https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=293 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18452 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18452 Merve Senem ARKAN Cyprus has been ruled by different powers in its history. As such during the Ottoman invasion in 16th century the island was under Venetian rule. The most important city during the conquest was the port city called Famagusta which resisted the invasion for a year due to its strong fortification. The capture of the city determined the fate of the island. In retrospect, the town plans of Famagusta were published in order to illustrate the confrontation between the Venetians and the Ottomans. The urban maps of this century illustrated the cities under the Ottoman siege in detail in order to reflect the clash between the Venetians inside the city and the Ottomans surrounding them. The maps were made by Italian map makers for the European audience, where they illustrated the important moments of attacks and defences of both sides. The emphasis of these maps is that the map makers prioritize the stance of the Ottoman army to show the Islamic presence as an image to Europeans. These three map makers created different representations of the siege of Famagusta. The paper includes three siege maps that first one made by Giovanni Francesco Camocio as part of his famous work Isolario. Inside the city walls private and public houses were depicted, but three public buildings stand out: the palace and two churches. On the land, outside the walls, there were Ottoman troops, in the background Ottoman tents and in the foreground troops on horses, some walking and some depicted with canons, advancing on the doomed city. The different types of troops are also labelled, for example “Ianiceri” for Janissary or “Stradioti” for horsemen. Rather than giving detailed information about the city, Camocio focused on the siege and the enemy, on details of the Ottoman army. However, the mapmaker did not depict the actual line of fire and does not show us where the Ottoman troops were actually attacking; neither did he offer any information concerning the Venetian troops’ deployments for the defence. The only dynamic element is the burning ship in the left bottom corner of the map illustrates the event which was mentioned several times in the texts. The second siege map of Famagusta was made by Stephano Gibellino. This map is the most detailed map that gives information about the siege, the Ottoman army and the city. The map has a reference table which gives names of buildings, bastions, and gates of the city. Inside the walls is illustrated in detail, showing not only important public buildings, but also the private buildings. Outside the city, the Ottoman troops and the ships were depicted, showing the line of fire between the city and the troops. The depicted lines of the Ottoman soldiers, the earth defences, and other graphic explanations at points were labelled on the map to show where the Ottoman troops attacked. The map combined, perhaps compressed, various important moments of the siege, attacks by the troops and ships, and also other activities such as men carrying supplies and the burning ship. The map maker presented a complete the image of the city and the siege in 1571. The last map was published by Giacomo Franco which had different representation of the siege than other two maps; it is a naïve depiction of the siege and the city. Inside the city there are few architectural structures, however, the buildings were not recognizable from their physical appearance, except for the two Venetian columns which were also depicted in Gibellino’s map. The walls of the city and the citadel are represented well as is the Venetian flag flying to show the Venetian rule of the city. Inside the walls he depicted soldiers running around and outside the walls the Ottoman troops were illustrated beside the Ottoman tents, canon and other paraphernalia of war. The map clearly focused on the siege and the soldiers, not on the accurate physical reality of the city and its buildings. Even though all maps gave information about the siege and the city they are di 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18479 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18479 Tamer ASLAN, Tarık YAZAR Glass, which is thought to have been discovered in the Bronze Age at the age of 3 B. C. and the first examples of which can be seen in a great number places from Mesopotamia to Egypt, Mediterranean to Anatolia, has had an important place in almost every part of our lives from technical needs to daily use, from luxurious consumer goods to industrial products. Glass is an artifact and it can be found in nature as obsidian and rock crystal/natural quartz (pebble). Rock crystal, also known as natural quartz, is almost colorless and semi transparent. Examples such as the lion’s head from the fourth quarter of 3000 B.C. found in Troy and the Hittite statue made in 13th and 14th centuries B.C. show that rock crystal has been used in Anatolia from very old times (Canav, 1985: 19). In line with the resources and the data obtained, leaving the primitive methods in processing glass with the discovery of glass blowing pipe in Syria in 50 B.C. is considered as the radical change used in glass processing. Antique glass products: Roman glass (100 B.C. –400 A.D.) other residential areas within Italy, England, France, Spain, Belgium, Balkans, Anatolia, North Africa, Cyprus, Syria, Alexandria and Roman Empire; Byzantine glass (5 – 15 A.D.), Eastern Mediterranean coastal areas that produced most advanced containers and ornaments as well as mosaic and plain glass with free blowing technique, Ottoman glass making which occured at the same time with the bright periods of Bohemian glass making in the 19th century, Beykoz style glasses with their unique technique and ornaments are all named according to their methods of processing and modeling with their periods. Ottoman art of glass brought out works which were called “Turkish style” in Europe. The first examples of Turkish Glass art can be seen in Seljukian and Ottoman periods. Anatolian Seljukians who had a unique style in terms of architecture and richness of material also had a rich productivity in terms of handicraft. There is different information on where Seljukian period glass art examples are produced; important examples of this period were seen in excavations of Kubad-Abad Palace, on the foot of Anamas Mountain, which was used as the summer palace of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad. Ottoman art of glass had its foundations in Seljukian glass making; however, it created its unique style based on the examples today and experienced its brightest period especially in 19th century. Glass industry developed especially after the conquest of İstanbul in the Ottoman period. In Ottoman period, guilds had very firm rules for everything from getting the raw materials necessary for the art or occupation, to processing, forming and selling these raw materials. This situation brought an order to the relations both among producers and between the producer and the user. In documents that belong to the period of Suleyman the Magnificent, there are names of glass makers. Camger Hasan and Yusuf are well-known names. According to a census in İstanbul during the period of Sultan Murat IV, Evliya Çelebi mentions the number of glass workshops working for the government, the shops and the workers in these shops and workshops. Although there are documents about Ottoman glass making in the construction of Suleymaniye mosque and imaret (1550-1557), there are few documents about the production and modeling of the glass makers of the period. Thus, Ottoman period miniatures are accepted as the strongest written and visual documents of their times. One of the most important documents is the miniature by muralist Levni which depicts the circumcision feast of Sultan Ahmet III’s four sons and the show of “şişebaz”s in poet Hüseyin Vehbi’s “Surname-i Vehbi”. This miniature is in Topkapı Palace Museum. Another important document is the miniatures by muralist Osman in Surname-i Hümayun which depict the circumcision feast of Sultan Murad III’s son Mehmed in 1582 which lasted for 52 days and 52 nights and also the para 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18438 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18438 Aslı AVCI AKÇALI By its establishment, Turkish Republic took over the ruins of a collapsed empire as heritage. The aim of the adoption of Republican values, ensuring social, cultural and economic development led to an increased importance given to educational policies for villages and villagers. Besides the majority of the people were living in villages, the rate of literacy was low there. Agricultural production as the main livelihood was done using primitive methods and farmers lacked information and knowledge to make their product of labor efficient. Training activities for the development of the village and the villagers resulted in opening Village Teacher Schools (Köy Muallim Mektepleri), aggregation of Village Affairs Committee, Foundation of People’s Houses, Village Educator Courses, and finally transforming Village Teacher Schools (Köy Öğretmen Okulları) which began to be opened in 1937-38, to Village Institutes in 1940. In 1945-46 academic year the number of nationwide village institutes opened had reached 21. One of these institutes was Aksu Village Institute. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate various dimensions of generally all village institutes and particularly Aksu Village Institute like establishment phase, student admission to school, difficulties experienced in the institutes, educational activities, personal relationships and daily life, health conditions, the relationship with villages around the institute and other village institutions, requirements after graduation, closure process of institutes. In the study the information was obtained from the witnesses in addition to first and second hand-written sources. Applying to personal memories is frequent in the studies about village institutes. Indeed in historical researches, it is a common situation to apply witnesses in addition to written sources to enlighten the historical facts. Thus, in this study personal examples about various dimensions of the village institutes were presented by the data obtained from interviews with three retired teachers graduated from Aksu Village Institute in addition to the written sources. Document analyze method was used to analyze written sources and content analyze method was used to analyze interview data. After the approval of Village Institutes Law on 17th April 1940, Aksu Village Institute was founded in the place called “Dark Street” next to the ruins of Perge, 16 kilometers east of Antalya province. Educational activities began in 8 barracks which were made at first by a team from Eskişehir Çifteler Village Institute. Then the main buildings were made by the teachers and students. According to the law, every village institute could admit students only from the villages that it was responsible for. So Aksu Village Institute admitted students from the villages of Antalya, Muğla and Mersin. Because of the financial problems, students even came to school difficultly. Whereas the number of students remained below the quota in early years, in the following years, the number of students applied and were accepted to the school has increased. Between 1940-1953 (except 1942-1943 academic year) 1062 students were enrolled in the Aksu Village Institute. 373 of these students left school before completing their education because of death, disease, truancy, flunk, expulsion and etc. and 749 of them graduated. During this period, because of the World War II, insufficient portion of the country’s budget was allocated to the education. Therefore in the early years there had been problems in meeting some of the needs of students in Aksu as in other institutes. But in the following years these problems were solved. For example at the beginning bread and some other foods were inadequate. But then a bakery was built in Aksu Village Institute. Moreover the institute began to produce its own food by agricultural activities. The first curriculum of the village institute was established in 1943. During the 5 years of this education, students atten 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18371 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18371 Resul BABAOĞLU, Said OLGUN The newspaper archieves that are in the National Library and Beyazıt State Library’s Periodical Catalogs constitute this study’s basic sources. To reach the beneficial results in this study which is related to the history of press in Siirt, the documents and the information shared by Cumhur Klılıççıoğlu and Ahmet Arıturk, conducting press activities for 60 years, were subjected to a detailed evaluation. The first newspaper started its publshing life was Siirt newspaper which began in 1937. It is considerable that the publishing activities started in such an early time in Siirt as a city in the remotest corner of Anatolia. The political atmosphere and socio-economic condition of the mentioned preiod has played as a router impact. The collections provided from the institutions expressed above has been subjected to an inquiry and a cast of the history of Siirt press has been obtained. Especially, in this study, mainly rather than a detailed evaluation of the press history of Siirt, a bibliographic presentation was tried to be made, which will constitute a source to local history studies in Siirt. Besides that, from its begining till 1970s Siirt press was maintained in which point of view and quantity was among the investigated topics in this study. The maintained cultural activities in People’s House in studied period have been provided an intellectual mass. The People’s House which is an effective factor in providing a reader community is a real element that shouldn’t be missed. When looked at the content of the newspapers, the quality of the content and news density have not been seen above of the expectations. Extremely limited nature of the news staff is the most important reason of this fact. The political liberalization and atmosphere of freedom have seen in the country after World War II has brought 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18558 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18558 Celil BOZKURT The Battles of Çanakkale have been recorded as one of the most bloody battles in world history. Nearly 210.000 Turkish soldiers were martyred in these ground and sea fights. After the end of the war, The Allies started to build tombs and monuments for their soldiers around Gallipoli. According to Treaty of Sevres, lands of these tombs and monuments alienated to The Allies. However, the victory of National Struggle conduced to debate this issue again in Lausanne Peace Conference. In Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish Government promised indefinitely to deliver the tombs and the lands of monuments which were built for the soldiers of England, France and Italy who died in World War I. Foreign states started to visit these tombs in Gallipoli after 1920. The Turkish Government could not construct any monuments for Turkish martyrs for a long time despite the Allies’ tombs and monuments. First attempt was made with a ministerial cabinet enactment in 4th May 1927. In 1930, Society of Monuments Construction (Şehitlikleri İmar Cemiyeti), decided to organize a project contest for a martyr monument. After that, in 1931, MP of Edirne, Şeref Bey, made a legislative proposal about the construction of Mehmet Çavuş Monument and martyrdom in Anafartalar. In 1933, National Turkish Students Union (Milli Türk Talebe Birliği) made an attempt to build a martyr memorial in Gallipoli. But these projects were cancelled due to financial impossibilities. Turkish society felt loser itself because of not having monuments aganist foreign ones. Ministry of National Defence’s attempt was failed in 1944 due to financial impossibilities. In April 1952, martyr memorial became a current issue after National Turkish Students Union’s application to government of Çanakkale and national government. A comittee under Emin Nihat Sözeri’s presidency, named “Aid for Çanakkale Martyr Memorial” was formed with 9 people in order to organize and track the construction. The comittes’s call to Turkish people shortly became a huge aid campaign. In 17th April 1954, construction of Martyr’s Memorial was started after a enthusiastic ceremony that took place in Morto Harbor. But the construction could not be completed due to financial problems and corruptions. This incomplete Martyr’s Memorial created dissappointment for Turkish people. A daily newspaper, Milliyet, took initiative and started an aid campaign to complete the memorial. The campaign that started in 18th January, 1958, created huge influence both inland and overseas. The campaign anticipated 100.000 Turkish Liras but a fund of 2 million Turkish Liras was raised in the end. After that, the construction of Martyr’s Memorial started again in 15th March, 1958. The body part of the memorial was completed in 18th September, 1959, and the memorial opened after a enthusiastic ceremony at the 45th anniversary of Anafartalar Triumph, 21st August 1960. Turkish nation mourned for years about the its sons that lost in Çanakkale War and lived with thankfulness and debt of gratitude. Turkish nation could not build a martyr’s memorial for Mehmetçik in Gallipoli for years although the foreigners had constructed monuments after the World War I. Some attempts were made but failed due to financial and organizational problems until 1950s. Turkish nation, who had felt destitute aganist Mehmetçik, laid the foundation of Çanakkale Martyrs’ Memorial in 1954. The memorial that was constructed substantially with Turkish people’s financial aid created huge influence and support in vox populi. But financial aid was cancelled due to corruptions that made by construction builder and the memorial was left incomplete. That incomplete “Martyrs’ Memorial” caused pangs of conscience as a “monument of shame” in Turkish society for years. In this hopeless situation, daily newspaper, Milliyet, played a leadership role, started an aid campaign and ensured the construction of Çanakkale Martyrs’ Memorial. The campaign became an unusual mobilization of aid both 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18350 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18350 Cengiz BUYAR Oral tradition prevails in Kyrgyz culture, which is part of the Turkic civilization. Telling epics and keeping genealogy are the most important segments of this culture and also source of historical, socio-cultural studies. First information in Kyrgyz language about the Oghuz and relations between Kyrgyz and Oghuz tribes are found in oral sources, epics and genealogies. Written and printed Kyrgyz texts do not have a long history; information transmitted through oral tradition is being written down, recorded and printed since 19th century. The most significant of them is the Manas Epic. In the epic Oghuz Khan is mentioned as an ancestor of Manas. Again in genealogies, the ethnic origin of the Kyrgyz is related to Oghuz Khan with verses “Bolubdur tüp atamız Oguz Handın / Oguz Han biri bolur tokuz handın”. In first local sources about the Kyrgyz history, it is continuously mentioned that Kyrgyz originate from Oghuz Khan. In the studies of the Soviet period these relation has been neglected and later definitely abandoned. In studies after the independence there have been some studies on the relationship between the Oghuz and Kyrgyz and it still continues. This study aims to investigate how the relationship between Oghuz and Kyrgyz is reflected, how it is reviewed and perspectives on this issue in Kyrgyz historiography, through local sources. All studies on the Oghuz will be evaluated according to the place of Kyrgyz-Oghuz relationship in Kyrgyz historiography. It is seen that oral tradition in Kyrgyz culture is quite strong and it continued vividly until the early 20th century. It can be said that this tradition which has started to be transferred to writing since the end of 19th century is weakening when compared to the past.In this context, it can be stated that information about the Oghuz in Kyrgyz sources was also put into writing starting from the same period. In particular, first information related to this topic can be found in the most important works of the Kyrgyz culture, such as epic Manas, genealogies andlegends. At this point, Information about the Oghuz in Kyrgyz sources can be 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18303 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18303 Cihad CİHAN In history, great defensive walls have been built by the sedentary cultures with an objective to defend themselves against the attacks of horse-nomadic culture. The Chinese, who are exposed to the attacks of Turks, have built the famous Great Wall of China to defend themselves. Another important sedentary culture is Iran that Turks attacked from the south. These attacks which could be traced back to mythological period were carried out from the east and west of the Caspian Sea. Persians Dynasties have always resorted to a variety of defensive measures against these attacks in this two regions throughout the history. At the beginning, they have built castles and fortifications, seeing that they are insufficient, they have build great defensive walls. Gorgan and Tammisha walls have been built in the Gorgan plain at the south and southeast of the Caspian for that purpose. The ‘Great Wall of Gorgan’ also, incorrectly, known as ‘Alexander’s Wall’, runs from the southeast corner of the Caspian Sea for at least 195 km eastwards, into the Elburz Mountains. Its western terminal was flooded by the rising waters of the Caspian Sea, while to the east it runs into the mountainous landscape of the Elburz Mountains. It is, to our knowledge, the longest ancient barrier between the Hungarian Plain and China. The scale of the Wall of Gorgan compares also favourably with that of the most elaborate ancient barriers in Europe. Contrary to earlier hypotheses, it was not built period of the Parthians, let alone the Macedonian king Alexander. Recent scientific dating places its construction firmly in the fifth or, possibly, early sixth century CE, a period when the Sasanian Empire was involved in frequent armed conflicts with the Hephthalites. In this study sought to answer the question that, when this wall was built and for what reason, whether Gorgan and Tammisha walls were two separate walls or not and how extensions of the wall within the sea were built. Fertile Gorgan plain has been a significant region in terms of political, military and commercial sense throughout the history. It has been known that there are numbers of cities and castles are built since ancient times. The most important historical artifact in the region is Gorgan wall. In Turkey, there has not been any independent study or publication on that issue. Persian and English scientists have done extensive work about this wall. However, there are some questions left unanswered that when this wall was built and for what reason, whether Gorgan and Tammisha walls were two separate walls or not and how extensions of the wall within the sea were built. While examining these questions, the geography and history of Gorgan should primarily be considered. Historical names of the wall should be analysed in terms of oral tradition. It is required to evaluate the information in the historical sources in consideration of Turkish-Persian struggles entirely occurred around the Caspian in history. There is significant information about the wall and building of the section within the sea in the Arab-Persian sources particularly in the middle age. The results of the comprehensive surface, archeologic and underwater researches conducted as of 2005 should be evaluated in the light of this information. Various Turkish tribes have always lived and raided to this region in the north of this wall throughout the history. The construction date of this wall dates back to I. Firuz time, ruler of Sassanid, who was defeated against the Hephthalites. It is understood from the archaeological examinations that the wall of Gorgan was built in a fast fashion. Persian names of the wall (Sedd-i Firuz, Sedd-i Anuşirvan), information in the middle age sources and recent archaeological tests have verified this opinion. It is understood that this wall is constructed at the time of I. Firuz as a result of attacks of Hephthalites and some reparations and additions have been made to the wall at the time of I. Husrev Anuş 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18486 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18486 Mustafa ÇABUK In this study, we investigated American missionaries’ activities, who were active in Marash in 1878 Zeytun Revolt.we focused on missionaries work during to revolt. In this article, firstly we got benefit from American Board missions’ archives. We tried to find their relations with Armenian rebellions. Thus, we investigated missionaries’ diaries and reports from their own archives. In this search, we realized that the letters and reports sent by them were totally against the Turkish people and soldiers who defended themselves. These reports were published as one-sided in the Western media. In this way, they made propaganda in favor of Armenian rebels in America. Thus, they tried to rise their supporters among Gregorian Armenians in Zeytun. After 1878 revolt, Protestan missionaries popularities strengthened among Zeytun Armenians. Zeytun Armenians were predominantly member of the Gregorian church,thus they strongly opposed Protestant missionaries and their activities in Zeitun, and even before they have beaten American Protestant missionaries who came to Zeitun. In the previous years before the rebellion, missionaries sent letters and reports to their centers to the United States. In these letters, Armenians of Zeitun were identified as the barbarians and bandits.But the missionaries have used the issue of the rebellion and turmoil of the Zeitun in 1878, as an opportunity to perform their own interests and aspirations. They tried to get benefit from problems and riots. Missionaries showed themselves as a savior to rebels and the Armenian public during the uprising. They sought to benefit from the issue. Missionaries tried to draw the attention of the western world to the Zeytun rebellion by using unreal information. They sent sided reports to the United States,so they have made propaganda and publication in America in favor of Armenians.Armenian rebellions were based on looting, extortion and theft, and during to this uprising a large number of innocent and defenseless Muslim were massacred by rebels. On the other hand, missionaries have presented these rebellions to the Western public as resistance for freedom .Missionaries have played the role of mediators during the rebellion, have developed their relations with the Armenians. So, after the Zeitun rebellion in 1878 they increased their activities in Zeiton. In their reports missionaries claimed that, after the uprising Zeiton Armenians’ attitude has changed towards the Protestant missionaries and their sympathies increased against the missionaries. According to the report presented to the Center of the American Board, Zeitun Rebellion in 1879 were contributed to the missionaries about the following subjects: 1.) While unrest and revolts were continueing in Zeitun, a Protestant lady also came from Marash, began to give lessons to the 30 Armenian and 10 Protestant women in Zeitun. before uprising of Zeiton, Gregorian priests banned the Armenian women to learn from Protestant. 2.) An Armenian named Hanik Atsoon who was graduated from the school of missionaries in Marash, started missionary activities in Zeitun after uprising. 3.) During the Zeitun rebellion, missionary Henry Marden have gone Zeitun often and met rebels and inhabitants of the town. He reported that Christians of Zeiton began to pay more attention for Protestant missionaries after the Zeitun rebellion. 4.) One of the missionaries who visited Zeiton after the rebellion was GH Montgomery; he noted that working of the missionaries and recent events had increased demand for the Bible in Zeitun. 5.) Missionary Henry Marden, wrote a letter to American Board Secretary NG Clark on 8 July 1880.In letter he wrote that owing to the Zeitun rebellion they got reputation in Zeitun and they built a house for conducting missionary activities. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18012 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18012 Sevim ERDEM, Neslihan SANDIKÇI The modernization of the Ottoman Empire is an extremely important role in the press, many played an important role in the emergence of type II. The Constitution was proclaimed on July 24, 1908 big historic political and cultural areas has been a period of experiencing the change. Committee of Union and Progress is a foundation organized with a distinguished organization style in committee, party, school, media, economics, and even military. During Constitutional Monarchy period all groups, congregations and ideologies joined in publishing activities alongside with the unionist media, and contributed in the development of local media. After the declaration of Second Constitutional Monarchy there was a mass social renaissance. In July 24th, 1908 newspapers did not send their articles to the censorship office. There was a publishing rush in newspapers, magazines, and books. Woman’s movement, worker’s movement sprawled. This period brought a great vitality, enthusiasm and humor, media reports have occurred one after another, whether a lot of humor published newspapers and magazines. II. Prior to the thirty-year-long constitutional monarchy in the period due to the censorship applied to the press and bad attitude don't piss me the press declined howeve r ın the Ottoman Empire during the period of constitutional monarchy in the press and the from the exposion has taken its share of humor. In this period, both in the traditional manner and sense of humor puplished in Western newspaper. Unionist media lost its coherence, which it supported in relation with equity, liberty, fraternity, justice and democratic system, during Committee of Union and Progress period. Cadaloz (Crone) Newspaper, as it could be derived from the title, made speak a woman character in a cartoon series. Though a national character, crone, who is a straightforward character, is frequently played in Turkish puppet plays. A significant number of articles in Cadaloz Newspaper dealt with political issues. These articles were mostly based on Committee of Union and Progress, the First Parliament, parliamentarians, Balkan policies (Montenegro, Crete, Albania). Cadaloz Newspaper used a traditional humor and its cartoons were gained widespread attention. Titles under the cartoons were written in Turkish. Likewise, the paper was monolingual. In Second Constitutional Monarchy, Ottoman State faced great problems in Balkans. 1911 is the year in which not only the big European states but only Balkan states started to make secret alliances or failed to agree on sharing Ottoman lands. Cadaloz Newspaper usually covered these issues in its columns. Humor newspaper is not only a must-character text, which was also used along with cartoons. Hag Newspaper of the cartoon where vermin includes ğ of the evil that is black and white cartoons are written in Turkish is tirillm. Hag Newspaper Nurettin Rüştü in 1911 and is a humor newspaper began to be published by Haydar Rüştü. Newspapers of the period, although the humor newspaper, social, economic, political and social issues was graded by two days were evaluated for six months. Hag newspaper published in Turkish broadcasting in the traditional style is a humor newspaper. Committee of Union and Progress implemented heavy policies on media, and stopped all activities of opposing newspapers and magazines. Cadaloz Newspaper could not avoid this heavy hand, and consequently published its last issue in September 9th, 1911. Journalists, then, continued reaching their readership with the book titled Cadaloz’un Devesi (Camel of the Crone). 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18465 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18465 Abdulkadir GÜL The relation between human and space is an argumentative topic arousing interest of other disciplines and having many discussions. The foremost among these discussions is the question of which one, the effect of human on space or the space on human is the most dominant one. According to the result of these discussions, the dominance of this influencing or response process is generally dependent on some parameters such as time-zone, geographical formations, climate and rain regime, and humans’ having technological developments in a specific geography. In this study, the relation between human and space in Dersim region which has many discussions was dealt in detail because of the events experienced specifically in the beginnings of the Republic without being a part of these theoretical discussions, but by taking the advantage of the different viewpoints of these discussions. In addition, the adventures of the people in this geography from the period of Ottoman to Republic were handled with the joint research methods of the disciplines, history and geography by being focused on the perspectives of these disciplines. Then, the relation between space and the people lived in Dersim and also the results were discussed. In this process, Ottoman archives and many articles and books related to the theoretical frames of the topic were analysed. Many issues in the Dersim region which is the application area of this theoretical knowledge and discussions, such as social process, administrative structuring, formation and distribution of settlement units, edges of settlement areas, housing types, cemeteries, population of a family, distribution of population on space, belief structure, meanings given to the space, attitudes of people towards government, power relationships, production-consumption habits, transportation and why there were few settlement areas in the region, were explained within the context of the relation between human and space. These topics were 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18302 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18302 Gülay Karadağ ÇINAR It is important that communities have a powerful, warrior and forward-looking leader in the process of becoming state. From the earliest times, in the Turkish statehood understanding there has been a dominating belief that the God grants some qualifications to the future leaders of the society which can be realized since the childhood. We are witnessing that this understanding also dominates in the Shibanid Khanate founded in the Transoxiana, in the year 1500. In this study from this perspective the childhood years and the educations of the members of the Shibanid dynasty, their upbringing will be explained. Upon this qualifications of leaders who administered Turkestan in 16th century will be discussed. All this matters will be stated on the instance of Abdullah Khan II who was claimed as the most powerful leader of khanate after the reign of Muhammad Shibani Khan. In result of researchs it could not be found to any working examined directly this subject. In this study while it is described the principality institution of Shibanid Dynasty was utilized from native chronics of Shibanids and Ashtarkhanids periods. Additionally it used some works that was examined on the dynastic conception and administration systems of Ottoman, Babur and Safavid States that they were fed from the same sources with Shibanid Dynasty. In 1500s of years Shibanid State shaped with the traditions of turk-moghul and the laws of Islam. This information takes part very clearly in Divan of Shibani Khan founding the Shibanid State. Shibani Khan says in his Divan “I am the servant of God. By birth I am from the house of Chingiz”. With these words he has claimed to Islam and Chingis’ heritage. It is seemed that Shibanid state was the collective property of the dynastic family. “Sovereign Partnership” understanding is emerged as sharing of the economic sources or the land in the periods of the most powerful of the state. Political and economic structure of the state was 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18442 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18442 Hasan KARAKUZU, Erhan ACAR The history philosophy is a history discipline which occurred as a result of questioning the relation between the history and philosophy and the history. Despite of it was stated that this discipline was derived from the philosophic movements in the Ancient Greek, the history philosophy in that period was mostly developed as the history theology. The history philosophy was gained its real identity through the Muslim scientist, Ibn Haldun in the today's meaning. The history phiolosphy, began with Ibn Haldun, developed more upon loosing of impact of church on the science and knowledge through the Renaissance and Reform Movements throughout Europe. As the Italian philosopher, Vico, introduced the historicity concept to the philosophy, the relation between the history and philosophy continued getting stronger. Thanks to the philosophers such as Hegel, Rothacker, Heidegger, this relation has reached to the today's level. As the history philosophy was developing as such in Europe, it began upon the first lecture on history philosophy was given by Ahmet Vefik Pasha in the Ottoman University in Turkey. This process progressed through the works of Doğan Özlem, Mehmed Niyazi, Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Kubilay Aysevener, Ayhan Bıçak during the Republic period. Our study's main idea is that there is not any detailed bibliography work on history philosophy. The comprehensive bibliography of book, assay-notice and dissertation works that are published in Turkish on history philosophy was prepared in the study. The works on historiography, history education, historiographing, history methodology, history thinking were excluded from this bibliography. The found books, assays-notices and dissertations were given under the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18563 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18563 Abdulaziz KARDAŞ Bitlis is a single and important location between the Southeast Taurus Mountains which connects the East Anatolia to Persian Gulf and Mediterranean through the Southeastern Anatolia. The Ottoman Empire also took place in the World War I that began by the late 19th Century and early 20th Century and emerged among some European countries because of certain political, military and economic reasons. The Ottoman Empire battling in many fronts during this war started the military operations in the Eastern Front when the Russian army crossed the border on 1 November 1914. The Russian occupied many provinces in the region utilizing their own military superiority and the grounds formed by the Armenian outbreaks. Upon the occupation of Bitlis by the Russian in March 3, 1916, the Ottoman Government appointed Mustafa Kemal, famous for his accomplishments in Çanakkale, to the 16th Corps Command around Bitlis. Thereupon, Mustafa Kemal Pasha arrived in Bitlis to steer the ship and started to work. Known as “Hero of Anafartalar”, famous in the whole army and the Anatolia, the commander Mustafa Kemal Pasha started to command in the front, which very motivated the soldiers and people in the region. After his arrival in the region Mustafa Kemal Pasha worked together with important commanders such as 8th Division Commander Nuri Bey (Conker), Battalion Commander Fuat Bey (Bulca), General Refet (Bele) and Ali Bey (Çetinkaya) and Colonel İsmet (İnönü) Bey. Moreover, he had the chance to know and work with Chieftain of Mutkis Clan Hacı Musa Bey and his brother Nuh Bey, religious functionaries Sheikh Ziyauddin Efendi and Küfrevizade Sheikh Abdülbaki Efendi, Sheikh Alauddin Efendi of Ohin, Bitlis Deputy Sadullah Bey. Following the occupation of Bitlis, the northern sides of Gambos Mountain between Bitlis and Muş were being defended by the voluntary units from Bitlis and nearby. In the west of Bitlis channel, the Mutki territory, volunteers of Hacı Musa Bey were deployed. The duty of this battalion was determined as to protect the 5th Division and hinder the Russian communication between Bitlis and Muş by going down the Muş Plain. Mustafa Kemal Pasha faced some big problems when he arrived in the base. Because the units in there were nothing but the rubbish of a tired, demotivated, diseased army with almost no arcade and weapons. Pasha requested weapon, reserves and health materials by telegraphing to Istanbul and worked hard to shape the corps to fight against the enemies. While Mustafa Kemal Pasha sustained his works, he also had to challenge with many issues in the region other than the above-stated ones like deserters, gangs, Dersim outbreak, transfer of reserves to the front. Mustafa Kemal Pasha held some talks with army commanders, chieftains and religious opinion leaders and started preparations to rescue Bitlis and the nearby region from the occupation of enemy. In this regard, voluntary regiments were formed among the clans and the support of religious leaders around Bitlis was maintained. Additionally, he changed the units who got tired and demotivated. After Mustafa Kemal Pasha completed all requirements for the attack, he took the action on 2 August 1916 with all units located in the Bitlis River and rescued Bitlis from the occupation of enemies within six days. Following the redemption of Bitlis, the fame of Mustafa Kemal Pasha rose and people’s motivation increased besides that the occupation of Diyarbakir and nearby provinces was prevented. Moreover, involvement of regional militia and voluntary forces under the command of 16th Corps did demonstrate the determination and persistence of the folk in the region. Mustafa Kemal Pasha went to Bitlis second time in November of 1916. During his visit the Pasha inspected the voluntary units formed by Sheikh Ziyauddin Efendi (Excellency) and fulfilled their food and arcade needs. Mustafa Kemal Pasha cared particularly with the protection of children who lost their parents as well as the 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18624 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18624 Yakup KAYA, Görkem Ozan ÖZALP It is obvious importance and sensitivity of the issue that Suleiman Shah Tomb which has been known as the Turkish Grave for ages and a portion land at this region has belonged to Turks since Seljuks, the Ottoman state and until finally Turkish Republican Era. The efforts in the historic process of dealing with new Turkish state to gain a particular piece of land where the tomb of Suleiman Shah was situated in the Ja’ber Castle reveals a significant harmony with understanding and spirit of The National Pact. Releasing the tomb of Suleyman Shah situated in the Ja’ber Castle as land of Turkey, hoisting of the Turkish flag on the tomb and protecting the tomb by Turkish soldiers has been confirmed exactly with reference to defining the borders of Turkey and in Article 3 of the relevant sections of the currently applicable Treaty of Lausanne's soil Matters adopted with reference to the Ankara Agreement. Despite Article 8 of the Treaty of Ankara which is resolving the border issue between Turkey and Syria emphasis on the Treaty of Lausanne, in fact It is understood that all substances of the Ankara Agreement were adopted by the Commission in Lausanne. Then, despite a limitations of the Border Commission to determine the Turkey-Syria borders as fully and clearly be established, this Commission has not reached an expected result. Finally, ' Friendship and Good Neighbourhood Agreement between Turkey and France' signed in Ankara on 30 May 1926, thereby on border issues were largely resolved. The right to property and the sovereignty of the tomb of Suleiman Shah was given to Turkey in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne (Reaffirming the Ankara Agreement). As according to this treaty in the international law has been expressed as Turkey's exclave in piece of land in the Ja'ber region until 1975. This situation also applies to the Karakozak region which is the second location of the tomb from 1975 to 2015. Because of the tomb has been moved to Syria Eşmesi at third time in 2015, a new agreement between the government of Turkey and Syria is needed to demonstrate clearly and explicitly the right of Turkey’s eksklav. Significant results have emerged from the study of issues relating to the transportation of Suleiman Shah tomb. First of all, light of archival documents in the article have been revealed that first time, tomb of Suleyman Shah was tried to be built in the period of Sultan Abdülhamit II reign. At the beginning of the 20th Century, there is too limited scientific studies on the region where the tomb of Suleyman Shah is located. There is some important information in Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell's book ‘Amurath To Amurath’ which is one of the rare studies illuminating to this period. Namely, it was stated that the only one grave in nearby was a Turkish tomb which was a small modern building. The location of the grave was located in the north western part of Ja'ber Castle and on the hill in front of the tower that was resembled a minaret which Arabs named as Neshabah, Bell also noted that this tomb was the only structure in the neighborhood. At the same time Bell mentioned the structure of 'Turkish Tomb' mistakenly attributed to Yavuz Selim instead of Suleyman Shah. When the article 9 of the 1921 Ankara Agreement was examined, it is understood that the place, where the tomb of Suleyman Shah was located, was pointed to the inside of the castle. Refik Halit Karay who had been exiled abroad within the scope of One Hundred Fifty Deportation in the early era of the Republican period visited the tomb in the castle and wrote his observations in 1929. Refik Halit Karay have used the following words: "Grave own place today, minaret of Ja'ber Castle is at the top of the grave " in his work. In this study, according to the available data the following issues can be identified: The sketch determining the Turkish territory which received from the ATASE Archive which dated 1922 and apparently sent to t 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18557 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18557 Murat ORHUN The period of Byzantine emperor Justinian (527-565) has been considered by most of historians as the Golden Age of Byzantine Empire. When he ascended to the Byzantine throne, he had two goals. One of them was, as a Roman emperor, to restore empire’s former integrity and prosperity and the other one was, as a Christian emperor, to bring everyone together under the roof of Orthodoxy with the belief that determining dogmas and order of church dominatingly was correct. Rome had founded jurisprudence, thus founded state order and unity, while emperor established basis of absolute sovereignty. He realized that importance of this legacy, role he could still play and it was mandatory to preserve it. Having this correct vision enabled him to carry out this duty to a good result and find staff who could apply his thoughts. This was the most remarkable and famous part of the things he had put forward. His fame mostly came from his work, Corpus Juris Civilis (Law Collection of Citizens), in law field. Justinian had Corpus Juris Civilis prepared in order to reform the law and it was completed from 528 to 534. This review consists of three parts, namely: 1- Codex I-II (Statutes), 2- Digesta (Case Law), 3- Institutiones (Basic Law Knowledge); Novellae (Laws) part was included into the compilation later during the Middle Age. Codex contains ordinances which were issued during the process from Hadrianus period (117-138) to Justinian period. Digesta is the compilation of Classical Law Period’s (27 BC-AD 250) works. Institutiones having legal power, carried the characteristics of law textbook for law students. While Novellae is comprised of ordinances which were issued during the period from the publication of three parts to the death of Justinian (534-565). There were two prevailing idea for the production of the compilation. The first one was to validate law of Classical Law Period and the second one was to establish a legal order to meet social and economic needs of that time. The name Corpus Juris Civilis was not given by Justinian. It was published under this title in 1583 by Romanist French scholar, Dionysius Gothofredus (1549-1622). Corpus Juris Civilis had reciprocity with the Corpus Juris Canonici, which collected law of Christian church. It was previously called Corpus Juris as well, civilis adjective was added to distinguish it from Corpus Juris Canonici. The preparation dates of Corpus Juris Civilis’ parts do not comply with print formats that we have today. According to preparation dates, it was supposed to be arranged as Codex I (528), Digesta (530-533), Institutiones (533), Codex II (534) revised due to being out of date, Novellae (534-565). However, its current edition was arranged as Institutiones, Digesta, Codex, Novellae. Corpus Juris Civilis, considered as literary mosaic with its outer appearance. Ordinances and parts taken from classical laws were put into together and formed a composition. Codex is the most successful part of the work. Each ordinance is separate laws in itself, their date orders are certain. Therefore, it is not difficult to put in order in terms of their topics. Since ordinances contain closest applicable law, they are also the closest to the mind. Digesta and Institutiones, technically, are not successful compared to Codex. It is very difficult to separate books of many legists in to thousands of parts and put them together in a different system along with preserving rational integrity of law and doing this for a new system. There are several incorrect, missing, contradictory and unraveled parts in Digesta. However, entirely it is still a marvelous work. Even though seems to be duplicated from cover to cover, it led to establishment of a law quite different than classical one. Today when we talked about the Roman law and its influences on modern laws and so on, what really meant was the law which was collected in Corpus Juris Civilis. Since this compilation affected the development of modern period laws 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18640 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18640 Mehmet Esat SARICAOĞLU, Ömer Ali KESKİN The Istikb?l, first published in Trabzon on December 10, 1918, aimed to help organize the national resistance from the very first day. The newspaper played an important role in the foundation of Trabzon Muhafaza-i Hukuk-ı Milliye Cemiyeti (Society for the Defence of the National Rights of Trabzon) and helped spread its thoughts. The newspaper made great contributions by intensive coverage to the process leading to Trabzon and Erzurum Congresses. It also struggled against the other newspapers taking side of the opposition and tried to create awareness among people. Trabzon, where the Istikbal was published, stands out as an important center in Anatolia. Trabzon is one of the most important intellectual centers of the region. The city was founded by the colonists of Miletus in the 8th century B.C. Most of the architectural works in the city date back to the Byzantine, Commenian and Ottoman periods. There is a historical identity of the city. Trabzon also an important geographical intersection. İt is an important and large port on the Black Sea coast. Trabzon has connections with the ports of the other countries having shores on the Black Sea. The town was also an important media center before the National Struggle period. Local property Turkish , Greek and Armenian press was operating . But the Turkish press had an important impact especially during the Russian occupation. Newspapers prohibited , printing houses had been destroyed. Greeks and Armenians had been particularly effective in this destruction. Therefore, it seemed difficult to input a re- press activities. Set up the printing press, to supply newsprint and most importantly, it was necessary to create cadres who could benefit newspapers. But it also contained an additional challenge. Because the country was under occupation and the Ottoman Empire was falling apart . This is an important background. The location of the city and feature a parallel feature shows the importance of the publication of newspapers The İstikbâl newspaper’s being published here was important as it is an effective transport and logistics base and often visited by many soldiers and officers to hold important meetings and discussions about the resistance in local and national level. Therefore many important decisions are taken here about the National Struggle. These meetings and discussions were of great importance and were held in Faik Ahmet Barutçu’s office in the Istikbâl’s building. Greek and Armenian uprisings and their acts of violence and terror in local and national scale during the National Struggle made it necessary to start a movement based in Trabzon. Therefore, Trabzon Muhafaza-i Hukuk-ı Milliye Cemiyeti (Society for the Defence of the National Rights of Trabzon) was soon established. Most of the members of this association were from the İstikbâl newspaper staff. The Society also worked in other cities in the Black Sea region like Rize, Gumushane , Ordu, and Giresun to spread the idea that against the separation of the eastern Black Sea region from the Turkish state, all necessary measures would be taken . Following two important congresses in Trabzon (Trabzon Congress I and II), the Erzurum Congress was held with the dynamism created by all this effort. This regional resistance gradually earned a national identity and representation. The Sivas Congress, where almost all the decisions made during the Erzurum were agreed on, moved this identity spirit higher. The movement started by the Istikbal was the source of the original spirit of national struggle, therefore, the Trabzon-Erzurum alliance, in this sense, was very important as the very first point where the National struggle started. The Newspaper kept informing the people about all the aspects of the National Struggle and maintained continuous support. It gave full support to the staff of the National Struggle formed in Ankara after the Sivas Congress and reflected all resistance movements in its pages with 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18631 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18631 Derya ŞİMŞEK Humanity has experienced many destruction and chaos throughout history. Sometimes with the help of state trying to overcome these difficulties have tried to overcome these shortages. But such and such losses have occurred destruction on earth, a state that has not been possible to overcome with their own resources. This kind of chaos, people in government and politics has given rise to the idea of establishing an institution later. XIX. century began with the establishment of an international community will be engaged in the treatment of the wounded and sick, regardless of any discrimination in the growing idea that in times of peace and times of war in Europe by Swiss Jean Henry Dunant. However, formal and institutional sense in the history of systematized this idea was launched in August 1864 by the Geneva Conventions. In Geneva, three of the decisions made by countries participating in the conference is very important for the history of nations and the international community's decisions will form the basis of the organization. The Ottoman state was the fourteenth state contract signed July 5, 1865. Will become a fashion in the Ottoman society, socio-cultural society has taken on an identity that embodies the enlightened intellectuals of that era. The foundations of the institution, Marko Pasha headed by Minister of Foreign Affairs Medical "Mecruh and March-i Army in Emergency and Auxiliary Society" and was discarded. In 1876 military medical school;-i-ii associated with sanitary held a meeting in the sumptuous hall where the representatives of all the units. At the meeting held in the presidential Marko Pasha; Ottoman Hilal-i Ahmer Society's symbol, a regulation of the preparation for the community, to start the fundraising Ad Hoc Committee and the Society's board of directors elected after submission to the board of donations collected by the Temporary Committee issues are decided. After the II Abdulhamid throne in 1876, on April 14, 1877 "Mecruh and March-i Army in Emergency and Auxiliary Society", "The Ottoman Hilal-i Ahmer Society" was officially established by the name of and action for the formation of the Central Committee. For the first time in 93 said the war as the 1877-78 Ottoman-Russian War with the help behind the front facade and prominent community on July 25, 1877 approved the Regulation entered into force. However, countries are not fully understood by society in general, especially in the state of man. Society, was called into service when needed, at the end of the war, was buried in silence again. During the Ottoman-Russian war; Founded in Istanbul in conjunction with the front and rear for refugees it was established 28 units of various sizes Ottoman Hilal-i Ahmer Society hospital. Of these, 13 in Istanbul, 15 are front and behind the hospital. 3 of them in Istanbul hospital for wounded and sick soldiers in plant unless, upon need, 10 of them are usually established for a short-term refugees. Front and behind is fixed, 6 of the 15 hospitals, 9 of them are mobile hospitals. Beylerbeyi in Istanbul, in the hospital behind the front and the pier number 5 Sirkeci Hospital Mobile Hospital has come to the fore as the most important community hospitals. These hospitals; And employ 50 doctors, 47 723 people were treated in 1607 and died one of them. 1877 - 1878 the Ottoman-Russian war has not yet completed the establishment of the new show is the war itself and the Society gave its first serious test. The Ottomans lost many in this war. Failure to do enough to help those useful for the army during the war and sustained blood loss of Hilal-i Ahmer Society that actually showed how late. II. Abdulhamid much from this war that has ordered the dissolution of the constitution dirayetsizlig connecting to exit with a heavy defeat of the National Assembly and the parliament have been shown to be shut down. During this period, have restrictions on the work of several institutions and organizations in th 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18439 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18439 Halil TEKİNER, Fahrettin KELEŞTİMUR INTRODUCTION: Saddle was first developed around the eighth century BC by the nomads of the Eurasian Steppe, who lived largely on horseback. The Russian archeologist Sergei Rudenko’s research in 1951 on the frozen burial graves of the central Asian nomads at Pazyryk, Siberia, produced actual examples of two types of saddles from the fifth century BC—the simpler consisting merely of two felt cushions designed to lie on each side of the horse’s backbone and the latter having padded wooden frames to act as a pommel and cantle. These saddles were used on top of large, gaily decorated saddle clothes and secured by a breast band, girth, and cupper; however, they lacked stirrups. The earliest depiction of the Turkish saddle, however, was found on a sixth- or seventh-century stone engraving during the excavations of burial sites in Kudryga in Eastern Altais from the period of the Turkic kaganate of the Gokturks. This type remained the same in central Asia and was brought to Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) in the eleventh century by nomadic Turkish tribes. The Turkish saddle is characteristic in shape with its broader seat, high pommel and cantle which hold the rider securely. It does not lie on the back of the horse with its full weight, but rests on it with the weight distributed on both sides. It does not require strong strapping because of its lightness and relatively small size, consequently it decreases the burden of the horse, and makes quick movement possible, providing warriors with balance, movement, and maneuvering capabilities. Historical records note that the Turkish saddle has additional functions and offers certain advantages: it supports archery or dressage; allows one to hang a steel club, lasso, or saddlebag on the front pummel; it also supplies soldiers with pillows to sleep on. During the Ottoman Empire, horses with gorgeously ornamented Turkish saddles made of gold or silver were the preferred gifts. Saddles were also used to indicate the social and financial status of the bearer or to convey some possible symbolic meanings. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to present a cultural history of the Turkish saddle from a broad perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, equestrian resources together with the accounts provided by European travelers visiting the Ottoman domains and medical textbooks printed in different languages between sixteenth to eighteenth centuries were examined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: European travelers who visited the Ottoman lands on diplomatic, scholarly, and commercial enterprises produced a 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18446 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18446 Sıtkı ULUERLER Kotur is located in the Ottoman-Iran border region, between Van and Hakkari provinces in the Ottoman side and Hoy province in the Iranian side. Kotur contains several villages and never lost its significance throughout the history due to its strategic location, geographical structure, its summer pasture features and several nomadic tribes visit the area during spring season. The conflict that started in 1849 between Ottoman Empire and Iran about the borderline in the area, whether Kotur belonged to the Ottoman Empire or Iran in its center, turned into a prolonged problem between these two nations. Historically an Ottoman region until 19th Century, Kotur turned into an area of conflict suddenly, which was related to developments of the time and the ongoing problems between Ottoman Empire and Iran. Especially during the reign of Mahmud II, the Empire lost to Iran in the front of the war of 1821-1823 and withdrawn from Van, Muş, Bayezid and other provinces. Although Iran gad to ask for peace due to an epidemic among its soldiers towards the end of the war, and retreated from the lands it occupied, this war affected Ottoman Empire negatively in many aspects. Thus, among the many subjects discussed during the peace talks after the war, establishment of borders between the two countries and the loyalty of the clans living around borders were one of the most significant ones. The times were not friendly with the Empire during this period as well. The state did not deal well with the problems with Iran in the eastern front, including the provinces of Van, Hakkari and Bayezid, of which Kotur was a part, due to various internal and external troubles and the arbitrary attitudes of local administrators (Beys) of fiefdoms and self-ordained acts of governors and many more issues. The troubles caused by the personal inaptitude of then ruler of the fief of Kotur, Musa Bey resulted in the purchase or lease of the land by Iranians without the knowledge of the Ottoman administration. Similarly Yahya Bey, the vassal of Çıhrık locality, acted so that the fiefdom was annexed to Iran, causing further problems for the Ottoman. The current Iranian administration and Crown Prince Abbas Mirza, Governor of Tabriz wanted to benefit from the Ottoman troubles by expanding Iranian influence. The attitude of Abbas Mirza on the border issues of 1832 and compelling actions against the Ottoman to resolve these issues brought in the attention of then Erzurum Governor, Esad Muhlis Pasha. He had significant providence on the strategic importance of the Iranian border region and especially Kotur, and the things that should be done to resolve the conflict. In short, Ottoman Empire was vulnerable in being informed about the events of the Iranian border regions, in displaying a timely response and in protecting its own borders. Thus, certain administrators assigned in Van, Erzurum and Hakkari provinces by the government attempted to deal with the issues and protect the Ottoman law, while others acting in the benefit of their self-interest, created further problems for the central authority. This case is one of the reasons why there were continuous problems between the Ottomans and Iran. To end the conflict that lasted between 1843-1847 between Ottomans and Iran, in June 1847 Erzurum Treaty was signed with the influence of the mediator nations, namely England and Russia. As per the third clause of this treaty, it was decided that a commission to determine the final borderline between the two states would be formed, this commission would meet in Baghdad and the Ottoman Empire, Iran, England and Russia would send representatives to conduct the negotiations. Ottoman State assigned a delegation led by Dervish Pasha to join the commission. Before arriving to Baghdad in the beginning of 1849, this delegation, as instructed by the Ottoman administration, conducted inspections in Van and Hakkari to determine the borders of Kotur. It was stated as a result of this 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18478 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18478 Sefa YILDIRIM Prehistoric era studies and archaeological activities in Turkey mostly started with foreign scientists’ works during the end of the last period of Ottoman Empire. However, there are several Ottoman scholars such as Osman Hamdi Bey whose altruistic works on antiquity are praiseworthy. It is observed that just after Ottoman Empire collapsed, these works made great progress under several disciplines (Archaeology, Prehistoric cultures and languages etc. ) in the new Turkish republic founded in Anatolia. Besides, these studies had profound impact on the development of Turkish History Thesis and Sun Language Theory. As well as being a genius of politics, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk the founder of the republic is known to have influenced Middle Eastern, African and Asian countries. Also, we should state that he was a great intellectual with distinguished ideas. Having a great intellectual background, Atatürk is known to have argued that the reason and science should be taken as the basis in developing Turkish historical thesis as well as in all other issues. Thus, he supported the development of several related social sciences such as archaeology, anthropology and philology in order to enable the development of a national history conscious. He devotedly founded several institutions such as Turkish Historical Society, Turkish Language Association, the Faculty of Languages, History and Geography (of Ankara University). Along with these studies, it is also known that several researchers were sent abroad for scientific development and there were probably historians, archaeologists and anthropologists among them. Besides, foreign scientists who came to Turkey from the early beginnings of 1930’s and worked in several institutions contributed much to Turkish science circles. Due to all financial problems, in this era, archaeological digs, surface studies and anthropological works are of great importance in terms of the development of Anatolian archaeology. Moreover, national history thesis has been declared to the world by participating national and international events. Reformist and partly humanist movement, started with Tulip Era, were experienced in anatoli only after 19th century. However, it is observed that after the foundation of Turkish Republic, modernism and humanism has developed with a national structure. The developments in social sciences such as arts, architecture, science and religion, which were main themes of Renaissances and Reform Era, were reinterpreted in modern Turkey in order to set a modern society. As a result of these studies, a new sense of history came into being and then national history thesis was suggested. The studies on archaeology, anthropology, philology and ancient history have all contributed in setting this thesis. As known, the studies of archaeology and prehistoric studies in Anatolia have started during the last period of Ottoman Empire. Yet, these studies were conducted by foreign scientists. Nemrut dig in 1883 and Sayda (Sidon) dig in 1887 by Osman Hamdi Bey were great movements for the development of Ottoman archaeology. Yet, due to the financial and political movements of the period, these studies could not reach at a desired level. Also, those activities in the era of Turkish Republic seemed to be merely digging activities or surface studies as important scientists such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann, John Frere, Jean- François Champollion, Ernest Renan, Henry Creswicke Rawlinson and B. Hrozny did not appear in Ottoman Era. In spite of all these problems it is inevitable to mention that Müze-i Hümayun (The Museum of the Palace) and the regulations to preserve the historical artifacts developed by the efforts of Osman Hamdi Bey, one of the most important scientists of the era, were crucial in terms of the development of archaeology and prehistoric studies. Turkish Republic, which was founded in a national form by Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his friends, became a milestone for Turkey’s 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18360 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18360 Seyhun ŞAHİN When the history of civilization is considered, it is seen that there is an ongoing transaction between cultures. This has helped humanity to transfer social, political and cultural erudition from generation to generation. The generations which received this erudition, have provided to keep development go on by adding new things on it. In this manner we come across really beautiful examples. The medical school in Salerno which was in a significant field about the life and health of humankind at the basin of Mediterranean as a center of medical sciences and performs the sacred mission of civilization history that we just mentioned has an important place at this subject. It would be unfair if we evaluate Salerno Medical School that has been in the land of Italy, as a medieval medical institution which gives a medical education or medical cure. Because the Salerno Medical School besides performing its sacred mission it has a feature to be a cultural and scientific bridge between east and west. In addition to all of this it was a science ocean which effects not only Medieval Europe but also contemporary and modern ages. This improvement that was shown by Salerno Medical School was not a coincidence. Particularly at this time we know the Civilization of Islam reached its peak point. The Civilization of Islam took the territory of Mediterranean under its effect both political and cultural. This effect was felt on every single field. It was impossible the Salerno Medical School would not be affected from this influence. Thereby the addition of Islamic Medicine in the development of the Salerno Medical School is at non ignorable level. The establishment of the Medical School of Salerno was one of the examples about the mutually interacting East and West Civilizations. According to rumors; Muslim, Christian and Jewish Scientists had come together and taken a decision to study while the school was being founded. Whereat there was contribution of firstly Islamic Civilization and culture and scientific knowledge of East for founding of the school. Constantine the African was the one of the most important persons who has served in that school. Constantine was an African who made a very important contribution to the evolution of the school. The studies which was done by him have given to Medieval European Medicine a new viewpoint. The rulers in the South Italy and Sicily had realized that he was a very important scientist and encouraged him to study at Salerno Medical School. In addition there was extreme instance at the medical school of Salerno. That extreme instance was the women doctors who were serving at the school. It was remarkable that the women doctors were serving at the school in the dark times of medieval ages. These women doctors had written many books about medicine. There was a well-grounded tradition that was provided by monks at Monte Cassino about medical teaching. It is generally conceded that the Benedictines had much to do with the foundation of Salerno. In the convents for women as well as the monasteries for men serious attention was given to medicine. Women studied medicine and were professors in the medical department of Salerno. At all times the Jews have been distinguished for their knowledge of medicine, and all during the Middle Ages they are to be found prominent as physicians. They were among the teachers of the Arabs in the East and of the Moors in Spain. They were probably among the first professors at Salerno as well as at Montpellier. Many prominent rulers and ecclesiastics selected Jewish physicians. Some of these made distinct contributions to medicine, and a number of them deserve a place in any account of medicine in the making during the Middle Ages. In the 12th and 13th centuries, many of the medicine books as books of Ibn Sina and others were translated from Arabic to Latin and so, data about medicine was transferred to the West. The science of medicine in the West didn’t develop as in t 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18162 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18162 Fadime KOÇ DAMGACI 2026-07-16