Turkish Studies - International, Year 2015 Issue Volume 10 Issue 2

An Investigation For Determining The Effect Of Human Resources Applications On Customer Satisfaction Based On Internal Marketing

Ahmet Mutlu AKYÜZ, Sinem KAYA — 2026-07-16

Today, the main purposes of businesses are to get a sustainable competitive advantage. Businesses are all in a constant struggle for this purpose. However, it has become increasingly difficult for businesses to differentiate themselves in this process. In the consistently changing competitive conditions, businesses need employees who are always open for developments and can adapt easily changing conditions and are willing to learn the nature of the work. So it can be said that human capital is more important than fixed assets today. Businesses primarily have to use their human resources effectively and efficiently in order to ensure continuity in today’s competitive environment. Also it is gaining importance for businesses to create a positive image for their employees as internal customers and in the thinking of their external customers in changing conditions. This image forming for both employees and customers means that they got positive results and their expectations are met in every field and experience that they communicated with the business. This creates both employee and customer satisfaction and also helps to increase their existing loyalty to business. Therefore, employee satisfaction for a business is as important as customer satisfaction. In addition, this is a process that must be managed very well. In this study, based on the understanding that human is one of the main sources of the competitive advantage in enterprises, it is advocated that as human resource practices provide satisfaction of the internal customers (employees), satisfied internal customers will also provide satisfaction of the external customers. As a result of this relationship, satisfied employees shall ensure satisfied customers. Developed research model was tested over 200 employees in a medium-sized company in accordance with the opportunities and the constraints of the researchers. Reliability and validity analysis was conducted before putting the research data into the SEM. It is intended with the reliability analysis to improve the internal consistency of the scale. In our study, Cronbach Alpha method is used for reliability analysis. As a result of the reliability analysis, Cronbach's Alpha value is found as 0.972. As a result of this, it can be said that the scale is reliable. Similar to the reliability analysis, validity analysis have also no specific criteria. So, Factor analysis was used for validity analysis. Results of the KMO test (0.946) and the Bartlett test (8893.103; p <0.001) –which are made to test assumption of the unit matrix and sample adequacy- demonstrated that the data is appropriate for making factor analysis. As a result of factor analysis, it is understood that total variance of all scale items have reached a value that 70.777%. When we look at the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients of the factors that are obtained, it can be observed that they are all at satisfactory levels (from 0.895 to 0.953). As a result of factor analysis, it is observed that C8 and CM2 coded scale questions did not take place under the factors that they need to be. Therefore they are removed from the scale and the test was repeated. In total, 49 research questions remained backward. These are grouped under seven different factors. Here is a striking detail, "Evaluation of the award and the performance" variables are located under the same factor. Therefore, these two variables are combined into a single factor in the research model. In confirmatory factor analysis of the scale used in the study, Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used. The Chi-square value obtained in the SEM results and fit index results are as follows: x2=1978,154 Df=1160 P=0,000 x2/df=1,705 IFI=0,906 CFI=0,905 NFI=0,800 TLI(NNFI)= 0,900 RFI=0,789 RMSEA=0,060 In short, when we look at the results of the fit indexes, it can be said that the model is fit as a whole. Ultimately, at a p <0.000 significance level, the result of the hypothesis test is as follows: Human r

The Effect Of Turkish Tv Series On The Kazakh-Turkish Cultural Interaction And Spread Of Turkish Language

Mehmed Said ARBATLI, İhsan KURAR — 2026-07-16

In the present era, dizzying developments in the transportation and communication facilities changed the world into a global village and made different societies closer each other ever than before. This approach naturally brought intercultural interaction together. It is a fact that dominant culture affects the other culture(s) when there is a mutual interaction. Today cultural dominance means the ability to show, promote and market - so to say, its own culture, communication instruments and methods better than each other. Republic of Turkey is rapidly advancing to become an important element of power and balance in its region thanks to its developments in all fields. Turkey has realized serious advance with regard to expansion to the world and it is known that Turkish TV series play important roles for boosting the promotion and popularity of Turkey serving like a cultural envoy and a window to outer world. These productions are called as the “soft power” of Turkey by numerous researchers and are in a position to provide great contributions to the promotion of Turkish language and culture. Several Turkish TV series are broadcast in brotherly Kazakhstan where the relations with Turkey have been improving especially in recent years. This study includes a survey on 157 people in the city of Almaty in Kazakhstan who watch Turkish TV series and it has been concluded that these TV series have great influence on the promotion of and creating interest in the Turkish culture and Turkish language as it is spoken in Turkey.

Forming The Map Of Landslide Sensitivity Of Karliova Basin And Its Surrounding

Vedat AVCİ, Halil GÜNEK — 2026-07-16

We aim to determine the landslide sensitive areas in Karlıova Basin and its surrounding that is limited with important tectonic lines. In this study, by superposing the factors that causes landslides in terms of their degree of effect landslide sensitivity has been mapped for the Karlıova Basin and its surrounding and the factors that causes landslides have been determined. Karlıova Basin is a fault wedge basin which is begun to open in Quaternary between the North Anatolia (NAF) and East Anatolia Faultlines (EAF). The Basin is located among the high plateaus and surrounded by faultlines all around. Shaped by the NAF, EAF, and Varto Faultlines it gained important characteristics. The most important of these characteristics is the settlement of important tributaries, which drain the streams of basin, into the faultlines. The existence of vertical component in the faultlines that limits the basin provides the high values of slope. This state is clear on the hillsides of Göynük, Peri, and Hasanova Stream valleys that settles the faultlines. The lithology formed from tuff leads up to landslides on the hillsides of valleys in which the angle of slope is high. The important tectonic faultlines has intersected in the basin, the seismic activity is high in the area, and the basin and its surrounding comes first in our country in terms of the number of the earthquakes occurred. The main reasons for the prevalence of landslides is the highness of slope values depending on the tectonism and the admittance of lithology. The highness of precipitation and the frequent earthquakes plays an important role in generating the landslides. Landslides are seen clearly from the east, southeast, and southwest of the basin (along the linear faultline). The rate of high landslide sensitive areas is 41 % in the basin and its surrounding, the rate of most sensitive areas is 14 %, and more than the 50 % of an area within the study area the landslide sensitivity is high. Another remarkable point is the existence of high rate of population and settlements and the passing of main roads from these areas. Because of landslides there were a great deal of economic losses. More important, owing to the tectonic activity the lanslides go on to occur every year. To reduce the economic losses because of the landslides in the basin the landslide sensitive zones should not be populated, and the existing settlements should be evacuated.

The Doctrine Of The Prophet Muhammad In Turkish Islamis Culture And Todays’s Blanced, Healty And Halal Nutrition System

Ali BATU — 2026-07-16

This study aims at exploring the Turkish kitchen culture and eating and drinking habits throughout the history. Eating is the most important need for human beings to survive. A society’s life-style reflects its nutritional culture. A change in life-style is an important factor on a society’s nutritional habits and nutritional culture. Turkish kitchen culture is one of the most important kitchens in the world. Interactions with other cultures, varied productions served by Asian and Anatolian kitchens, new tastes arose in Selcuk and Ottoman palaces are all played important roles in the variation and development of current Turkish kitchen. Halal is an Arabic word that means permitted or lawful. Interests were related to halal food has emerged in Turkey in the 1970s. This orientation began with margarine suspicions by religious belief peoples and it was continued to ensure that the daily meat requirement from religious butchers. For these reasons, a devout Muslim has been in constant search for halal food. They refrained from suspicious circumstances. A large group of precision people are closely concerned with this issue, but the communities, foundations and associations have produced their own solutions. However, these solutions have been useful for only themselves, but it was not helpfull for a large portion of society those have been suffering from same problems. Production of halal food in Islamic countries in recent years started with halal certification. For this purpose Halal Certificate gained importance in the world as well as in Turkey. During this period, some private and public institutions in Turkey started to supply a Halal certificate. Although there were many halal certifier body in Turkey and the world, there is no unity between them in terms of standards. Halal foods are allowed under Islamic dietary guidelines. According to these guidelines gathered from the Qu'ran and Hadith, Muslim followers cannot consume pork or its by-products, animals that were dead prior to slaughter, animals not slaughtered properly or not slaughtered in the name of Allah, blood and blood by-products, alcohol, carnivorous animals and birds of prey etc. Halal certification is a document given by trustworthy, competent and impartial institution to a food manufacturer to confirm compliance of production to the halal standards according to an approved method.

Spatial effect of forced migration and perception of local community; case of Kilis

Deniz CENGİZ — 2026-07-16

Migration sometimes in an optional manner, sometimes occurs due to the forced reasons. Migration is in general regarded as a step towards the solution of a problem. In this study, it was researched how the migrations influenced the political and social crisis that has emerged in Syria affect identity of a city. It was also aimed to reveal how these migrations shape the spatial structure and perceptions of the original occupants of the city about the new migration flows/immigrants. In this context, spatial effects of the refugees who have come by migration were analyzed in the city of Kilis, and reactions of the people of Kilis living in the city against such effects and the cultural interaction that occurred following these migrations were revealed. It was observed that previously this process of migration was received favorably and the city residents had the opinion that those refugees should be helped, whereas recently this perception changed into negative thoughts about the refugees since their population has reached an ungovernable number. In addition to this visual or written media about the negative news Syrian refugees to various crime in some cities, by some Syrian refugee participation of local people, our death against Syrian refugees has led to the formation of the judiciary.. All these experiences to the change of attitudes towards asylum-seekers to local people living in the city of Kilis and has been effective in humans where the reactive approach towards asylum seekers.

The Comparison Of The Subliminal Message Elements And Neuro-Marketing Approach Usage In Package Designs

İbrahim Gökhan CEYLAN, Hatice BAHATTİN CEYLAN — 2026-07-16

Nowadays, neuromarketing studies and the use of subliminal messages are confused, or even are not known. Therefore, in this study, the topics of packaging design, subliminal messages and neuromarketing are explained, and the use of the components of subliminal messages and neuro marketing in packaging design are compared. Package is a graphic element which accompany to the product from the prodcution phase to the consumer phase. Compared to other graphic design materials, ıt differs both in structre and its targets. In the strong competition environment, packages step in and help at selling the product to the consumer via affecting him. It is aimed to create an emotional effect on the consumer in this competition environment. Some designers and marketing experts who want to achieve this, use the subliminal messages which have been used since old times. Most of the messages that we can not understand in the conscious level can be understood at the subliminal level. That is why it becomes the target of the marketers. It conributes to the selling of the product by influencing the consumers via using the subliminal visual elements which even the most careful ones can not understand. It is possible to encounter this method widely even it si forbideen and not ethical at most countries. The neuro-marketing which is considered to be new method, helps to understand the real reasons under the consumers`choices of buying and the way they affect. In its basic definition it is the examination studies which investigate the way of the human brain reaction to the package designs and etc. İt is because the increasement in the number of the neuro-marketing applications, these two terms can be mixed. While subliminal marketing implants the messages to the consumers` conception secretly, under the normal conception level and directs the consumer to buy the product, neuro-marketing method examines the consumers`reaction before the product take its place on the departments, markets and tries to define the elements which the consumer will react, after that the package design is tried to be formed. It means neuro-marketing have no aims such as directing the consumer to buy the product via affecting him using subliminal message elements. Package is a graphic element which accompany to the product from the prodcution phase to the consumer phase. Compared to other graphic design materials, ıt differs both in structre and its targets. In the strong competition environment, packages step in and help at selling the product to the consumer via affecting him. It is aimed to create an emotional effect on the consumer in this competition environment. Some designers and marketing experts who want to achieve this, use the subliminal messages which have been used since old times. Most of the messages that we can not understand in the conscious level can be understood at the subliminal level. That is why it becomes the target of the marketers. It conributes to the selling of the product by influencing the consumers via using the subliminal visual elements which even the most careful ones can not understand. It is possible to encounter this method widely even it si forbideen and not ethical at most countries. The neuro-marketing which is considered to be new method, helps to understand the real reasons under the consumers`choices of buying and the way they affect. In its basic definition it is the examination studies which investigate the way of the human brain reaction to the package designs and etc. İt is because the increasement in the number of the neuro-marketing applications, these two terms can be mixed. While subliminal marketing implants the messages to the consumers` conception secretly, under the normal conception level and directs the consumer to buy the product, neuro-marketing method examines the consumers`reaction before the product take its place on the departments, markets and tries to define the elements which the consumer will react, after tha

Demographical Characteristics Of The City Of Turhal

Özlem ÇAKAR ÇELİK, Handan ARSLAN — 2026-07-16

In this study, the demographical characteristics of the city of Turhal were examined. Thanks to its geographical position and particularly the state-funded economic investments, Turhal became a significant centre economically and socio-culturally and its population increased continuously by migrations till 2000s. In the republic period, the total population of Turhal was 17,958 with a population of sub-districts corresponding to 5,687 in 1935, the year when the first data regarding Turhal was obtained. In 2012, Turhal had a total population of 63,600 and accounted for 7% of the city population of the Central Black Sea Region and 18% of city population of Tokat. In the meantime, a balanced progress between economic development and population wasn’t achieved. Although Turhal was included in the incentive region, industry wasn’t developed sufficiently and unemployment problem emerged in the city. Therefore, Turhal has started emigrating since 2000. Considering the demographical characteristics of the city, four periods in which population variables became different were identified. Between 1945 and 1985 when the population was dynamic and showed fast increase, the city population increased by 7.4 times by migrations. In the period of 1985-2000, the population increase and growth rate dropped back compared to the previous period. After 2000, the negative values were seen in the city population. Despite the negative values seen in the population increase and growth rate, the city population constitutes 74% of the district population.

Sensational Publicness and Divergence of Social Hierarchy: The Case of Birdmanship in Istanbul

Alper ÇAKMAK — 2026-07-16

This paper is set out to examine the public spheres formed by birdmen in Istanbul. The aim of this research is to explore the

Foreign Language Problems At Graduate Level

Rüveyda H. ÇEBİ KOZALLIK, Zeki KARAKAYA — 2026-07-16

Foreign language is necessary for both education and work in Turkey like everywhere. Foreign language score is one of the requirements especially for graduate education, to be academician, to get a position in some state foundations and even to promate in a work. This score is taken with different exams. These exams, which ÖSYM apply to decide one’s foreign language level, still remain on the agenda in terms of their average scores and styles. From 2013 on called as YDS, which was formerly ÜDS and KPDS, is needed by those who want to have a graduate or postgraduate degree, who need an extra foreign language and who want to promote and to have a position at a university. Not being able to get desired scores in these exams causes different problems. Our foreign language learning approach, i

Paul Bloom and The Emergence with an Evolutionary Accident of the Religious Beliefa

Osman Zahid ÇİFÇİ — 2026-07-16

In our study, we are aiming to evaluate Paul Bloom, who recognizable in the international science world with the laboratory studies of morals and religious origin and his thesis ‘’evolutionary accident’’, views about how the religious belief show up and introduce him to our scientific community. Although Paul Bloom has very challenging views about one of the most important topics of the religion philosophy which is God and God Belief’s, there is no study about his views in Turkish literature and its necessitate such studying. It can be seen at all studies of Bloom who emphasis that phenomenon of religion identified with the human anduniversal truth. In Bloom’s studies, he evaluate and criticize the views which were come up from scientists’ views like Bloom. After his criticisms, he come up with the idea, which is also his thesis, ‘’evolutionary accident’’ and draw up some arguments to support his claim. In this study, firstly we are going to give information about evolutionist-naturalist scientist’s views about how the religious belief show up and Bloom’s criticisms about these views, we will to try to measure the Bloom’s thesis and evaluate it. It’s clear that there is quite a few views about religious origin and God’s beliefs origin which come up from evolutionist-naturalist scientists. In this study, we are going to try only the views that criticized and discussed from Bloom’s not to limits of the thesis.

Ethnocentric Discourse and News Reporting

Tarkan DEMİR — 2026-07-16

In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the language of reporting in Turkey from a theoretical perspective through analyses of a number of examples. In addition, the study aims to show how sublime and constructed ethnocentric (racist) rhetoric is instilled in the subconscious. Evaluating the connection of the reporting with the reality and whether the reporting is made under independent circumstances was the primary goal in the analysis undertaken here. In the study, assessment of the editing of the gay marriage, as a unique event happening for the first time in Turkey, the representation of ethnic identity in news, the impact created by the news, whether the language of the news was independent of the society in which it was constructed. Next to shedding light on the place of ethnocentric language in news reporting, the study comparatively demonstrates the effect of hegemonic structures on the language of reporting. In the final analysis, it becomes clear with the declining influence of printing press relative to internet reporting that in Turkey with advancements in technological infrastructure, printing press is losing ground to internet as the primary instrument of information and disinformation. To this end, the study aimed at showing the biased and ethnocentric attitude in news reporting. When it is generally thought, it is observed that the news is objective but the reporters, editors experience a dilemma in the differentiation of fact and value when they make news in specific times. Besides the “Gay Marriage” being in the news which, for the first time has been in the news in Turkey, it has been noted how this news has been through changes in terms of its language being fictionalized nationally and locally. While the news language was being fictionalized based on ethnic identity in the national point of view; the incident which took place was formed locally according to traditions and the belief of “a desire which is considered as ‘disgrace, forbidden, sin, ill-gotten, sign of doomsday’ would reshape the image of a town, was observed. This consideration corroborates the argument that presents “critical theory” which says it is impossible for the news and the reporter to reflect the truth. The news should be fictionalized based on the truth. Besides the fact that the news should be objective, it also should not bear traces of the ideologies, the philosophies and the lives of the reporters-gatekeepers. However, while the first news of “gay marriage” in Turkey was being broadcasted, the news was served locally with an ethnocentric language and fictionalized by the symbols which are fed by religious rituals that have become conservative and lost objectivity. It has become unrealistic both in national and local news by not mentioning or not bringing forward the love between the couples and the feelings for each other. The news tells a true story that really happened. Besides that, it was not pursued that the language that is being used in the Gay News would be indignant in the society. When it is seen in this context, it is beyond a shadow of a doubt that the language of the news in Turkey cannot free itself from standards of judgment-power groups of the society in terms of politics, culture and religion.

Students Perception Forms of Attitudes of Parents and Tendencies to Violence

Yasin DEMİR, Hatice KUMCAĞIZ — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this study is to reveal the students' perceptions of parental attitudes and violent tendencies. The universe of this study constitutes of 6., 7. and 8. class students studying in the Terme district of Samsun province. The research sample is constituted of 634 students which are 296 girls and 338 boys. In this research screening model was used. As the research data collection tools, Attitudes Toward Violence Scale developed by Blevins in 2001 and the adopted to Turkish by Duru and Balkıs in 2005, and Parenting Style Scale developed by Yilmaz in 2000 were used. SPSS 17 program was used for statistical analysis of data. Because data was detected as non-parametric, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied. In the result of this study,the students who have the least attitudes to violence point are the students who perceived attitudes of parents as democratical, the students who have the highest attitudes the violence point are the students who perceived attitudes of parents as negligent. Tendecies to violence of students who perceived parents attitudes as democratical are determined lower than tendencies to violence of students who perceived parents attitudes as negligent and tolerant. It is seen that tendency to violence of students who perceived parents of attitudes as authoritative is lower than tendency to violence of students who perceived parents of attitudes as tolerant and negligent. It is determined that tendency to violence of students who perceived parents of attitudes as tolerant is lower than tendency to violence of students who perceived parents of attitudes as negligent. According to the the other finding from the study, there is not significant difference between the tendencies to violence students perceived attitudes of parents as democratical and the tendencies to violence students perceived attitudes of parents as authoritative.

Socio-Economic Life Of Hittites In Anatolian History

Ahmet DENİZ — 2026-07-16

Numerous states were established; various nations lived and disappeared in Anatolia. If the familiar ones are enumerated, it is seen that they date to 2000 BC. It is known that they lived in Anatolia in the status of nations, such as Hittites, Hurrian, Urartian, Ions, Phrygians and Lydian, who mostly descend from pure race. Hittites, who were founded in Anatolia and created a new civilization, are leading as one of the most recognized and salient nation. Hittites played very important roles in history, and created a very important civilization. In this regard, Hittites are said to lead other states in political, economic and social terms. We can express that they were a quite developed society in economic sense and they had a unique economic life style. As their religious festivals are analyzed, the existence of temple economy attracts attention. They are known to be a society that infused the production of agricultural products into Anatolian geography. The fact that they formed laws and the tax system while providing state order constitutes another important point. Other states and races, which lived at the same period with Hittites, were influenced by Hittites in socio-economic terms, and left a culturally beautiful legacy to next generations. In this context, it is necessary to understand how Hittites got stronger, how they developed and how they became a great empire, based on the consistency in their economy. The Hittite Empire needs to be analyzed very well archeologically. Search of many known or unknown Hittite ruins is important also for the Anatolian history. Anatolian history should be lightened by obtaining necessary project supports and doing analyses of social and economic lives of other civilizations.

The "Nation" Thema In Political Advertising: "Presidential Election And 30 March Local Election Case"

Adem DOĞAN — 2026-07-16

Political advertising is an important political communication components performed to influence voter behavior in the political campaign process. Political parties or candidates aim at to gain the support of voters, while using political ads. For this purpose, different themes and different elements are used in political ads. Recently, in one of the themes used in the actual elections in Turkey, is theme of "nation". In this study, political ads "Rep Elects the President" published in the presidential election and "National rigid Turkey Invincible" published in the March 30, 2014 local elections, have been analyzed with semiotic analysis method.İn the study, presantation of the theme of "nation" and elements used in the represantation were analyzed. İt is concluded that fear appeal and emotional formation were used in the political ads.

Accession of Turkey to the European Union: A Constructivist Approch

Hatice Rumeysa DURSUN — 2026-07-16

The question of the accession of Turkey to the European Union (EU) has sparked several debates. Such enlargement is considered unacceptable by some Europeans, especially the French public opinion, Austria, etc. So that this issue has become a political issue in election campaigns of some European politicians such as Sarkozy who championed as part of his election campaign, the position of not accepting the accession of Turkey to the European Union. So some hostility towards Turkish membership is present in the public and european media in general. Despite the commitment and efforts made by Turkey, the EU countries are still quite reluctant regarding Turkish accession. Accept a country with a predominantly Muslim population in the EU involves answering another question related to European identity: Where is Europe? Thus, some citizens of EU countries perceive the accession of Turkey as a threat to their values and Christian traditions. These developments demonstrate the importance of addressing the issue of Turkish membership with a vision and a more detailed design. This article analyzes the accession of Turkey to the EU according to the constructivist approach.

A Manual of the People of the Dervishes

Ümit EKER, Ünal ZAL — 2026-07-16

Türklük bilimi çalışmalarında önemli merkezlerden biri olan İsveç’in Uppsala ve Lund Üniversiteleri ile araştırma ve misyonerlik merkezlerinde Türkçe el yazması ve matbu eserlerden meydana gelen değerli koleksiyonlar bulunmaktadır. Bu koleksiyonlardan biri de Türkoloji çalışma¬la¬rın¬da önemli bir yeri olan Lund Üniversitesi kütüphanesindedir. Dünyanın üçüncü büyük koleksiyonu olarak adlandırılan bu eserler içerisinde Çağatay ve Uygur Türkçesiyle kaleme alınan tezkireler önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu tezkirelerden biri de Lund Üniversitesi kütüphanesinde Prov. 7 numaraya kayıtlı olan Risale-i Ehl-i Derviş’tir. Dil özellikleri bakımından Çağatay ve Uygur Türkçesine ait ses özelliklerini (karışık dilli) taşıyan bu eser hem konu hem de kelime dünyası açısından oldukça zengindir. Bu çalışmada, misyoner Gunnar Hermansson tarafından 1920 yılında kopya edilen ve 1929 yılında üniversite kütüphanesine bağışlanan Risale-i Ehl-i Derviş adlı eserin çeviri yazı, konu ve sözlüğü üzerinde durularak birtakım değerlendirmelerde bulu¬nu¬la¬cak¬tır.

Value Priorities of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Citizens

Yusuf EMRE, Asım YAPICI — 2026-07-16

In this study, it is aimed to determine the way of value priorities and intensity of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus citizens according to socio-demographic variables and different images of religious life. This research is a kind of descriptive study which conducts survey research model. Research is made by cross-sectional approach. The population of this research is the citizens of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and target population of the study is the persons living in villages and city center of Lefkoşa, Gazimağusa and İskele. The sample consists of 401 participants whom of them are 194 men and 207 women selected by simple random method. Schwartz Value Scale is used as a measuring instrument. The scale is version that was developed into 10 groups of value by Schwartz in 1992, adapted to Turkish by Kuşdil and Kağıtçıbaşı (2000) and changed to 11 groups of value with an addition of religiousness value by Yapıcı, Kutlu and Bilican (2012). The relations between the participants' value priorities and religious variables are investigated in this study. In addition, the relationship between value priorities and socio-demographic variables (age, gender, education level, origin) is observed. t-Test and Pearson's correlation techniques are used in data analysis. According to the findings, there are significant negative correlations between the religious variables and values of hedonism and stimulation; significant positive correlations between benevolence, tradition, conformity, security and religiousness values. The value universalism value has negative correlation with praying (salat / ritual practices), but also has positive correlation with praying and fasting. In addition, relations and differences reaching to the level of significance are determined between socio-demographic variables and value priorities.

Fruit Motifs At Gravestones In Cemetery Of The Istanbul Second Bâyezid Mosque ( Western Impact, Religious Tolerance, Sanctity and Change )

Gültekin ERDAL — 2026-07-16

It will be a wrong judgment to consider grave stones as an ordinary tradition. When it is viewed in terms of history, art and culture, it can be seen that especially Turkish grave stones are record drawings that include many types of arts and artists’ labor, shed our culture and history and that is precious and unique. Grave stones are the documents that transfer not only the national culture but also transfer people’s beliefs, problems, fears, sadness and different feelings, who breathe the same air and live in the same places. Because of this reason, grave stones are the cultural features that are shaped according to the differences in culture and decorated with life styles. Of course, Of course, having been applied plenty of traditional Turkish plastic arts on the tombstones, have all contributed to the

The Place Of Mythologıcal Elements In Turkısh Paıntıng Art Before 18th Century

Yüksel GÖĞEBAKAN — 2026-07-16

While social and cultural environment are keeping in many experiences inside them, they prepare the formations which will be source the recognition of the past and generates new values for the understanding of the periods. Mythology, besides the information that has been given in relation to the experiences of communities, has a feature that also contribute to the expansion of the repertoire of human thought. At the same time are literary examples that reverberate a nation’s past, history and experiences throughout the next generations. Therefore, the reckoning of people with the mythological approach never disappears no matter how tremendous advances in scientific and technological fields are lived, however; however, small changes in the characters and shaping of characters are emerging. As a result of the domination achieved on wide geographical area, also Turkish mythology history lived the same changes in a historical process in a very rich way, also its experiences were reflected in its art. As it is both a requirement of Turkish culture nomadic life and as a reflection of the cultural traces of civilizations that dominated over Anatolia; so many fairy creatures like “Hüma, Zümrüd-ü Anka, Hüdhüd, Kaknus, Şahmaran, Ejderha, Tepegöz, Gulyabani, Dabbetül’l-Arz, İblis, Zebani, Dev, Cin, Peri, Melek, Huri, Umay ana, Hum babab, Vak-Vak Ağacı, Tuba Ağacı, Burak, Grifon, Denzikızı, Sfenks, Eciş Bücüş” were used as image in different periods of Turkish art. In this study, miniature manuscripts which were written in the 18 th century and has mythological elements, belonging to the Turkish art are emphasized.

Mcdonaldization Of Communication: An Investigation Into Social Media

Göksel GÖKER — 2026-07-16

This work handles social media fact, in the context of sociolog George Ritzer’s McDonaldization theory. According to Ritzer, there are five main principles which determine McDonald restaurants chain system. These are; productivity, estimatebility, predictibility, control and irrational practices that emerge in the context of rationalism. This process is expressed as McDonaldization. McDonaldization can be said to bring lots of improvements in social and i

Test and Secularization

Süleyman GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU — 2026-07-16

There are some concepts in Qur'an that they can have different meanings according to contexts they are used. From this aspect, one of the important concept in Qur'an is concept of sedition. The basic meaning of this concept is test as well as other meanings with close meanings and synonymous. The fact of test is important to give meaning to life of human in this world and after. Because Allah tests humans with his all moral and material blessings. Viewpoint of Qur'an to world life and relation of wold life with life after death have importance for human to determine his life manner in the world life. Profanation having meaning of alienation from moral and religious values and being unconcerned to religion by forgetting Allah and next life, is a problem connected with Muslim i

Emotion Education and Development of the Youth in the Holy Qur'an

İlhami GÜNAY — 2026-07-16

Humans, being born with emotional purity, are shaped either positively or negatively by their spiritual in-take along the way. The Holy Quran, through its various parables, informs us that the initial basic emotions such as love, belief, dependence, dislike are emotions that stem from the teachings and directions of one’s family and environment. Young people being featured in the Holy Quran’s parables are shown to be experiencing these basic feelings and much more, which shows that the entirety of one’s emotions is a spiritual nourishment. The emotional complexity that peaks during one’s adolescence and the dreams stemming from them are what drives them to envision their future in a way that is beneficial and constructive. During the period of the mentioned emotional complexity, religious feelings build up in one’s character starting from late childhood, in the form of seeking Allah, finding and sincerely believing in, and live one’s life for good in the name of him. Such religious feelings are acquired through emotion, intuition, reasoning and education. Education being confined in rationalism undermines the development of religious feelings of the adolescent, and throws off their spiritual and emotional balance. The materialist education system changes the values, and creates self-absorbed, destructive i

An Assessment on Turkey’s Struggle Polıcy Agaınst Drug Abuse and Addıctıon and Proposing A New Model

Mehmet IŞIK, Hamit ERDAL — 2026-07-16

1. Introdiction The increase of the communication and transportation facilities has transformed our World into a global village. Migration, squattering, weakening of the family ties, difficult working conditions, feeling of the escape from problems are the general causes for drug abuse and addiction and have become a major problem in the World. Turkey is increasingly confronted with this problem. Despite the emphasis on the prevention of the drug abuse and addiction and the execution of the various national action plans, Turkey is unable to achieve the desired success to solve this problem. Also, the efforts of preventing the increase in the number of drug users and addicts have failed in Turkey. In this study, the most basic deficiency of the Turkey’s struggle policy against the drug abuse and addiction, which is caused by the lack of a strong coordinating institute, has been evaluated. For this purpose, Turkey’s struggle policy against the drug abuse and drug addiction has been examined. With the obtained data from the result of this evaluation, establishment of a coordination institute has been recommended. The coordination institute, which is named as MAKBAM, is compared with TUBİM according to benefits, opportunities, costs and risks – BOCR by using analytic network process (ANP). As a result of ANP analysis, MAKBAM will be more superior than the TUBİM in terms of benefit, opportunity and partial risk, has been concluded. Also, MAKBAM will provide a positive contribution to Turkey’s struggle with drug abuse and addiction. 2. Method In this study, the effectiveness of the MAKBAM structure, which is proposed to effectively struggle against drugs in Turkey, is investigated and then compared with TUBİM structure by using the ANP model. As a result of this comparison, the effectiveness of the proposed structure is measured. In the steps that include determination of the strategy and subcriteria that used in ANP model and with comparison of the criteria and alternatives, face to face interviews are conducted with actor groups, law enforcement forces, drug users and addicts and ordinary citizens. Also, the data that obtained from Işık’s (2013) doctoral dissertation are utilized. These criteria are derived after a comprehensive study on the struggle against drugs and they can also be used for other studies. 3. Results The ANP model, proposed in this study is developed around dependences and feedbacks between the clusters and elements of these clusters. The developed ANP model is a coupling of two parts. The first part includes a control hierarchy, which consists of goal of the decision problem, strategic criteria and BOCR merits. The second part is a network of influences among the alternatives, actors and criteria clusters. This network consists of four subnetworks each represents the relationship of its own clusters and elements: benefits, opportunities, costs and risks. The control hierarchy that is the first part of the model is presented in Fig. 1. (p. 472) At the top of the control hierarchy, there exists the goal of the problem; that is, to select an effective structure for combating illicit drugs. In order to rate BOCR, three strategic criteria have been incorporated into the proposed model. These strategic criteria are (1) Prevention of production, trafficking and sales of illicit drugs, (2) Reducing the number of drug users and addicts, and (3) Enhancing Treatment and Rehabilitation Opportunities. Each of these criteria can be thought of as sub-goals that the actors are willing to realize. The hierarchical structure between the goal of the problem and the strategic criteria is presented in Fig.1. (p.472) as control hierarchy. Second part of the proposed ANP model consists of the network of interactions among the actors, the alternatives, and the clusters of criteria. The second part consist of four subnetworks; benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks as presented in Figs. 2–5 (p.473-475), respectively. There

Negotiations Aabout the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea and Impact of this Process on Local and Regional Energy Security

Pervane İSLAMOVA — 2026-07-16

The world's growing demand for energy resources made the Caspian littoral states to accelerate the negotiation process and solve the legal status of the sea. Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth. It has no outflows and is bounded by five states, Russia in the northwest, Iran in the south, Turkmenistan in the southeast and Kazakhstan in the northeast and Azerbaijan in the west. Among these countries Azerbaijan has favorable geographic location; it situates along the historical Silk Road connecting East and West, South and North hemispheres. The issue of the legal status of the Caspian Sea remains unresolved until today. There are some reasons for this. First coastal states have different positions and each of them is trying to gain advantage in this situation. Secondly, super power US and regional powers like Russia, China and etc. have certain interests in the Caspian basin. Turkmenistan and Iran’s positions, impossibility of comprehensive cooperation among coastal states and their impact on regional energy security have been analyzed in the article briefly and clearly. Negotiation process, which began after the collapse of the Soviet Union, continues till today. The main progress in this direction were summits held with the participation of the state leaders of the coastal countries. Ashgabat, Tehran and Baku summit and their importance are undeniable. The legal status of the Caspian Sea is a very topical problem today. This unresolved issue has a great impact on other issues. That is why along with Caspian countries other interested parties in the region including regional and international forces should use their opportunities and solve the issue.

The Production Planning In Food Sector In Diyarbakir By Linear Programming

Hasan KARAKUZU, Halil SAVAŞ — 2026-07-16

Production is one of main functions of organizations. Companies, intending at increasing their profit by using their sources efficently, must produce their goods according to a certain plan and program. Production planning is the product goal within the planning period. It is the decision period that states the future manufacturing based on the present resources. At production planning period, all terms, demand of product, quality of product, price of product, raw material, market, wish of consumer and capacity of company, are evaluated completely. One of the most efficient methods can be used in production planning is linear programming. Linear programming, have become a common method of making decision of input, marketing and transport planning in the production planning. The production planning, enables us to search using necessary resources at its optimum level to supply the necessary products. Simplex method, as a solution method of linear programming models, is used to find optimum amount of production of the company in food sector in Diyarbakir. Simplex method, one of Linear programming model, is used in solution of this application due to problem. The model, constructed by simplex method, is formed by goal function and constrait equations. The main goal of constructed model by suitable amount of production is maximum profit. According to data and calculations, if the company adjusts necessary labor force to manifacture calculated amount of production, it can increase its profit. Designed model is solved by QM for Windows 4.0 program.

Melancholy In Tevfik Fikret And Cenap Şahabettin Poetry

Mustafa KARABULUT — 2026-07-16

Servet-i Fünûn escape the reality on the basis of the literary understanding of the most important poets of the period of Turkish poetry and a dream refuge. Located in the psychological background of Servet-i Fünun "malaise" and "escape" brings the melancholic structure along tems. Virtually all the artists of the literature "pessimism" about is a common attitude. Life dissatisfaction and diseased structure also shows itself in their daily lives. Tevfik Fikret and Cenap Şahabettin, is also among the pioneers of the modern Turkish poetry as poetry that Servet-i Fünûn. Both poets will shape the direction of poetry during this period. Fikret and Cenap, even if they have common features in many aspects of poetry they show little differences on some issues. In particular, as well as other causes should be due to differences in the psychological structure has significant difference in meaning between the two poets melancholy. Melancholia is a psychological and physical dimensions of a mental illness. This situation generally intense distress, grief and pessimistically out to face the day. This disease is drifting from place to place, even suicide "psychotic depression" is the state. Overall psychophysiological factors; infectious, traumatic, hormonal, neurological, socio-economic, organsal, toxic, reveals reasons. People suffering from melancholy disease takes on a very sensitive structure primarily shows a change in temperament and character. Melancholic slowdown in the person's movements and behavior, excitability, emotion, crying, irritability, etc. fast decision making. conditions are observed. Such people usually fail in their daily life and business relations. Melancholy afflicted person's appetite and sleep is lost, indigestion, headache, anxiety, insecurity, obsession (obsessions) and fear are seen. In this article we try to analyze the structure of melancholic poetry Cenap Şahabettin and Tevfik Fikret.

The Ecotoursim Potential And Physical Geography Of Altinbeşik Cave National Park (Ibradi/Antalya)

Baştürk KAYA, Mesut ŞİMŞEK , Ayhan AKIŞ — 2026-07-16

Altınbeşik Cave National Park, the study area, is located within Antalya part of the West Taurus Region. The most outstanding characteristics of Altınbeşik Cave National Park is the presence of a cave of the same name (Altınbeşik Cave). The aim of the present study is present the ecotourism potential and physical-geography features of Altınbeşik Cave National Park. The study area is widely represented with Cretaceous, Jurassic-Cretaceous old limestone formations and Paleocene-Eocene old flysch formations. Beside the lithological structure, tectonics, karstification, and stream erosions were among the factors that gave the region its current structure and shape. These components contributed to the formation of current geomorphologic structures such as various valley types, caves, dolines, surface runoffs and spoil tips in the area. Altınbeşik Cave formed within cretaceous aged massive limestone. Manavgat River is the most important stream of the area. The river running northeast-southwest direction is located to the east of Altınbeşik Cave. The area, under the influence of the Mediterranean climate, is according to Erinç “very moist” and according to De Mortanne within “humid climates”. The area of study has a remarkable feature with its mountain and valley views. Moreover, it is quite rich in karstik morphological structures such as polje, uvala, and dolines. The most beautiful example is the Altınbeşik Cave. The most significant vegetation types of the study area are red pine and scrub communities. According to relevant literature, the area of study has a floristic

The Modernization Of Turkey As An Example Of Non-Western Modernization: Continuities, Ruptures And Diversifications

Mahmut KAYA — 2026-07-16

This article addresses the basic characteristics of modernization policies that have existed from the early years of the Republic period till now in Turkey and their realization forms as well as the resulting continuities, ruptures and bifurcations. The socio-cultural ruptures caused by modernization of Turkey and the theoretical and conceptual category in which this modernization model is involved are examined by historical periodization and sociological perspective in this study. Modernism originated historically in Western Europe means concept of universe consisting of various principles for i

Dealing with Why Environmental Perception Originated from the Qur’an has been unable to be Transformed into Implementation

Süleyman KAYA — 2026-07-16

This article tries to address the ‘environmental issue’ which has become one of humanity's most important problems, with regard to why the Qur’anic perspective has not been practically implemented. Numerous studies exist based on the environment in reference to the Quran. After reviewing these studies, it is seen that these matters are discussed mainly in theory and not enough effort has been placed into converting the Qur'anic understanding to practicality. The environmental problems being discussed today emphasises the need and importance of turning this theory into practice. The solution to resolving these problems will be possible by practical application of these theoretical approaches. Therefore in this study, the topic is firmly established by having a brief look at the concept of existence in the Quran, mentioning the value given to man, the viewpoint on the environment conveyed by the Quran and how this should be reflected to society is stated, based on the relationship between man and existence, then focusing on why the required level of environmental sensitivity and practical application has not been developed in Muslims. The topic has been reviewed based on two important data relating to teaching/education; while these deficiencies aren’t corrected, the Qur’anic viewpoint will not be echoed into practice. Indeed, education is fundamental to changes in man. Whether this is an environmental issues or something else, without quality education the problem will not be solved. Moreover, environmental education today has become an area of emphasis and with its specific methods. The method of struggle has become professionalized; more organised with systematic study networks being formed. The Qur'anic understanding needs to be transformed to include these as well.

Ulusal Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planlamaların Türkiye Turizmine Katkısı

İsmail KERVANKİRAN — 2026-07-16

Ekonomik, toplumsal, eğitim ve siyasal faktörlerin gelişerek, insanların yaşam kalitesinin maddi ve manevi alanlarda ilerlemesi ve toplumsal refahın artması ülkenin kalkınmasına bağlıdır. Ekonomik kalkınma turizmi etkilerken, turizmde meydana gelen gelişmeler de ekonomik kalkınmayı etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de; kırsal kalkınmaya yaptığı katkı, yatırımları uyarıcı etkisi, istihdam ve gelir olanakları sağlaması gibi sebeplerden dolayı, kalkınma planlarında turizme daha fazla önem verilmektedir. Türkiye’de 1963 yılından itibaren her beş yılda kalkınma planları hazırlanmış ve bu planlar, kamu yatırımları için zorunlu hedefler, özel yatırımlar için ise yol gösterici hedefler içermektedir. Türkiye’de 1963-1983 yılları arası Kalkınma Planlarındaki hedeflere; siyasi ve ekonomik istikrarsızlık, imkânların sınırlı olması gibi sebeplerden dolayı ulaşılamazken, 1983-2012 yılları arasında Türkiye turizmi açısından olumlu gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. 1983’den sonra turizm yatırımların artmasıyla, Türkiye’nin turist sayısı ve turizm gelirleri sürekli artış göstermiştir. Türkiye; 2000 yılında turist sayısı bakımından dünyada 20. ve turizm gelirleri bakımından 14. sırada iken, 2012 yılında turist sayısı bakımından altıncı, turizm gelirleri bakımından onuncu sıraya yükselerek, dünyanın en fazla tercih edilen destinasyonlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Türkiye turizmindeki bu gelişmede beş yıllık kalkınma planlamaların katkısı önemlidir.

The Effect of Perceived Service Efficiency, Productivity, Participation, and Economic-Physical Sufficiency on The Attitudes Against Municipal Amalgamation

Rüveyda KIZILBOĞA ÖZASLAN, Hüsniye AKILLI – Kamil ÖZASLAN — 2026-07-16

The local government reforms of the last decade in Turkey resulted in continuous growth, expansion, and rescaling of larger municipalities in favor of larger administrative units. With the latest Act No 6360 , announced in 2012, there happened to be an important reform regarding local administration which applies to most of the town municipalities in Turkey. 30 special provincial administrations, 1.591 smaller municipalities, and 16.082 villages were dissolved as a result of the expansion of the 30 metropolitan municipalities to provincial borders in 2014. The town municipalities’ current statue as legal entities abated and instead they centralized to district municipalities as neighborhoods showing the reason of economics of scale. The factors of efficiency, productivity, participation and, physical and financial sufficiency, are asserted in relation to the economics of scale while the reforms on the basis of local administration are at stake in Turkey. Furthermore, these factors are presented as the main reasons of administrative transitions in the law’s preambles. It is accepted that these factors are not sufficiently met by the small-sized municipalities so the legal entities of the town municipalities should be transferred as its neighborhoods to bigger municipalities. In other words, it is assumed that the community of the town municipality will be ruled by more participated management, so they will have a financially and physically more equipped municipality. The pathway of local government reforms in Turkey follows the international examples towards municipal amalgamation to benefit scale economies. Municipal amalgamation has been a common policy in local government reforms around the world (Reingewertz, 2012: 240; Calciolari, et al., 2013: 565). Academic debate has taken place for years regarding the best methods to organize municipalities (Spicer, 2012). The studies about the economic achievements of these reforms have produced mixed results. The discussion on optimal size of local government usually focuses on economic efficiency, democracy, distribution and development dimensions (Swianiewicz, 2002). However the complexity of municipal restructuring allows no easy answer as to whether amalgamation will lead to effectiveness and efficiency improvements in service delivery and financial situation or municipal governance (Vojnovic, 1998). According to Kjaer, et al. (2010) changes in municipal size are often considered as a balancing of two opposites, namely economy and democracy the larger the municipality, the greater the economies of scale, but the harder conditions for a well-functioning local democracy. It could be claimed that those who emphasize the existence of various administrative units in local governments hold a perspective which advocate local democracy, while those who support amalgamation of fragmented structures base their arguments in terms of efficiency and functional capacity. The consequences of municipality amalgamation/abolition is an unresolved issue. So it is important to track the route of recent administrative reform in Turkey with empirical research findings. Because this topic, which is frequently studied in terms of economics and democracy, is a multi-dimensional process which involve legal, political, administrative, socio-cultural, demographic, ecological and even daily life issues aside from purely technical problems. Thus, it is important to understand the public perception about this reform. Administrative transition towards the abolishment of the town municipalities is a difficult one because it will not be very well responded by the community and administrators. As the previous factors show, it is more difficult for the community to accept the transition if they have a perception that the current administration satisfies their needs. Hence, the research of Aktel et al. (2009) “the perception of communities who live in the small-sized municipalities in Isparta towards the decre

The Literacy Campaign In Samsun Alaçam Community Centre In The Last Period Of CHP Government

Mehmet KÖÇER, Volkan AYDEMİR — 2026-07-16

In the past, the Turks used an alphabet system of their own known as the Göktürk alphabet. The alphabet they use has changed many times as a result of their relationship with other communities through trade and battles after adopting a sedentary life. They finally started to use the Arabic alphabet after the adoption of Islam,. Later, they developed Ottoman Turkish which corresponds to their own language and expression with mixture of Arabic, Persian and Turkish. The alphabet of this language was Arabic alphabet. And it was used by the Ottoman Empire for a long time. The need for change in the alphabet system was incessntly being stressed by certain groups. The opinions expressed in this topic was a matter of debate among intellectuals. Punctuation and writing separately was the main subject rather than radically chancing the alphabet system. These considerations led to the Ottoman intellectuals to write their ideas on this subject. It also activated the Ottoman Empire, as a consequence, Council of Language Commission was established. Different opinions and statements would take place in the Council. Several reports on this issue were submitted to the council, nevertheless, after long investigation and research, they could not reach a plausible conclusion. The alphabet debate between the state and intellectuals had unfortunately not come down to the community level. Because most of the population was illiterate. The Ottoman Empire, at that time, he found himself in the middle of World War I. Thus, the subject was out of the agenda. Alphabet discussions seemed to be completely closed with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the war. However, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a new state-Republic of Turkey- was being rebuilt from the Ottoman Empire's. Before the proclamation of the Republic, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was convinced that the real salvation was in education. Moreover, he believed that foundations of education were to be very robust. The first thing to be done in education was to change radically the old alphabet system. The lack of proper time and conditions, and also nation’s not being ready were some factors. Although the alphabet was discussed, neither it remained superficial nor the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies did not take it into consideration. It was desired to negotiate in TBMM but saw many objections. Şimdi yeni alfabe sisteminin millete tanıtılması ve tatbik edilmesi sorunu gündeme gelmişti. Finally in 1928, the new Turkish alphabet was adopted by the Parliament Act and was officially put into practice. Now, the issue of introducing the new alphabet system and its implementation was on the agenda. This objective, which was prepared in line with the government's "Public Schools" organization of organizations formed and was officially established in the regulations approved in 1929. Here we bring to the original target literate nation state and the development of appropriate human model age. In a short time in every province and district public schools had begun to set up activities. State institutions and organizations were also present in it. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a dormitory with the emergence of the state of the disconnect between the people who made the trip to observe operations and had observed the lack of work clearly.

The Effect Of The Second Homes Constructions In Bursa Coasts On The Coastal Geomorphology

Sümeyra KURT — 2026-07-16

The desire of people to escape from the urban chaos and have a more comfortable housing lead to the deterioration of coastal geomorphology and filling coastal areas, which offer opportunity for many recreational activities, with second housings. There has been a rapid increase at the number of second housings at the coasts of Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea as well as the Marmara Sea since 1950s. The promotion of tourism after 1980s paved the way for the housing and natural and visual pollution in many coastal areas. Although the recent laws regarding the coasts limits coastal construction to some extent, the increase of coastal buildings in a way to harm the environment has not been prevented for many reasons such as issues and conflicts related to the implementation of laws. This study detects effects of second housing and touristic constructions in Bursa coasts located at the south of the Marmara Sea on the coastal geomorphology and sets forth these effects for the coasts that are yet to be allowed for housing.

Services of Ottomans to Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram.

İsmail METİN — 2026-07-16

Hajj in Islam as known is visiting the holy places, at certain times, in certain places, the Kaaba is doing specific tasks. Every Muslim is obliged to Hajj, which is the financial and physical strength, thousands of Muslims that are by various races, language, and color come to the Hijaz in every season of pilgrimage. Kaaba is located, the revelation begins to descend, The Prophet (Hz.Muhammed ) spent in his life, he struggled to place the unity faith and finally mortal life as a place where migration and buried, Harameyn (Mecca and Medina has always been an area of interest to Muslims. Felicity many Islamic State of established after the current century and need a different behavior against both local people and entered into understanding. However, any state did not show a similar to the reverence and the respect which the Ottoman Empire shown. Ottomans are hesitate no sacrifice in helping matters the Kaaba, God in the Holy Quran "couplet" that "home" as well, in other words "beytullah", and the residents. The birthplace of Islam and Qibla of Muslims, Mecca is of great importance from both political and religious. The dominates to the Mecca had the opportunity to rule in place to achieve a spiritual influence and respect in the Islamic World. Yavuz Sultan Selim conquered in 1516 Syria and Palestine, Egypt, the Mamluks in 1517. After, Mecca, Medina and surroundings recognized the Ottoman rule and were delivered the switches of Mecca to Yavuz Sultan Selim, Mecca Commandments. Sultans of the Ottoman have themselves accepted Halifa and the spiritual leader of the Islamic World. Also, they were took as an expression the title "Hâdimü'l Haremyni'ş-Şerîfeyn" for the reverence held in Mecca and Medina. Ottomans, with this spiritual task, have an important function in services the Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram in history.

A Sociological Assessment Of The Problems Observed At Turkish Society From Center And Periphery Perspective

Şebnem MORSÜMBÜL — 2026-07-16

Introduction and purpose of the the study: Todays events are subjected to scientific analysis, structural features of the society should be considered. Today the dualisms observed in the Turkish society reflect at many areas such as education, justice, living forms, democracy understanding...etc. Turkey's efforts to enter the Western civilization took a long time for two centuries, and even how long to take is unclear. Thus the proposals made in the name of modernization and practices haven't constituted any objective response to Turkey's problems. Within this context, in this study it is aimed to analyze chain of events which leads to tension at the scene of the last half-hundred period of Turkish society. Present study is aimed to describe dualisms observed in the Turkish society within the frame of ‘Center-Periphery Model’ and solutions are aimed to the solution of the problems. For this purpose, Ziya Gökalp, Halil İnalcık, Şerif Mardin and Orhan Türkdoğan's works which describe the Turkish community structure with the frame of ‘Centre-Periphery Model’ in terms of managing in Turkey-managed relationship have been analysed. The subject of this study is to introduce the problems observed in the Turkish society and solutions of the problems determined by Ziya Gökalp, Halil İnalcık, Şerif Mardin and Orhan Türkdoğan's works which describe the Turkish community structure with the theory of ‘Centre-Periphery Model’ in terms of manages-managed relationship. Conceptual / theoretical framework: ‘Center-Periphery Model’ has been used as a theoretical model to explain and evaluate the chain of events that lead to cultural cleavage witnessing the last half hundred year period and tension in Turkish society. As the theoretical framework of the study is based on ‘Center-Periphery Model’ and especially 'elite theory' has been considered eligible to describe dualisms observed in Turkish society, the elite theory and conflict theory was emphasized. Related researches, commented to the problems they had observed according to ‘Center-Periphery Model’ in terms of managing-managed relationship, had used a holistic approach by building association between past and present. Therefore, the views of the researches have been handled with the determinations for Ottoman society. Methodology: As the study is a theoretical study, literature review was conducted in this context. As a first Ziya Gökalp, Halil İnalcık, Şerif Mardin and Orhan Türkdoğan’s works which describe the Turkish community structure with the theory of ‘Centre-Periphery Model’ were analyzed in the text analysis tecniques and determinations were introduced. After than researches's solutions are aimed to the solution of the problem. The present study has been restricted Ziya Gökalp, Orhan Türkdoğan, Halil İnalcık and Şerif Mardin's views on this matter. Other views and explanations of the researchers on the other problematic areas of Turkish society haven't been included in the study. Results and discussion: According to Shill's theory all values, symbols and beliefs approved and applied by master authority position represent central values system; another vital area that is outside those central values system and possesses different life style, symbols and belief systems represents 'periphery'. Like the frame of Shill's ‘Center-Periphery Model’, interpreting problems observed in the Turkish society in terms of managing-managed relations require a holistic approach from Ottoman Empire to present. When examining the Ottoman Empire, dualisms in its society are consistent with the Shill's ‘Center-Periphery Model’. In the Ottoman Empire, state authority was over-centralized and concentrated in the hands of the state elites. On the one hand there were state officials that religious and executive powers are given by sultan's, court group and ruling class formed with 'ulema'; on the other hand there was managed class 'reaye (drove)'. In the Ottoman Empire lack of strong econom

The Impacts Of Tax Regulations For Foundations On Tax Avoidance And Evasion

Mehmet NAR — 2026-07-16

Foundations are the organizations aiming to serve the public interest. Foundations of the period of Republic were not established for only public interest; nevertheless, they have some differences in their bodies. Because the foundations established by the Civil Code after the Republican era were not founded for only social and religious purposes, but also for commercial activities as they are in Europe. In this case, taxation of the foundations came to the forefront, while it has been necessary to update current legislation. However, some of these regulations were converted into practices that are beneficial for some certain taxpayers and groups rather than having the aim of taxation of the foundations. This situation has brought some concerns from the public. Thus, the aim of this study was addressing the issue of foundations in our country as well as in the world based on current critics related to them since their numbers are increasing in recent years. In this regard, such organizations were tried to be analyzed based on structural, tax and legal regulations.

The Leisure Culture in Eskişehir Odunpazari Houses

Ejder OKUMUŞ — 2026-07-16

In this study, the leisure culture in Eskişehir Odunpazari Houses (Odunpazarı Evleri) is handled in the sociological perspective. The subject is examined within the leisure places open to public in Odunpazari Houses. The tea houses, cafes, coffeehouses, nargile houses (hubbly-bubbly or hookah houses), non-govermental organizes, mosques etc. were identified as the leisure time places striking in the Odunpazarı Houses. The purpose of this study is to understand how people evaluate and spend their leisure times in summers and winters, nights and daytimes, and the Ramadan month and the other months in the Odunpazari Houses. The work was conducted with participant observation and interview techniques.

Not (being able) to Talk about God: Negative Theology in Plotinus

Hasan ÖZALP — 2026-07-16

Language of religion is one of the important problems of the philosophy of religion. The reason why language is a subject of philosophy, on the other hand, is whether the language with a limited structure will be able to express God that is a boundless being. In spite of all problems associated with language, philosophers and theologians talk about God in different ways. There are three ways of talking about God: The first one is the cataphatic theology that qualifies God with positive attributes; the second one is analogy; and the third one is the negative or apophatic theology. Positive theology and analogy are quite common in the philosophical and theological tradition. However, can God be really expressed with positive attributes? Or to what extent is it correct to predicate anything to God? We see the negative theology as a reaction to such questions. According to these theologians, God, which is a transcendent being incapable of being encompassed by our intellectual world, can never be expressed by limited language. Predicates attributed to concrete objects by human knowledge cannot be predicated to God. To that end, in this article we will attempt to examine the negative theology over the Neo-Platonist tradition and mostly by focusing on Plotinus’ views. Therefore, we will first deal with the views of Plato from the Antique period because he was Plotinus’ predecessor and source. Afterwards, we will analyze the views of Philo from the tradition of Hellenistic theology and evaluate Plotinus’ handling of the subject.

Investigation of Adventure Tourism Potential with Geographical Perspective in the Hatay Province

Emre ÖZŞAHİN — 2026-07-16

Interest in adventure tourism is gradually increasing in the world and in Turkey. The adventure tourism is a complex current issue that is difficult to understand. It is one of the new tourism niches. It allows using the tourism potential in full capacity based on the alternatives that may be provided by the existing natural and cultural richness. This study aims to make a geographical examination of the adventure tourism potential in Hatay Province. To this end, the potential adventure tourism areas of the province were determined. In this way, the adventure tourism potential of the province was evaluated. This paper, which is a pioneering study on adventure tourism in Hatay, is significant for promotional and planning activities. Thematic maps were created by use of the related literature and various maps and data. Multiple criteria decision making analysis and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) techniques were employed, too. The obtained data were checked through field surveys. Their consistency levels were measured through SWOT analyses. It was concluded that the geographical features of Hatay incorporate very high adventure tourism potential. According to the analysis results, 73% of the province consists of areas that are most suitable for adventure tourism and areas that are suitable for adventure tourism. However, there is no development in adventure tourism in Hatay. Thus, firstly a province-wide adventure tourism planning should be done. In addition, it should be made sure that locals participate in the processes related to adventure tourism planning. In this regard, necessary training should be provided.

Tectonic Geomorphology Study Of The Gençali Fault (Bursa)

Halid PEKTEZEL — 2026-07-16

Genç tektonik hareketlerin kontrolünde gelişmiş olan Gençali Fayı’nın tektonik jeomorfoloji özelliklerinin saptanması çalışmanın başlıca amacını teşkil eder. Bu amaç doğrultusunda jeolojik tarihçe boyunca sahada meydana gelen tektonik hareketler ile aşındırma etmen ve süreçlerinin etkinlik derecesi mevcut literatür ve arazi çalışmaları ışığında araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Gençali Fayının geçtiği sahanın genel fiziki coğrafya özellikleri belirlenmiş, daha sonra ise sahanın 1/25 000 ölçekli jeoloji ve diri fay haritaları yardımıyla litolojik ve tektonik özellikleri incelenerek bölgedeki neotektonik üniteler ayırtedilmiş, bunların genç faylarla olan ilişkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmada; dağlık arazilerin nasıl yükseldiği ve parçalandığı, fayın yaşı ve etkinliği, ovalık alanların oluşumunda fay hattının etkisi, akarsu ağının oluşum ve gelişimi ile sahadaki etkinlik durumu, sahadaki deltaların nasıl meydana geldiği, aşınım yüzeylerinin tespiti ve sahadaki dağılışı değerlendirilmiş ve saha döngü bakımından yaşlandırılmıştır. Gençali Fayı Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun (KAFZ) Marmara Bölgesi’nde bulunan küçük bir parçasıdır. Bu fay hattı, KAFZ etkisi ile D - B yönlü sıkışma, K - G yönlü gerilme ve yer yer genişleme rejiminin etkisi altında kalarak şekillenmiştir. Fay tektoniğine bağlı yapısal şekiller sahadaki başlıca rölyefi teşkil eder. Pliyosen sonu ve Post-Pliyosen tektonik hareketlerle oluşmuş genç faylanmalara bağlı olarak şekillenen topografya, ileri gençlik safhasındadır. Akarsu ağının kuruluşu ve gelişimi de belirtilen fay veya segmentleri ile ilişkilidir. Akarsu vadileri genellikle fay hatları boyunca subsekant karakterde gelişmiştir. Pliyosen sonu ve Post-Pliyosen tektonik hareketlere bağlı genç fay bloklanmaları ve tektonik çarpılmalar, akarsu drenajında ve vadi gelişiminde yer yer bozulmalara ve drenaj değişikliklerine yol açmıştır. Araştırma sahasının ana morfolojik görünümü, tektonik aktivitenin kontrolünde şekillenmiştir. Jenetik bakımdan flüvyal koşulların etkin olduğu bu saha, esas itibariyle iç dinamiklerce şekillendirilmiştir. Özellikle Neotektonik dönem ve bu dönemin kratonik stili sahada daha çok kırılma ve faylanmalara neden olmuş, böylece faylı yapıya ait görüntü ortaya çıkmıştır.

The Dichotomy Of Urban Life (The Case Of Karabük Municipality Social Life Center)

Adem SAĞIR, Şener KAYA — 2026-07-16

The city continues to pursue its impact on the social habits and attitudes. Thus, the city, created by migration, still retains its importance as one of the main reasons that determine the texture of the city. In shaping the places in the change of social life, the formation of cultural synthesis, the differentiation of identity, migration is still among the decisive factors. Migration is seen more in or around the city centre, among the people those who cannot be integrated into the urban life. These communities do not leave their place of origin. They want to continue their social belonging in the city. This study is prepared for “those who stayed at the edge of life" As the universe of study, Karabük, since 1937, Due to the industrial centre, has extensive migration from different parts of Turkey. Problems posed by immigration, of course, began to be seen in Karabük as well. In the study, at the end of the migration story, the people who cannot adapt to urban centre are analysed from the perspective of Social life centres offered by the municipality of Karabük The starting points of the study of the case are "urban integration" and "socialization”. In the study, interviewed with the authorities of the social centres and made a survey to the people of two areas, from the lower income groups, an area belongs to the middle income group and another area with high-depth income groups. One of the most concrete indicator of the study, i

Colour Phenomenon In Turkish Language And Some Reflections On French Language-Culture: An Intercultural General Overview

Tilda SAYDI — 2026-07-16

The present article studies in general the phenomenon of how and why colour notion is particularly important within Turkish world and languages and tries to find some reflections in French language-culture. The concept of colours in Turkish exists in the area of nominalization of humans and animals, natural and geographic events, mythological facts and beliefs, habitats, clothing, tradition, hierarchic order, art-culture and mental representation systems. Historical nomadic life style

Archive Documents According To Turkey-İndıa Relations During İnönü (1938-1950)

Savaş SERTEL — 2026-07-16

İndia has one of the most interesting in the world. The biggest reason for the tropical climate, fertile farmland, the river is long and consists of more product variety. Throughout history, they prefer the water's edge with a temperate climate conducive to living people. Because of the geography of the ancient civilization of India has hosted. Due to the excess of the wetlands in the region is greater than the animal

A Research On The Death Anxiety and Attitude of Prayer

Beyazıt Yaşar SEYHAN, — 2026-07-16

This research was conducted on attitudes to death anxiesty and prayer of first adult, middele age and olders. The research includes 487 i

Watching And Evaluation Tendencies Of News Bulletins On Turkish Television Of The First Generation Of Turkish Immigrants In Germany

Eylem ŞENTÜRK KARA — 2026-07-16

Today, television seems to be one of the most important mass media that is used to access news in an easy and quick manner. This medium, which serves to help people to learn what is going on in the world from their cozy armchairs, also shapes up people’s world views according to the cultivation theory. A significant duty fell upon the shoulders of Turkish newspapers during the process of Turkish workers’ migration to Germany and settling there. Through their coverage and reports, these newspapers voiced the problems Turks encountered in Germany, and helped find solutions to them on the one hand and conducted various activities so that their connections with Turkey would not be severed and that the existing cultural heritage could be passed down to the new generations on the other hand. Today, as a result of the technological developments that allowed Turkish television channels to be watched in Germany, they began to be an indispensible part of the lives of Turks living in Germany. Especially, the first generation Turkish immigrants who moved to Germany years ago as workers, are currently retired or counting the days to retire are trying to learn information about the political, social and economic situation of their homeland, which they have been yearning for for years, thanks to the news bulletins of the Turkish channels which they follow regularly. There are many studies in the relevant literature indicating that contents with intensive violence are presented in the news bulletins of the Turkish channels. However, so far there has been no study dealing with and investigating the effects of the negative news reports with violent content shown in the news bulletins on the image of Turkey in the minds of the immigrants who have been leading lives away from their homeland for years. The purpose of this study is to determine tendencies of the first generation Turkish immigrants who have been living in Germany for more than 30 years to watch and evaluate the main news bulletins presented on Turkish channels and their expectations of these bulletins. Moreover, it aims to reveal the effects of the news in those bulletins on their desire to return to Turkey and the image of Turkey in their minds. The sample of the study consists of a total of 22 Turkish immigrants (11 female and 11 men) living in the districts of Jenfeld, Billstedt, Altona-Altstadt and Wandsbek, where Turks live heavily, in the province of Hamburg in Germany, who are aged 50-80, who are retired or about to retire. The data that were obtained as a result of the interviews held with the subjects can be summarized as follows: Before the Turkish television channels began to be watched in Germany, Turkish newspapers published there appeared to be the most important mass medium meeting the needs of the Turks living there, especially those of the first generation, for information related to their homeland. Now, however, it is understood from the fact that almost all of the participants in the study follow the current affairs in Turkey through television that Turkish television channels have become the primary source of information for the first generation Turkish immigrants, too. According to the data obtained from the study, a large majority of the subjects follow the main news bulletins presented on Turkish television channels on a regular basis. However, it was observed that these people did not make an informed or conscious choice regarding the channels while they were watching the main news bulletins. Despite this, it was found that a majority of the subjects watched Kanal D, ATV, Show T and TRT in descending order. It was found that the interviewees who followed the news on TRT regularly preferred the news of that channel under the influence of their national feelings and because they found the news of that channel more reliable than that of the private channels and because it contained less tabloid journalism. On the other hand, it was found that other inter

Surrealistic Approaches In Ottoman Miniatures (XVI – XVII Centuries)

Ela TAŞ, Gamze ÖZTÜRK — 2026-07-16

Miniature is the massless painting with no depth which is free from chiaroscuro and added into the text to explain the contents of manuscripts. Miniatures which gain meaning according to the written text have the characteristics of historical document by means of giving information about their era. They are also important in terms of reflecting the life style, worldview, expectations, and concerns of their era. Earliest pieces of Turkish painting have been presented by Uighurs who adopted Manichaeism and Buddhism in A.D. VIII century. Uighurs who have headed to the art of painting in conjunction with religious change has produced manuscripts and decorated them with painting to spread their religion. Uighur painting which has been affected by Gandhara, China, Tibet, Scyth, Sasanian Empire, Part, Greco – Buddhist and Byzantine has formed its style starting from IX century and grown into maturity in XI - XII centuries. It is well known that Uighurs' sense of art has moved to west after Battle of Talas. Thanks to the works of art from Umayyad and Abbasid eras, it appears that the painting art exists in the early periods of Islam. It is known that religious structures of these periods were geometrical and botanical, on the other hand civil structures were decorated with ornaments generated by figures. Uighur effect as well as Orientalisation seen in works of art proves that Islamic art has adopted Central Asian Turkish painting style. Uighur painting style has therefore passed via Abbasids to Islamic countries such as Fatimid and Ghaznavid. The effect of this style has not been limited to mural paintings and also applied to book paintings. In Islam, although the systematic manuscripting has started at IX century by Caliph Memnun to make ancient books translate into Arabic, first manuscripts with miniatures are from Seljuk Empire at the end of XI century. This is because the paintings of the translated works of art have started to be duplicated. The fact that the miniature has been considered important in the era of Seljuks, and the art of miniature has also been performed in the Ottoman Empire which has ruled over Anatolia after that period of time is understood thanks to the extant documents and made a big contribution to the art of miniature. It is well known that the art of miniature which has reached an advanced level in that period has been presented as collective work products by muralists, illuminators, masters named Cetvelkeş, calligraphers affiliated with Craftsman organization and actively located in Enderun from XV century to XVIII century. Ottoman miniatures which bear traces of religious, storyteller, scientific, literary characters stand out with their real subjects as well as their depictions with surrealistic approaches. Surrealism which is suggested first by Andre Breton at France in XX century intends to reveal the mental disorders of human totally. The artist gravitates to its own shell by disconnecting from nature. Surrealism which is based on psychoanalysis idea of Freud argues that the art should rise not from logic, morals, aesthetical judgments, but directly from what exists in subconscious. Subconscious is therefore the fundamental source of surrealism. Surrealists have suggested that the subconscious is a large store due to suppressed emotions and ideas, and have believed that the society would develop through examination and liberalization of the treasure in this store and have presented two different methods. First method is the abstract surrealism which is based on psychoanalysis, and stands up for absolute weakness of will, and gives voice to expressing the emotions in subconscious through symbols; second method is the truthful surrealism which defends the fact that the objects are reminiscents of dream, nightmare or incubus and it is appropriate to present them in irrational environments. The large parts of surrealists have preferred to benefit from extraordinary beings as an indicator of spiritual w

Social Studies Teachers’ Views About Age Division

Seyit TAŞER — 2026-07-16

From the past to present, social studies education in our country, history subjects is given Ancient Ages (B.C. 3200-A.D.375), Middle Ages (A.D.375-1453), Modern Ages (1453-1789) and Contemporary Ages (1789-) in the form of a classification. The signified dates in this classification may be shown with different ways in various sources, but draws attention that from modern age to the present day, a new era name is not specified. When age

A Study Into Ebru Art In The Foundation Certificates In The Archive Of General Directorate Of Foundation Works

Pınar TOKTAŞ — 2026-07-16

Devotion (vakf) is one’s donation of his or her estates or real estates for the purpose of charity within the principles determined by him or her. As for foundation certificates (vakfiyeh), they are the documents declaring the conditions of devotion. It is likely to see how and by whom to use these commodities, how to administer them, the duties and responsibilities of those working in the foundation, the working principles, how much to pay as a salary, from what sources to supply these salaries and so on in these documents. The documents have some historical, cultural, legislative and economic characteristics of the era they belong to and they are of great importance in terms of containing examples of traditional Turkish book arts, calligraphy, gilding, and ebru, which is the topic of the current study. The art of ebru is a traditional book art made by scattering the smashed earthen dyes on the condensed water with gum tragacanth and stabilizer by brushes made from horse hair and rose stick, drawing a design with the help of hair or a pricker and passing it on the paper. In the current research, ebru art in the foundation certificates in the Archıve of General Directorate of Foundation Works were investigated. The samples transferred on the computer were examined and 26 documents containing ebru were put into the sampling group. At the end of the research, it was found that the ebru works examined were mostly in the lower cover, upper cover and on the miklab (triangular extension of the front cover). All of the ebru volumes are battal (oversize) ebru. In other examples, it was found that the types of battal ebru, taraklı (combed) ebru, şal (shawl) ebru, gel-git (tidal) ebru, hatip (orator) ebru and kumlu (sand ) ebru were applied. It was also observed that the colours of the ebrus in the examples were lively but that there were some stains on some examples.

Turkey's South Caucasus Policy and Armenia

Coşkun TOPAL — 2026-07-16

Turkey wishes to contribute to an atmosphere of peace and cooperation in the South Caucasus. Because of this Turkey also wants to normalize its bilateral relations with Armenia.Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize Armenia on 16 December 1991, short after its independence. But some historical events have negatively been influencing their relations. Armenia is accusing Turkey for 1915 events in the Ottoman lands in the First World War, although Turkey has refusing it from the first time. Armenia uses this issue against Turkey in the internationalpublic opinon. Some European countries also are using this issue against Turkey’s full membership in the European Union. In the issue of Nagarno-Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1993, Turkey was taken some steps in favor of Azerbaijan and closed its borders with Armenia. On the other hand Armenia is operating a nuclear power plant near the border of Turkey, which have several impacts on Turkish environment. In spite of these vital issues, Turkey had been lifted the restrictions on Armenians entering Turkey in January 2002 and opened its airspace to Armenia in 2005. Turkish president Abdullah Gul was visited Armenia in 2008. Two ‘Protocols’ was finalized in 2009 for the establishment and development of diplomatic relations between the two countries and the protocols have been submitted to relevant authorities for ratification. So, further steps are needed to normalize the relations between the two neighbour countries.

Perceived Social Support, Life Satisfaction, Attitudes towards Psychological Help and Intention to Seek Help: A Model Study

Nursel TOPKAYA, Ayşenur BÜYÜKGÖZE KAVAS — 2026-07-16

A large number of studies have been conducted to identify the factors that affect intention to seek psychological help among university students. The results of these studies have shown that various i

The Position Of Zazaki And Its Future According To The Language Reports Published By UNESCO

Öğr. Gör. Murat VAROL — 2026-07-16

Zazaki is the third mostly spoken language in Turkey considering the population of the different ethnicities. Zazaki, which belongs to the Northwestern Iranian languages of the Indo-European language family, is known relatively as the native language of 4 million people. Mosty spoken in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, Zazaki is heavily spoken in the city centres and towns of Elazığ, Diyarbakır, Sivas, Erzincan, Bitlis, Muş, Adıyaman and Şanlıurfa, and in Bingöl and Dersim foremost. Zazaki, which has a strong oral tradition and recollection introduced literature first in the last quarter of the 19th century. The first fifty years of the Republic Period of Turkey were quietness times for Zazaki and no literature was produced. The literature gained acceleration after the 2000s and 30-40 works are produced annually. Zazaki is one of the endangered languages according to the UNESCO reports published in recent years. The endangeredness of Zazaki, which colours the cultural and geographical

Rethinking Emrullah Efendi’s Theory of Tuba Tree vs. Satı Bey's Theory of Cherry Tree for Restructuring the Educational System in the Late Ottoman Period

Tuba YAVAŞ, Cemil ORUÇ , Volkan ÇİÇEK — 2026-07-16

INTRODUCTION It is noteworthy that educating and being educated are two issues that are always associated with some sort of problems when phases of higher education, from past to present, are considered. The main problem usually is, not knowing where to begin implementing the innovations and reforms in the educational policies and practices to deal with the problems associated with educating and being educated. It is not always easy to assess whether it would be better to start implementing the innovations and reforms in the educational policies and practices from the primary school level or from the higher education level; thus, in this sense, the problem can also be described as a priority issue. This priority issue has led to the creation of various debates and different perspectives in the Turkish education history as well. One such renowned debate is the one between Emrullah Efendi (hereinafter referred to as Lord Emrullah) and Sati’ Bey (hereinafter referred to as Sir Sati’). Lord Emrullah's approach to the educational reform was that to begin the innovations and reforms in the educational policies and practices at the higher education level, whereas Sir Sati’'s approach was to begin the innovations and reforms in the educational policies and practices at the primary education level. In this regard, Lord Emrullah's approach is considered to be a top-to-down approach and is also known with the name of Theory of Tuba Tree, a tree, believed to be in heaven in Islamic literature, which have its roots hanging up in the air; and Sir Sati’'s approach is a bottom-up approach and is also known with the name of Theory of Cherry Tree, which have its roots in the soil like a regular tree. Especially the reforms realized at the Darülfünün, which is late Ottoman period higher education institution, indicate that Lord Emrullah's approach was acknowledged and implemented in the late Ottoman period in comparison with Sir Sati’'s approach. When Turkish educational system is considered in general, there always seems to be a concurrency or a simultaneity problem, which is a problem of aligning separate educational levels, namely, Pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten, primary education between 1st and 4th grades, middle school education between 4th and 8th grades, high school education between 9th and 12th grades, higher education, and post-graduate education, in terms of educational objectives, curriculum, inputs, outputs, etc. For instance, when the scope of the educational reforms are limited just to higher education, then it would be difficult to expect students that come from an outdated K-12 system to accord themselves with the new reforms. Going back to the late Ottoman period including the first few years of the Turkish Republic, we see that questions such as 'Why did we fall behind so much?', 'What can we do to better our situation?' were commonly raised. Two educational reform activities are noteworthy during this era. First one is the implementation of a series of an organized planning-programming activities that took place as a result of intense debates on educational reforms in İstanbul during the time when Ottoman had to retreat from Balkan Peninsula suffering from massive casualities. The second activity that is noteworthy to mention is the First Delegation of Scientific Studies helf between 15 July and 15 August 1923 in Ankara during a time, when the newwly established Turkish Republic was facing many other problems domestically and abroad. This study is based on descriptive research and the goal is to introduce a new model for higher education referring to The Tuba Tree Theory after about 100 years once more, adapting it into today’s educational system after a thorough analysis of newly existing paradigms. Amongst issues that are discussed are that why higher education should be given priority today, and the model-based historical background of this priority as well as other new approaches and models in the light of new

Kayseri, Turkey And Islam Perceptions Of The Foreign Students Who Study In Kayseri

İ.Hakan GÖVER, Hasan YAVUZER — 2026-07-16

1. Introduction Searching and acquiring knowledge is a universal effort for the mankind. The search of knowledge which remained in a local/national level due to the limitations of the lack of means of transportation and communication in the past has gained a global qualification owing to the technological advancements in today’s world. Now people, in a world where the physical boundaries disappear, would like to provide knowledge from the educational institutions offering it in a better condition and qualification. Demand for knowledge and the value attributed to knowledge have raised so much that even a new kind of society, called “Information Society”, has been mentioned. Due to this change occurred in the social structure, a significant increase has been observed particulary in the movement of international students in the world tertiary education. This increase has led to a big competititon and important strategical changes among the countries. It can’t be thought that Turkey will get away from this competition seen in the field of educaton. Turkey is in a position that has to take the advantages of its own geostrategical location and review its educational policies since the international students offer significant opportunities in numerous fields for the countries where they study. Here are some of these benefits: making contribution to the national economy with the money they spend, providing intercultural dialog and tolerance within the country due to the differences they have and being a voluntary ambassador for the country where they study due to the sympathy they feel following their graduations. However, a positive country image is needed in the international arena at first in order to be able to attract the foreign students. When considered in this context, investigating the perceptions of the students who come from various countries and study in Turkey and providing feedback to the decision makers are of the utmost importance. 2. The Subject of the Study In this study, Kayseri, Turkey and İslam perceptions of the foreign students who came from different countries and study in the international Mustafa Germirli Anatolian İmam Hatip High School (AIHHS) were examined. 3. The Purpose of the Study The aim of this study is to provide feedback for the decision makers by determining the perceptions of the foreign students on Kayseri, Turkey and Islam so as to strengthen the country’s outer image and maximize student’s satisfactions. 4. The Significance of the Study Learning perceptions of foreign students has a strategical importance in terms of Turkey’s outer image. Due to the importance of this issue, lots of scientific studies have been carried out regarding the foreign students in Turkey. But, the subject of these studies are mainly their adaptation to the Turkish Higher Education Sytem and their difficulties on learning Turkish Language. Also, mostly foreign students came from Turkic Republics have been chosen as a study group in these studies. Whereas our study examined the perceptions of the foreign students attending middle education and our study group included not only Turkic students but also other foreign students coming from different countries. 5. Methodology A survey was used mainly in this study. And in this context, a questionnaire with 57 questions was conducted to 181 students which were selected from 388 male students. The questions in the survey were prepared in a way that measure the perceptions of the students regarding Kayseri, Turkey and İslam. The data obtained from the survey was analyzed after being transferred to a computer media. SPSS 21 for Windows (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software was used for analyzing the data. 6. Results 6.1. Perception of Kayseri According to the data obtained from the survey, a majority of the students feels themselves comfortable in Kayseri and they have adapted Kayseri easily. The students have close relationships with Kayseri

The Attitudes and Opinions of Foreign Language Teachers in Relation to the Use of Materials in their Lessons

Nevide AKPINAR DELLAL, Mukadder SEYHAN YÜCEL — 2026-07-16

The present study aimed to find out the attitudes and opinions of foreign language teachers in relation to the use of materials, the importance and effects of using materials in foreign language teaching, the positive and negative factors that affect the use of material in schools. The participants of the study consist of 65 foreign language teachers from different regions of Turkey. The data were obtained by means of a questionnaire and the findings were evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively to increase the validity of the research. The study revealed that the awareness level of majority of foreign language teachers in the use of material is high and find the use of materials as necessary and important. The vast majority of teachers participated in the study have been working to design materials, but they have been experiencing some difficulties when designing appropriate and creative materials for the level and interest of students because it requires a lot of time and effort and costs a lot to prepare different and creative materials. These difficulties experienced in schools have emerged as an important negative factor in the use of materials. Considering that participating teachers are currently teaching in different regions of Turkey, the Ministry of National Education should identify the problems within the scope of the subject more exhaustively and invest in this field and it is necessary to provide material preparation training at home and abroad.