Turkish Studies - International, Year 2024 Issue Volume 19 Issue 1

Zawiyahs of Amasya in the Hurufat Records

Murat ALANDAĞLI — 2024-08-29

Historically, Amasya has a very deep-rooted settlement history. With the high mountains surrounding it and the river in the middle, it resembles a natural shelter. For this reason, it has been one of the important centers of many civilizations. It is one of the important stops in the process of Turks making Anatolia their home. In the 13th century, Turkmens clustered around Amasya rebelled against the Seljuk administration for religious, economic and socio-cultural reasons. With the transition of the region to Ottoman rule, it became one of the sanjaks of the princes. However, Jalali unrest, which was not unlike the Seljuk period, broke out in Amasya. There are many studies that examine the population, settlement and economic history of Amasya in the context of the 15-16th century tahrir books and the 19th century population and dividend records. However, the number of studies covering the 17th and 18th centuries is quite small. This is due to the archival material of these periods. Zawiyas are important religious, socio-cultural and commercial institutions for the formation and development of settlement in a region. They were usually built on desolate mountain slopes or in passes along important road routes. It is clear that zawiyas played an important role in the settlement of Anatolia and Rumelia. The study is based on two pillars. The first is to examine the zawiyas in Amasya, an important Turkmen basin where protest movements emerged against some of the policies of the Seljuk and Ottoman administrations. In this way, it will be understood whether this structure in the region had an impact on the formation of the zawiyas or their theological ideas. The second is related to the group of sources used. As a matter of fact, a window on the zawiyas in Amasya will be opened by focusing on the hurufat books, which are mostly used in urban history studies. Through this window, which sometimes includes images from the sixteenth-century world, findings on the names of Amasya's zawiyas, the neighborhoods and villages where they were established, their founding zawiyas, foundations, mosques and masjids, and their officials, including the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, will be exhibited. Thus, Amasya-themed studies, which are predominantly based on tahrir, population, and dividend records, will be enlivened by the addition of examples from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the context of hurufat records.

Cultural Existence in World Art History and Dominant Cultural Identity Traces in Works of Art

Arif Esen BAYKURTYüksel GÖĞEBAKAN — 2024-08-29

A work of art has the capacity to be an independent examination of the culture from which it emerges. From the birth of art to the present day, works of art analyze their own culture and present messages to society through works of art. With these messages and analyses, they improve society and bring new perspectives, norms, regulations, and even previously forgotten cultures and norms into it. The culture of each nation includes its contexts; it derives from religious, social, political, economic, traditional, and moral values. These values used by the artist are embodied as different products in different branches of art, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, and performance. Universal works of artists, are shaped by the dominant characters of their culture and help to protect their society and new generations in the future. The research aims to identify dominant cultural traces in art using examples from world art history within the disciplines of art and anthropology. In addition, it is to draw attention to the necessity of new aesthetic approaches by excluding Kitsch art, which emerged in the early modern age and corrupted art and culture. The research is important in terms of guiding artists in the context of cultural contacts in art. The following results emerged from the qualitative research: Art acts as an intercultural bridge by infiltrating culture and society. Universal and political messages in art should be used in the context of "doing art politically, not political art" for the benefit of society. Moreover, if care is not taken, it is inevitable that "kitsch art" will corrupt society. Therefore, a work of art must preserve its society by avoiding Kitsch art. On the other hand, an artist must be a good sociologist and an anthropologist. Finally, the artist or the universal work of art protects, secures, strengthens, and develops the future of culture. Otherwise, the opposite will happen.

Reading the Design-Consumption Relationship through the Main Fictional Space of the Mon Oncle Movie, Villa Arpel

Merve BULDAÇ — 2024-08-29

The act of consumption has a lively structure that shows its existence at every point of life. From past to present, individuals have tended to consume many things voluntarily/involuntarily in order to meet their various needs, and they continue to do so. In particular, the effects of concepts such as globalization and capitalism on societies have brought consumption behaviors to a different dimension. As these behaviors are discussed within the framework of each discipline, the relationship with the discipline of interior design is also emphasized. In the early ages, areas with definite borders, which were created with the concern of fulfilling basic needs such as shelter and food and beverage, started to serve individuals with different spatial setups with developing-changing-transforming time, materials, and technology. Especially with industrialization, people have started to consume spaces and other elements (furniture, textile, materials, accessories, etc.) that make up spaces at the same time, with the desire to go one step beyond what they have. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the concept of consumption through Villa Arpel, one of the main fictional spaces of the 1958 film Mon Oncle, which draws attention to modernism that has become widespread with industrialization and constitutes the sample of the study. The point reached by the concept of consumption through changing lifestyles in the transition from the traditional to the new is presented to the audience in a critical and thought-provoking language. In the method of the study, a literature review was made as a qualitative research technique, and the data obtained were processed and interpreted. The findings obtained as a result of the interpreted data are important in terms of making the reader think that the consumption instinct formed in individuals, through the strong spatial fiction of Villa Arpel, which is the sample of the study, preserves/continues its validity in the current century.

Tourism Potential of Yıldızeli District (Sivas)

Aykut CAMCIMehmet ZAMAN — 2024-08-29

Since tourism has been a source of employment and income for a long time, it is important in terms of eliminating inequalities between regions and localities. In areas where economic activities are limited, the utilisation of natural and human resources in terms of tourism is used as a strategy for national and local development. In this study, the resource values of Yıldızeli district, which is the gateway to the west of Sivas province, which are included in the cultural inventory list of Yıldızeli district and which have touristic potential as a result of field studies, were evaluated using a mixed design research method in which qualitative and quantitative data were synthesised together. Yıldızeli District has been located at the crossroads of important roads connecting the eastern parts of the country to the west and the inland parts to the Black Sea coast since ancient times. The district, which is located in the transition area of important civilizations, has been under the sovereignty of many civilizations and states. For this reason, the rich historical and cultural values of the district constitute important human attractions, while landforms, climate, hydrography and vegetation constitute natural tourism attractions. Depending on these potential resources, tourism types such as winter tourism, historical and cultural tourism, thermal tourism, camping tourism, event and festival tourism, trekking, sportive angling, photo safaris are among the tourism activities that can be developed in the district. Since the district is located close to Sivas and Tokat provincial centers, it is economically under the sphere of influence of these cities. For this reason, it cannot attract the economic investments necessary to diversify tourism. In terms of the development of tourism, it is important to have access to touristic areas. The presence of road, railway and airline transport facilities provides an advantage in terms of the development of tourism in the district.

Economic Life in Rumelia: The Example of Gallipoli Customs (1795-1796)

Fulya FEYİZ — 2024-08-29

Gallipoli is a city that played critical roles in the trade between Europe and Anatolia due to its geographical location. Its physical structure connecting Rumelia to Anatolia and its location on the line from the Mediterranean to Istanbul allowed many ships to stop in Gallipoli and carry out commercial activities. Gallipoli gained its commercial value in the 18th century. preserved in the century. Although customs records for the period in question are few, the diversity of goods, the amount of taxes collected on goods, and the existence of merchants of different religious and ethnic affiliations paved the way for the preparation of the study in question. In the taxation of goods at Gallipoli Customs, the religious and ethnic affiliations of merchants were taken as basis; In general, the taxes paid by Muslim merchants were kept lower. However, the traders coming to the customs are mostly Muslims and dhimmis. Among the taxed commodity groups; textile, food and leather products are concentrated. Apart from the mentioned products, spices-pharmaceuticals, chemicals, mineral and hardware products are also goods compositions that are included in the other tax group. At the Presidential State Archives Directorate Ottoman Archives 5 months of income and expense records were identified in 3 separate books belonging to the Gallipoli Customs in 1795-1796. The commodity compositions specified throughout the examined process will be discussed separately, based on the Gallipoli customs books, and various analyzes will be made regarding the commercial life of the period. This work; It basically aims to connect the commercial life and economic situation of Gallipoli with the customs and ultimately to present an example of the Ottoman customs structure.

Sustainable Graphic Design Education: Evaluations on Course Projects

Ayşe İRİ ÖZTÜRK — 2024-08-29

Sustainability is a system that aims to meet the needs of people in every aspect without harming nature and to protect natural resources and transfer them from generation to generation. The main purpose of this system is to transform people's consumption habits into a sustainable form without affecting their quality of life. Today, university education is also changing due to the increasing seriousness of environmental problems and the importance of sustainability. For this reason, sustainability education in universities for recognising and implementing sustainability requires students to take responsibility for recognising and implementing sustainability, instilling the concept of sustainability in students, changing their attitudes and encouraging them to do so. In this study, 'Sustainable Graphic Design' course projects within the scope of undergraduate education in Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Fine Arts Graphic and Visual Communication Design departments are discussed. Within the scope of the sustainable graphic design course, projects that develop the knowledge, skills and responsibilities necessary for sustainability are focussed on, taking into account the theme of 'Zero waste'. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the importance of sustainable graphic design and to examine how the projects carried out within the scope of sustainable graphic design course develop the knowledge, skills and responsibilities necessary for sustainability. In addition, the study is intended to be a reference source for academics who want to learn about sustainable design practices. In this study, descriptive data analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used to visually analyse sustainable student projects. The finding of the study is that the projects designed with the zero waste theme in mind are important steps in terms of sustainable product design.

Observations Regarding on Pipe and Cup Findings from Bitlis Castle Late Ottoman Period (2022 Excavation Season)

Yunus Emre KARASU — 2024-08-29

The pipe was used to smoke various products, especially tobacco, during the Ottoman period. Over time, the type and feature of the product used and the widespread use of the pipes have led to differences in form, size and decoration. It is seen that tobacco and coffee consumption in the late Ottoman period became widespread in the central regions and then in the rural areas. It is understood that in Bitlis, where tobacco is produced, pipe production is also carried out depending on supply and demand. It is also thought that between the 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, when tobacco use increased, local production could have been made in many regions besides the central production areas. Bitlis Castle is also one of the places where the pipe finds are encountered intensively. Limited data on the possibility of pipe production in Bitlis Castle are given in the existing publications. During the 2022 excavations, a large number of pipe finds were found. It is very important that some of the existing finds are captured in ashy areas and can be described as semi-finished products. No finds on production tools were found during the excavations. However, the existing finds indicate that there may have been a pipe production in the Bitlis Castle between the 18th and the beginning of the 20th century. Along with the pipes, cup finds were also found. Cups produced in Kütahya and Europe reflect the social and cultural life of Bitlis Castle in the Late Ottoman Period. Compared to the pipe finds, the numerical scarcity of the cup finds is striking. This situation is attributed to the fact that coffee consumption in the region is not as intense as the pipe. We think that the studies to be carried out in the unexcavated areas will contribute to the determination of the current location. In addition, considering the tobacco produced and exported in the Bitlis region, and similar examples to the nearby regions, it is also possible to export pipes.

Physical Geographic Features of Tecer Mountain and Its Surroundings (Sivas)

Fatih KARTAL — 2024-08-29

Tecer Mountains are located within the borders of Ulaş district, 40 km southeast of Sivas Province in the Central Anatolia Region. The research was carried out in order to put the physical geography characters of Tecer Mountains and its surroundings there. Field studies were carried out by visiting the study area at regular intervals and data was obtained. In addition, location, geology, geomorphology, hydrography, plant, soil and climate maps of the Tecer Mountains and its surroundings were produced using the data received from institutions and organizations using the GIS (Geographic Information Systems) ArcGIS 10.4.1 program. Alpine tectonic fold movements are effective in the region and there are sedimentary, ophiolitic and volcanic rocks in places. Valleys, plateau plains, plains, tectonic-karstic areas are important landforms. Tecer River and Tecer Lake (Kellah) are the most important hydrographic elements. Brown soils and reddish brown soils from zonal soils, vertisols from intrazonal soils and alluvial soils from Azonal soils are important soil groups. The continental climate prevails around Tecer Mountain and the annual average temperature is 6,7 ºC. The highest average temperature during the year is August with 14,3 ºC, while the lowest value is January with -0.6 ºC. According to the station data, the annual precipitation average of the area is 417,2 mm. While the period with the highest precipitation is spring with 38,8% (161,9 mm), the lowest period is summer with 19,9% (83,3 mm). Species of Iranian-Turanian and Euro-Siberian origin are concentrated in Tecer Mountain. Steppe species, dry forest and semi-humid forests are important floristic elements in the area. In this context, Tecer Mountain is thought to contribute greatly to the local and national economy in terms of quarrying, tourism activities and natural beauty.

A Mosque with Wooden Ceiling and Hand-Drawn Ornaments in Tokat Erbaa: Salkımören Village Mosque

Neslihan KORKMAZ — 2024-08-29

Erbaa is one of the important districts of Tokat with its historical background and artifacts. The place where Erbaa is located today is known as Erek. Erbaa means four in Arabic. Until the 19th century, it was a center consisting of the merging of four sides (Karakaya, Sonisa, Taşabad, Erek) in the Turkish period. It was connected to Tokat Sanjak in 1892. Salkimören Village is 13 km from Erbaa town center. away. The old name of the village is Hosan. Hosan was first called Khorasan and then Hosan, in honor of those who migrated from Erzurum Khorasan and settled here in the 1700s. The name Salkimören has been used since 1968. A temettuat book dated 1845 was found in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives regarding the village. There are two mosques (Salkimören Village Mosque and Beşir Efendi Mosque) open to worship in the village. The subject of our study is Salkimören Village Mosque. The structure has been mentioned before in the cultural inventory and in a master's thesis, but a monographic study has not been done. The aim of the study is to deal with all aspects of the building within the discipline of art history and to contribute to the literature. First of all, literature and archives were scanned about the region and the building. The building was examined on site and detailed photographs were taken. Its measurements were taken and its survey was taken, the restitution experiment was carried out by taking into account the interviews with the local people and architectural elements. There are different dates for the building. However, except for the date 1905-1907/8 read on the cartridge on the mihrab, the building does not have an inscription. The date H. 1325-1327/AD 1905-1907/8 read on the cartridgeon the mihrab is accepted as the construction date. Considering all the elements of the building, a comparative evaluation was made with the similar structures.

Horse-drawn Chariot Races in the Ancient Greek Roman Civilization

Gülseren MUTLU — 2024-08-29

The history of ancient world sporting events and competitive games dates back to approximately 3000 BC. It is accepted by historians that these activities, reminiscent of today’s sports, were held long before the 776 BC Ancient Greek Olympic Games. The ancient Greek aristocratic society wanted to make to determine the strongest and fastest horse they had fun with the support and enthusiasm of crowded community. When this desire was combined with the sense of belonging or being part of a whole, which exists in human natüre, it turned into speed sports and races as a social gathering and an activity. Horse-drawn chariot races, which have remained popular throughout Antiquity, have been likened to today’s Formula-1 races in terms of the excitement it brings and the risk factor that may result in deaths. The meaning of the horror and excitement of the races fort he speed-loving Romans and the fierce struggle was important fort he satisfaction of their sense of competition. The budget spent fort he organisation and splendour of the arenas were also quite gigantic. Ancient sources have described the impact of Horse-drawn chariot races on society, the enthusiasm and excitement of the competition very well. Although, there is no clear information about where and how the chariot races were first held, the idea that the horse and chariot, which were used as chariot in 3000 BC, evolved into sports competitions in Daily life over time is a common opinion. As a matter of fact, while the Olympic Games and gladiatorial fights lost their former popularity in the Byzantine Period, horse-drawn chariot races maintained their importance.

The Position of Sīstān on Trade Routes According to Medieval Geographical Sources

Hümeyra ÖZYURTErol KÜRKÇÜOĞLU — 2024-08-29

The Sîstân region, which dates back to ancient times, is today a historical region in southeastern Iran bordering Afghanistan and India. In medieval times, this ancient geography was surrounded by Khorasan, Fars, Kirman and Indian territory. This situation of Sîstân has made the geopolitical position of the region important. Due to this characteristic, Sîstân has been under the sovereignty of different nations and states throughout history. After the Persian, Parthian and Sassanid rule in Sîstân, the region came under the rule of Muslims. With the Arab conquests in and around Sîstân in the early Islamic period, the name of the region also changed. After the Arab conquests, the region was referred to as Sicistan in Arabic sources. Thanks to its geopolitical location and the domination of the Muslim Arabs, the region of Sîstân was widely included in the geographical sources written by Muslims. Especially the works of geographers living in the Xth century provide important information about both the socio-cultural and economic situation of the Sîstân region. Important Arab geographers of the period such as Istahri, Ibn Hawqal, Ibn Rusteh and Abu al-Fida, who are among these geographers, give important information about the socio-cultural life in the Sîstân region, the economic situation of the region and the connection routes with its neighbors in their works. n their works, these geographers described the roads connecting Sîstân (Sicistan) to Khorasan, India, Ghur, Kirman and Fars via Kirman. Thanks to these roads, the distances of the routes followed from Sîstân for trade, travel and other reasons were given in detail.

Bibliometric Analysis of Theses on the American Board Missionary Organization

Büşra SAATCİ İZCİHicran Hanım HALAÇ — 2024-08-29

Due to the coexistence of people with different beliefs and cultures throughout history in the Ottoman Empire, missionary activities were carried out by different organizations. One of these organizations was the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), founded in 1810. In 1820, the Protestant organization entered the Ottoman Empire and found a wide spread in the Ottoman Empire. The aim of this study is to reveal the bibliometric analysis of the theses produced on the American Board. For this purpose, searches were made in the National Thesis Center between December 2022 and January 2023 and 51 theses that constitute the scope of the study were reached. Theses type, date of publication, language of publication, subject distribution in the thesis title, universities, institutes, departments, title of advisor, name of advisor, keywords, number of pages, subject content, subject distribution according to the field of activity of the organization, place names, name of the school and building, In line with the results obtained, an overview of the thesis studies on the American Board was provided, and the results and results of which universities and academic staff worked intensively on this subject, which sources were mostly consulted are given in the tables. In line with the results obtained, an overview of the thesis studies on the American Board was provided, and the results were obtained about which universities and academic staff worked intensively on this subject and which sources were mostly consulted. It is aimed that the study will guide the studies to be produced later in line with this subject.

Tokat Government Mansıon In The Ottoman Perıod Constructıon And Repaır Process

Serpil SEYFİNecati ÇAVDAR ,Ahmet Ali BAYHAN — 2024-08-29

The Imperial Edict of Reorganization (Tanzimat) played a significant role in various developments that influenced or contributed to social development from the mid-19th century until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The objective of the Tanzimat reforms was to establish a bureaucratic structure that centralized economic control within the financial system, promoting a more rational utilization of natural resources. The Tanzimat reforms will promote social and economic equality within Ottoman society through the upcoming financial and property system. The state will establish direct communication with the public by abolishing the tax farming practice known as 'İltizam' and eliminating the intermediary role of the tax farmer, referred to as the 'mültezim'. The declaration of Tanzimat led to a significant increase in the pace of modernization efforts in administration. Key administrative reforms were successfully implemented in 1849, 1858, and 1860, following the successful application of the Muhassıllık system between 1840 and 1842. The most notable administrative arrangements were introduced with the 1864 Settlement of Villages. These changes have resulted in specific requirements for public administration. To implement the new property tax system, it is imperative to establish public administration structures. The Tokat Government Office was constructed during this process, and this study aims to reveal the initial construction and repair stages of the office based on the documents in its archive. The Ottoman Archives have provided official correspondence and drawings that reveal comprehensive details about the structure, including its plan, architectural characteristics, construction and repair documentation, construction and restoration processes, and materials used. This information is presented with confidence and authority, showcasing the expertise and competence of the source. Construction of the Tokat Government House began in late 1870, according to official documents. The building was completed in 1902, with its outbuildings finished in 1908. Throughout the Ottoman and Republican periods, the Government House underwent repairs at various dates and served until the beginning of the 1980s.

A Uniq House Model from Devret Höyük (Amasya, Turkey)

Atila TÜRKER — 2024-08-29

A fragment of a House Model that we discovered during the excavations at Devret Höyük in North-Central Anatolia (Amasya, Turkey) is one of the most unusual discoveries in Anatolia. Although the lower half is broken, it has a very characteristic look with its gable-roofed form and thick gutter decoration. Our excavation context helped us to date the artifact to the Chalcolithic period. In this article, a piece of the house model that found as an unusual finding during the excavations at Devret Höyük has presented and its relationship with other cultures discussed. The Devret house model cannot be a miniature prototype of architectural structures made of clay, as it does not resemble any of the building types we excavated. No satisfactory data on its cultic function was found either. It is difficult to explain why a house model fragment was found in Devret, one of the smallest settlements in North-Central Anatolia. The reason for its presence here can be sought in indirect associations or migratory movements. Devret is equally remote from Eastern and Western cultures due to its location, which is why we have kept our perspective very broad. House Models were found in the greatest number and variety in Southeastern Europe over a long period of time. We compared the analogy of the Kodjadermen-Gumelnița-Karanovo VI (KGK VI) specimens with Devret and questioned the possibilities. The context between house models outside Europe, however, is disjointed and does not provide a composition that allows for a comparison with Devret. The discovery of sophisticated old-world finds at a small-scale site like Devret in North-Central Anatolia will undoubtedly keep the debate on house models topical. Only further

Priorities during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Context of Post-Traumatic Growth among University Students: A Phenomenological Approach

Hilal YAKUT İPEKOĞLUMustafa Batuhan KURTOĞLU — 2024-08-29

Wars, natural disasters, sicknesses, and pandemics don’t have only negative effects on people. It’s known that these processes are opening doors to a change in people’s experiences. The goal of this research is to analyze the changing priorities of university students in connection to post-traumatic growth during the period after the coronavirus pandemic. Analyzing the data is conducted by using a phenomenological approach. The participants of this research are 64 students studying in a public university in Isparta and private university in Gaziantep. One question regarding the changes that the pandemic has caused on the priorities in the students’ lives was forwarded to the students. This question was sent through an online platform in a written form, and detailed and sincere information about the feelings and thoughts of the students was requested to be written. No demographic information was asked from the students, as this could limit the free expression of the students. The data was collected in April and May of 2021. The first step of the analysis of the data was analyzing the texts written by the students. The experiences lived by the students and the changes in their priorities were listed out. The common expressions were also written down, meaningful units were found from the writings considered important by the students, and common themes were defined. The themes were family, socialization, health, selfhood and consumption habits. The results that were achieved by the study showed that the university students’ understanding of self, and understanding of life and giving meaning to it changed significantly during the pandemic period. It was observed that the order of the priorities had changed, and new priorities were obtained. These changes and developments are related to post-traumatic growth dimensions in the related literature. According to our findings, as it was also found in the related literature, that close relationships with others, increased socializing, development in self-perception and changing of priorities in general are factors affected by the pandemic that are possibly affecting post-traumatic growth.

The Reflection of European Clocks in Turkish Culture on Ottoman Mural Paintings

Ayşe Pelin ŞAHİN TEKİNALP — 2024-08-29

In order to understand time, mankind has benefited from the sun since ancient times, and with the sun falling to the earth, he was able to understand what part of the day it was, that is, the clock and the time. Anatolian lands are important as a geography with one of the earliest examples of two small sundials from the Late Hellenistic period. As a region with early examples, its development in Anatolia will continue for centuries and clocks with different usage patterns will be visible in different media. For Muslim communities, time is primarily associated with prayer time. However, as in the rest of the world, the change will begin for the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century and the process of understanding time will change in the secularized daily life. As one of the elements of Ottoman modernization, the use of European watches is described in the texts as an indispensable part of modern life. Clocks, which are mentioned in detail in various literary and historical texts as well as travel books, were among the subjects described in Ottoman painting art. Ottoman mural paintings showed the feature of being a documentary by choosing the change, innovations, all the modernity indicators as the subject. Sometimes the steamships, sometimes the symbols of the period, sometimes the volcanic eruptions that found their place in world history, and sometimes the depictions that herald the period with religious symbols. When the use of European clocks found their place in the Ottoman lands, as in the whole world, clock depictions are seen in religious or civil architectural decorations. Mural paintings are depicted independently in religious building complexes, especially in fountain domes or mainly in houses, next to the paintings in the whole Anatolian geography. The fact that the Ottoman Period wall paintings are primarily documentary is seen in realistic depictions. Apart from the basic features of Ottoman painting, the new one attracted the attention of the muralists and started to be preferred in compositions simultaneously. Like the reflections of all innovations in the paintings, European-style desk clocks are depicted as an indicator of wealth in accordance with the testimonies of the period. Also, especially clock towers built during the reign of Abdülhamid II were depicted with their surroundings considering their structural features. In this context, it is noteworthy that time does not show the prayer time of the clock, but also points to the day and the new way of life. In addition to the continuation of the tradition, the clocks, which are the indicators of modern goods and the new way of life, are valuable and different to the extent that they take place in the wall paintings, although not in large numbers. Mural paintings as one of the indicators of Ottoman modernization, examples seen in both religious and civil architecture were included in the paintings in accordance with the statements of the witnesses of the century. Ornate, pendulum, monumental clocks make visual documentation of history in a realistic style. On the one hand, although the concept of time is associated with prayer in Ottoman daily life, mural paintings are the visualization of the changing habits in the daily life of the Ottoman Empire, which has now adopted the modern life. In this context, art history as mural paintings as visual history documents will take its place in cultural history.

The Reflectıons Of Anatolıan-Balkan Interactıons On The Archıtecture From The Neolıtıc Perıod To The Early Bronze Age

Şükrü ÜNAR — 2024-08-29

Anatolia, which is at the crossroads of cultures due to its strategic location, hosted the community and for this reason, it took place in an intense socio-economic, political and cultural interaction with the surrounding cultures. The origin of the Anatolian-Balkan cultural relations, which we have witnessed until the recent past, goes back to the Prehistoric Period. Architectural relations have been identified during the Early Chalcolithic Period in Anatolian Geography and the Early Neolithic Period in Balkan Geography. Branch-braiding technique, interior buttress, mud-brick and stone sub-basement walls unearthed in settlements in the Aegean Region, Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly are evidence of this interaction. B.C. While settlements that were architecturally a continuation of previous periods appeared in the Eastern Balkans in the 5500s, the first village settlements began to be established in the west of the Balkans. B.C. In the 5500s, most of the Balkan settlements in Anatolia, especially in the Marmara region and on the Aegean coast, were largely abandoned. Evidence of cultural interaction, which has emerged most prominently from the Neolithic Period, intensifies in the Early Bronze Age. This interaction is most intensely seen in architectural traditions. These architectural traditions will be discussed in the context of cultural relations between the Balkans-Northwest Anatolia, Continental Greece and Coastal Aegean-Western Anatolia, and architectural structures will be evaluated in terms of the elements that shape them. The extent to which the changes in the architectural structures over time are affected by the socio-economic and cultural environment and the changes in the social structure will be discussed within the framework of archaeological data.

Temporary Shelter Areas After Earthquakes: Building Studio Proposals for Emergency Shelter in Earthquake Zones

Fulya ÖZMENMediha GÜLTEK ,Güneş Mutlu AVİNÇ ,Pelin SARICIOĞLU ,Aslı YILDIZ — 2024-08-29

Education has an important function as the fastest tool to raise awareness on disaster management. The potential of education to transform innovative ideas into action is important for the healthy and sustainable development of post-earthquake living spaces. Education has an important function as the fastest tool to raise awareness on disaster management. The potential of education to transform innovative ideas into action is important for the healthy and sustainable development of post-earthquake living spaces. Therefore, the education of architects and engineers is of great importance for the transition from a reactive approach to a preventive approach against disasters. In this context, solutions for post-earthquake living spaces were investigated in the "M 3091-Architecture and Building Project Studio" course in the spring semester of 2022-2023 at Gazi University Department of Architecture. From this point of view, students were asked to develop a culturally and contextually appropriate post-disaster living space design for a specific region in groups of three or four. In addition, students were encouraged to develop sustainable, easily transportable and constructible solutions. Students/architects who are trained and produce projects in this direction, gain familiarity with community problems and demonstrate the structural, social and cultural viability of post-disaster living spaces. As an outcome of the course, students have gained knowledge about post-disaster living space needs, layout, prefabrication, on-site production and reuse. This approach to building studio education demonstrates the potential to transfer what is learned beyond the classroom, to affect positive change and to contribute to a sustainable future through architecture. In addition, it is thought that the living center proposals put forward by the students at the end of the semester can be an idea for possible post-disaster planning. From this point of view, it is foreseen that this research can guide similar educational researches.

The Process of the Establıshment of the Ziyârîds Rulıng ın the Regıon of Tabaristân end Jıbâl

Cihan GENÇTÜRK — 2024-08-29

The Ziyârîds, named after their founder Merdâvic’s father Ziyâr b. Verdânşâh, ruled in the regions of Jibâl and Taberistân between the X^th and XI^th centuries. The regions of Jibâl and Taberistân, where the Ziyârîds ruled, were the scene of the struggle for dominance between the Zaydîs of Taberistân and the Bâvendîds, Sâmânîds and Abbâsîds who fought against them for many years before the establishment of the Ziyârîds. Merdâvic b. Ziyâr, the founder of the Ziyârî dynasty, was a member of the Sâmânîdd army in this struggle. Later, he entered the service of the Deylemite commander Esfâr b. Şîreveyh, who was in the service of the Sâmânîds, and became his army commander. After entering the service of Esfâr b. Şîreveyh, Merdâvîc b. Ziyâr made a name for himself with his successes against the Zaydîs, especially in the region of Taberistân. However, Merdâvîc b. Ziyâr rebelled against Esfâr b. Şîreveyh and killed him in AH 316 (928-929) due to his successes. After killing Esfâr b. Şîreveyh, Merdâvîc b. Ziyâr captured the cities of Rey, Hemedân and Isfahân, which were important cities of the Jibâl region under his rule. Later, Merdâvic b. Ziyâr also attacked Mâkân b. Kâkî, with whom he had collaborated against Esfâr b. Şîreveyh. Merdâvic b. Ziyâr captured the region of Tabaristân and the important city of Cürcân, which had fallen under the rule of Mâkân b. Kâkî after the murder of Esfâr b. Şîreveyh, and expelled Mâkân b. Kâkî from the region. Thus, after these successes, Merdâvic b. Ziyâr established the dynasty called Ziyârîds in the sources by taking Cürcân and Tabaristân, especially the cities in the Jibâl region, under his rule.

Ancient Period, Early Geographies in the Western Geographical Tradition

Alpaslan ALİAĞAOĞLU — 2024-08-29

Geography is the science that explains the marks left on the Earth's surface by people and nature. In the development of geography, there are different stages, and one of these stages is called the Ancient period, which plays an important role in the evolution of geographical development. In this study, the geography of the ancient period is examined through a literature review method. The purpose of the study is to show what different thinkers in this period added to geography and what the period was like in general. In conclusion, the ancient period's geographical contributions lasted until the 16th and 17th centuries, and this influence continues today. Herodotus, Eratosthenes, Strabo, and Ptolemy made important contributions during this time. Anatolia is important in geography because of its geographical location. The city of Alexandria also has a feature of being a scientific center. Geography has its origins in ancient Greece and is studied in a small area. The universe is Earth-centered. Many things related to geography, like making maps, began in this period. The era has its unique traditions. These include the topographic, mathematical, astronomical, and theological traditions. However, some other traditions and approaches that have shaped geographical thinking have their roots in this period. Spatial tradition, area studies tradition (regional approach), environmental determinism, and probabilism are among them.

Hegemony in the Persuasion Process: Mythos as the Language of Power

Barış YETKİN — 2024-08-29

The interest of this article is in myths, which, through the stories they tell, enable the individual to overcome social contradictions and naturalize situations. From the myths of primitive human societies to modern myths, myths evolve along with human beings. However, its main purpose is one: To understand the universe. A myth is a story and therefore a statement. It is a tool of thought in the process of development; it is a method. Despite such a function and widespread use, myth narratives are constantly produced and reproduced as stories that involve the individual along with the individual, albeit often unrecognized. In fact, the issues they narrate are power struggles. The conditions necessary for the telling of any story are also found in myth. To be able to analyse myth requires recognizing it as a speech. Without language, it is impossible to realize any speech act. With these assumptions in mind, the article examines the use of myths in the media. Through the descriptive analysis method, it questions what myths are, why and how they are used, especially in the news, and seeks answers about the change of myths from antiquity to the present, their social function and the role of the media. The findings obtained suggest that today, current versions of archetypal myths are used for manipulation by both political actors and the media; most of them are not noticed by individuals, and although they are noticed, the reasons and consequences behind them may be ignored. This is because the fact that people constantly encounter myths everywhere at any time in their daily lives can enable them to accept them naturally. Therefore, myths serve as both cultural and ideological tools.

Understanding of Human Nature in Renaissance Utopias

Fikret YILMAZ — 2024-08-29

In summarising this examination of the ideal human design in Renaissance utopias, it is important to emphasise how utopias had a profound impact on both social order and individual life. While the works of More, Bacon and Campanella deal with the ideal human design in different ways, a common theme centres on the importance of social welfare and justice. The works of More and Campanella emphasise the abolition of private property and the equal distribution of resources. This forces people to rethink their roles and responsibilities in society, thus endeavouring to achieve a sense of community beyond the individual. These authors use utopias to encourage people to explore their potential to live in a more just and equal society. On the other hand, Bacon's "New Atlantis" emphasises the importance of science and technology for human progress and development. Bacon believes in the power of science to discover people's natures and abilities and utilise them for the benefit of society. In this utopia, science and technology are presented as tools to improve people's lives. In the combination of these different utopias, the design of the ideal human being centres on individuals understanding their role and moral responsibility in society and discovering their individual talents and potential. This reflects the anthropocentric thinking that was characteristic of the Renaissance period in general and illustrates the significant cultural and intellectual changes during this period. The utopias of the Renaissance period allow us to examine the design of the ideal human being from an even broader perspective - not only on an individual but also on a societal level.