Kula, which is a town connected to Manisa. The “sicils” of this town are involved in “Manisa Şer’iyye Sicils” since it does not has own separate records. The “seriyye Defters” were recorded according to matter in dispute on the last period of the Ottomans. The “defter”, which we examine, were recorded (held) as a “vekalet defter” belong to Kula. We have examined in this book consist of proxy registration. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18982 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18982 Sibel AKGÜN World War I is an important historical event that is still a topic of lively argument. Many societies are curious and care about this war, and its nature and legacy is still a topic of discussion and controversy. The number of studies on the war is steadily increasing both in Turkey and in other parts of the world. Many of these studies focus on the political and military significance and continuing effects of the war in terms of world history, but there is a very important topic that fails to receive the attention it deserves: the human condition on the front and on the home front. Abruptly cut off from the ordinary flow of daily life, and face to face with a novel military situation on the front and a novel political situation on the home front, people are usually neglected by historiography. This study will provide a situation analysis and an analysis of the military identities and narrations of two soldiers who served in the Gallipoli Front, using their memoirs. These memoirs belong to Engineer John Monaghan of the British Royal Navy and First Lieutenant Hasan Cevdet Bey of the Ottoman Army. This study will thus provide an analysis of the effects of the First World War on people at the front, and how it transformed their identities, apart from the military and political aspects of the war. The study aims to underline the human and social aspects of events, which are relatively neglected in historiography, and contribute to methodological 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19113 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19113 Murtaza ÇEVİK Cengiz Khan, who succeeded to establish Mongol political union by unifying the Mongol clans which survive dispersedly, takes considerable steps in the way of dominating all the universe along with his political and military achievements. Mongols, who believe that universe dominance was given to themselves by God, attempt to dominate all the universe by acting with the perception of “One God in the sky and one emperor on earth” and struggle for this reason. It is known that Shamans have an important impact on this issue. Because Cengiz Khan who has the belief for monotheism is under the influence of Shamans and also they have the guidance on this issue. Some events which is shown as a reason for their actions in the way to dominance of universe by Cengiz Khan and his consecutives put forth the fact that they are assigned by the “ God in the Sky”, so they make not only themselves but also large masses believe this fact. Both the belief for monotheism and considerations of Shamanism are the source of inspiration for Cengiz Khan in the formation of the idea of universe dominance. Additionally, Mongols regard penalizing the nationalities who have sin as their duty on behalf of God. Finally, as well as the points which Mongols show as a reason for God’s giving them the universe dominance, the acts of them in military, political and social areas reveal their feelings and ideas in the way to universe dominance clearly. The fact that Mongols are governed by the tradition of Turkish State is essential to assert that they take their ideas about universe dominance from Turks. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19097 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19097 Ebru ÇOBAN The consensus emerged after the 27 May military coup was indicating a new period in the Turkish political life. The only power that would be effective in this consensus was Turkish Armed Forces (TAFs). Especially, opportunist approaches during the preparation and the referendum stages of the new constitution seemed to be a precursor of the upcoming elections. This work is established on the political developments experienced between the 1960s and 1970s in Bingöl. The political process which gained important momentums in Bingöl as in all Turkey was reflecting an inductive phenomenon. People supporting the successors of the Democrat Party – the Justice Party (JP) and the New Turkey Party (NTP), did not produce the outcome that TAFs desired to achieve. On 27 May 1960, a group of young soldier named the “National Unity Committee” that was headed by General Cemal Gürsel seized the power in the name of the Army. Plotted and backed by the opposition party, the military cue against the ruling party which had confronted the most important institutions of the state structure resulted in undesired outcome such as the hangings. 592 members of DP were brought on trial at Yassıada Courts, of which 15 were condemned to death penalty, 31 life sentenced and 128 acquitted. Out of the 15, only the penalties of Adnan Menderes, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan were confirmed and executed. Meanwhile, the 1961 Constitution was prepared as well. The “Manifest of First Goals” set by CHP in 1959 constituted the foundation of the Constitution. This new draft constitution was completed on 27 May 1961, and accepted by 61% affirmative vote in the referendum on 9 July 1961. This work also contains the implication in the city of Bingöl of the competition between the Republican People Party (RPP) and the Justice Party, which was then dominating the country’s political agenda. While a vicious circle existed then, all these developments contributed to building Turkey’s democracy. The competition among the political parties in Bingöl constituted an important part in this building process. The overall work deals with the way the political situation in Bingöl took part in the local press. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19031 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19031 Süleyman ERKAN The South Ossetia issue, despite being an ethnic issue, has always been a problem between Georgia and Russia. When Georgia declared its independence in 1918 by taking advantage of the Bolshevik Revolurion, South Ossetia was a part of the newly independent Georgia. The conflict, started as a result of Ossetians resist, ended with the occupation of the Caucasus by the Soviet Union in 1921. After that the South Ossetia was recognized as an autonomous region of Georgia with the effect of Stalin whose ancestors were Georgian. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, ethnic problems re-emerged in the region and the Georgian-South Ossetian dispute continued from where it left off. When Georgia again declared its independence in 1989, the South Ossetia also followed the same path declared independence from Georgia. The conflict, started as Georgia did not recognize the newly independent South Ossetia, ended with a cease-fire agreement, signed in Sochi in 1992. Russia-led peacekeepers’ failure to resolve the issue caused estrangement of the South Ossetia Georgia. In 2003 after the Rose Revolution, Saakashvili came to power with the promise to re-establish the control of the breakaway regions. Georgia’s intervention towards the South Ossetia got rection from Russia and caused a five day war between Russia and orgia on August 08, 2008. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18853 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18853 Abdulkadir GÜL The purpose of this study is not investigating the external migrations, immigrations and mass migrations due to natural disasters observed densely in various periods of the Ottoman Society. The main purpose of this study is examining the population movements that are called as domestic migrations in the literature that covers the second half of the 19th Century specifically in Eğin Town. It is also aimed that the level of the domestic migration occurring in a town in the countryside of the Ottoman State in this time period is revealed. The domestic migration occurring in Eğin Town had two dimensions. The first one was the migration towards Eğin Town, and the other one was the migration from Eğin Town. The population that is the subject matter of the domestic migration is defined as the “foreigners” in the archives. The most regular registers in Ottoman Archives are the ones on the population movements. Based on this fact, the vast majority of the archives used in the study consists of the registry of births of the latest period of the Ottoman State. As it is well-known, census applications were performed after 1831 in order to determine the population who were the citizens of the Ottoman State and who were not; and as a natural result of this, the registries of births appeared. In this study, one registry book in which the foreigners in Eğin Town were recorded was used, and another registry of birth in which the foreigners in Erzincan were registered belonging to the similar dates was also examined for comparison purposes. In addition, other registries of births and archives were also referred to determine the migration directed towards other towns from Eğin when needed. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18915 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18915 Vedat KANAT The Ottoman Empire gave importance to the intelligence from the classical period, both inside and outside all kinds of military and political steps taken by the Empire formed according to the informations came from these contacts. The getting success through the network of information formed has increased the importance of intelligence. With the 16th century the intelligence obtained from the paid spies, merchants and explorers began to gain weight, in time the intelligence network varied according to geographical and political conditions. With the begining of expansion of its boundaries, the Ottoman Empire becoming a major force in continental Europe consisted of a wider intelligence network about what is happening around. By the 18th century the Empire provided the fullest extent intelligence which was possible, to create the right policy to the key actors. The Ottoman Empire tried to establish good relations with Poland which was in conflict espacially until after Karlowitz Treaty, closely followed all the activities performed inside or outside. With begining of partition of Poland among Russia, Prussia and Austria in the second half of 18th century the Ottoman Empire used every kind of intelligence sources to be informed about news. The most important source of intelligence on this subject was voivodes of Wallachia and Moldovia had been chosen from Phanariots in Istanbul. These managers faxed immediately the information acquired through spies under their command to the center and provided taking the necessary measures. In addition to these spies, as well as the spies working independently, the Ottoman envoys, Polish ambassadors and managers, ambassadors of other countries, Crimean khans and the managers of neighboring units in the Ottoman administrations were the intelligence sources which used. During the partition of Poland, these sources faxing the latest and most important information to the Porte, contributed to determine the position of the Empire. In this study will focused on the intelligence sources mentioned and will evaluated how these sources played a role between 1772 and 1795 when Poland was parted. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19108 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19108 H.Ahmet KARA, Ertan EROL Although British troops ultimately occupied Baghdad, before this occupation, their unconditional surrendertook in Kutal Amara will be remembered as an unforgettable defeat in their history. In this study it was tried to unearth Britains’ eye-witness accounts during the siege of Kut al Amara, by investigating English memoirs. It is very hard to rank the negative influences in order of importance that British troops faced during the siege. The first negative influences are the “Turkish assaults, bombardments and sniper shots”. When there were Turkish assaults in the early days of the siege, the artillery bombardments, some times heavy, some times intermittent and continue until the end of the siege, replaced these early days assaults. Turkish artillery bombardments seriously harmed British troops physically and morally. For this reason English soldiers mentioned these artillery bombardments as “hate” in their memoirs. As of mid of February, the bombs from planes reinforced these bombardments. Although the presence of Red Cross marker on the hospitals roof, the hospitals in Kut took shots accidentally during these air bombardments. And as for sniper shots, they restricted British soldiers’ daily activities throughout the siege during the daytime. A brigadier general who is one of the English brigade commander hurt by an sniper shot. The second negative influences are the “starvation and illnesses”. The decrease of the ration started late in January, make itself felt especially in March and turned almost into starvation in April. The Indian soldiers within British troops, who rejected eating horse and mule meat, were the groups mostly effected by starvation and illnesses. In parallel with insufficient nourishment illnesses, especially scurvy, limitted the troops combat ability. The native people of Kut also got their share of starvation too. To the end, the native children started begging and wailing piteously. The other effects are “cold and floods”. The British soldiers also struggled with the floods during the January, March and April. The floods became a greater source of anxiety for the British soldiers than Turkish assault. While floods sometimes cause soldiers to desert their trenches, mostly cause them to wait in knee deep water in their trenches during desert colds. When it was very hard to find wood for cooking during the last days of the siege, it was luxury of them to use wood for heating. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18955 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18955 Önder KOCATÜRK Two matches played between Romania national football team, who came to Istanbul, and first Turkish national football team and later Galatasaray on 17 and 19 April 1914 respectively created a great impact on Ottoman public opinion. In this study, the historical importance of the two matches is analyzed in all respects, besides original information and photographs about Romanian football delegation’s visit of Istanbul and two important football matches are submitted with all details to readers. News, comments and critiques of matches, which had widespread media coverage, entirely illuminate the influence of football which newly started to develop and rapidly increase its popularity in the Ottoman society during a significant period of Turkish sports history. In quotations within the text, current meanings of some Ottoman Turkish expressions are given in brackets. In the Ottoman Empire, the first Turkish national football team of history was created and this national team played against the national team of another foreign country, Romania, for the first time in history on 17 April 1914. Football players from Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray and Altın Ordu sport clubs were chosen for the first Turkish national team which was entirely composed of Turkish and Muslim players. Meanwhile, the importance of these football matches was very great also for Romania, which had gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire just 36 years ago with the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. There was not a Romanian player in the national team of Romania who came on the field at both matches and the squad was formed by German, British and American players. The main reason for this was the fact that Romanians had not forgotten the heavy defeat in Bucharest against Galatasaray football team on 1 October 1911 and this time wanted to take revenge of it. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19025 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19025 Rafet METİN One of the Ottoman social and economic history’s important source is Temettuat Registrations. Social-economic life, population and all characteristic features related agricultural economics is revealed via registiring property, animal, land and personal wealth in Temettuât Registrations. It is also possible in the registrations to get information about tax payers’s names, nick names and jobs. Benefiting basically 671 and 755 Temettuat Registrations of H.1260-1261/M.1844-1845 year Ankara state, Dinek Keskini district, Ahılı village’s and Kalecik Keskini district, Balışeyh village’s, it is aimed to reveal related village’s social and economic structures. It is understood that people who reside in Ahılı village and Balışeyh village which have 118 and 64 households widely live off via agriculture and stockbreeding. While it is done agriculture of wheat, barley, cotton in Ahılı village, wheat and barley agriculture is done in Balışeyh. In terms of stockbreeding, mainly small cattles, cattles, draught animals and mounts are raised. It is remarked that there are lots of agriculturalists in both villages. In addition to this, it is understood from registrations that there are lots of employee like imam, manservant, shepherd. Besides in this study, it is tried to reveal of tax payers’s agriculture, stockbreeding and occupation incomes and tax burden by determining type of taxes who live in both village. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19013 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19013 İbrahim ONAY Wide steppe lands extending from Mongolia to Hungary have become sites established by great and powerful nomad states in the history. In particular, states such as Hun, Gök-Türk and Uighur settled on the eastern side of the steppe constitute important era in the Turkish history. Horse breeding is in the centre of political life for the Turkish states in this era. A life without horse cannot be envisaged for the representatives of steppe culture. Because horses have rendered mobility required for the nomad sheepherding and compensated the food requirement of people through their meat as well as milk. Multiple horse type has been bred in this geography and characteristics of these horses have been referred in numerous sources in time. Continued existence of states settled on this geography and becoming economically powerful is directly connected with the horses bred and number of horses. As a result of the climatic disasters occurred on this geography, these horses have become extinct and communities and the states settled on this geography had difficulty to exist. Therefore “Horse” has become a vessel not only used for the military purposes during the existence period of Turkish states but also had great value in economical terms. Relations with Chinese state in aspect of military, financial and social affairs cover important part in the history of steppe culture. Failure to breed sufficient number of horses on Chinese soil is very important for China. China sturdy and strong in military aspect and requiring steppe horses was forced to compensate this requirement from the Turks for many times. Therefore, horse has become again the underlying issue for the political and financial relations between Turkish and Chinese states. Providing horse under tribute, tax or trade within specific systems between Turkish states and Chinese state and receiving silk products against them is important in aspect of referring the position of states against each other. Major commercial good used by the Turks was horse and number of horses was increasing in a way to cause difficulty for Chinese economy. It is known that various commercial markets were established at Chinese border at Hun era in order for communities to perform commercial activities besides the interstate trade. These border markets established at the Turkish and Chinese borders were very important in financial life of Turkish states and communities. Value of Horse and silk against each other was directly connected with the military and political power of Turkish states. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19002 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19002 Esma ÖZ The beneficial effect of the mother milk on the baby's development was known since ancient times. The children of the mothers has no milk or who lost their lives during birth, were given to the wet nurse to breastfeed them. Cuneiform texts, proves the existence of wet nurses in Mesopotamia. Some legal texts and law provisos, which contains information about wet nurses others and their rights, especially belongs to the Old Babylonian Period, is important it shows us the legal rights of the wet nurses women. In this documents, it is also understood that, the women who are probably from clergy and called qadištum was served as wet nurses. It must be approved that qadištums who married and gave birth, not all qadištum woman for a serve to morally powerful such as wet nurse. According to written documents, the wet nurse could breastfeed 2 or 3 years. Food, clothing or the amount determined between the parties was paid as a breastfeed to the wet nurse. When the biological mother can not pay the fee of the breastfeed, it was also known from the texts that wet nurse kept the child. It’s intended to protect that the rigths of the both sides, notification of the judgement that they can’t litigate each other and the biological mother and the wet nurse will not appeal each other, after understanding between the parties in the legal texts Old Babylonian Period. It’s known that guaranteed by law the rigths of the wet nurses but while they were carrying through this service, they exposured to severe punishments because of the mistakes that their made. It is also understood that, the wet nurse service and the rules governing their rights in Ancient Mesopotamia and the wet nurse practices in the Holy books has shown similar features. In this study, as a basis of cuneiform documents, the records in the Holy books and some archaeological materials will be evaluated in the context of our subject. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19119 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19119 Derya ŞİMŞEK 3500-year history of Cyprus, known to many of the State sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, after the island in 1570. All Nations under Ottoman management recognizes the wide rights and posed next to Greece's new peace be established and yet not strong enough reasons, during the Ottoman rule, a Turkish-Greek fight will be the effective cause of the events did not occur. The Ottoman Empire with the United Kingdom between 4 June 1878 in İstanbul has been transferred to the British, the island's management agreement. The foundations of the Cyprus problem, Cyprus Greece's "Large" within the boundaries be drawn in 1791 and 1796 published in conjunction with the first "Megali" map. Megali idea shaped within the framework of Greek nationalism in Cyprus also showed in later times the impact, as a result, Cypriot Greek Cypriots of ENOSİS gradually began to place the idea. The Cyprus problem, the Democratic Party has taken on the nature of an international affairs during his reign. in 1963, the Turkish Cypriots, 1959 – 1960 Zurich-London agreements with the Republic of Cyprus, where they are located at the position of the founding partner of the Greeks by the Elimination of constitutional rights de facto excluded as a result of the initiative, and then starting eleven-year period have faced with systematic acts of violence. in 1955, the Greek Cypriot EOKA against the Turkish community in the activities of the organization named the volcano created since Turkish resistance Organization in 1958.Established as a national defence organisation Turkish resistance Organization conducted a highly confidential manner would've hobbled her progress, starting from the underground armed struggle of his secret to the Bloody Christmas 1963.1974 Peace the overthrow of the Turkish armed forces to help the troops to the island militia Inculcating the Agency acts as the "Cyprus peace success and the island's two 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19133 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19133 Oktay BOZAN The Ottoman-Russian War (1877-1878) generally affected the country’s political, social and economic situation, but it had more influence in the eastern provinces, including Diyarbekır. In these circumstances, because of the lack of available regulatory forces and opportunities, there emerged an authority gap, and this expanded the movement range of some Kurdish tribes and some serious law and order problems took place. Due to the post-war international agreements -Treaty of San Stefano and Berlin- signed after this war, Abidin Pasha was appointed to the province as the Reform Commissioner to realize Armanian reforms in 1879, in accordance with the articles related to the Armenians. Abidin Pasha tried to establish a peace atmosphere with the serious measures he took in the province and exiled the chiefs of the tribes who were regarded as obstacles to the continuation of these reforms. But, the central administration impeached Abidin Pasha by intervening with the deportion of some influential people by Abidin Pasha. This situation prevented the peace and tranquility established in the province from being long-term. Thereupon the goverment (Babiali) appointed Aziz Pasha to investigate the situation of the Kurdish tribal leaders. Aziz Pasha identified that there had been some criminals to be sentenced to death due to their murders as well as some innocent ones. However, the issue of where they should be convicted kept to be uncertain for a long time. A healthy result could not be obtained from the investigations due to negligance of the goverment and probable pressures upon the investigation comission. Meanwhile, Aziz Pasha proposed the Babıali some permanent and efficient precautions to be taken to establish the social peace in the region. However, these proposals did not become fruitful because of the fact that they were not turned into state policies and followed by the central governments. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19038 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=19038 Nermin GÜMÜŞALAN European States have spent all their energy to dispel Turks from Anatolia after Turks came into and made Anatolia their homes following the War of Malazgirt. Their attitudes and behaviors raised after a while the concept known as “Eastern Question”. The Eastern Question speed up more in conjunction with the losing power of Ottoman State starting with the 18th century and led the production of new projects on sharing and distributing heritage of the “sick man” as soon as possible. The most comprehensive of these sharing projects was the Sykes-Picot secret agreement which shared the Middle East between Britain and France. Even though Antep, Maraş, Urfa and Musul regions were agreed to be occupied by France according to this agreement, Britain captured Kilis, Cerablus, Birecik, Urfa, Maraş and Antep in addition to Musul Province by violating the agreement following the Mondros Armistice. The most important reason for the invasion of Maraş, Urfa and Antep by British troops in contrast with the agreement was that the region was planned to be used in negotiations against Musul. Hence, the British accessed their goal after a while with “Syria Treaty” declaring the exchange of invasion forces in Syria and Cilicia. The Southern Front, as a result of the struggle between powerful states, was exposed to unwarranted invasion of British and then French forces. Mustafa Kemal sent a circular letter to all provinces and branches of the central commission throughout the country on November 6th, 1919 and declared that he protested the occupations by Allied Powers. He also stated that protesting meetings should be performed in all provinces and branches of the central commission throughout the country in addition to regions being occupied. Hence telegrams of protests were sent from and meetings were conducted in every regions of Anatolia starting with this call. Various columns were written in order to keep the opposition of the people lively and mold public opinion in prominent newspapers such as İrade-i Milliye, Hâkimiyet-i Milliye, Albayrak and Açıksöz. In this article, we reviewed the archival documents, research works and prominent newspapers of the period and tried to summarize the public response, reflection of these responses to the press, and opposition of the press especially against the occupation of Antep. 2026-07-16