https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=283 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18043 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18043 Mehmet GÜRLEK 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17909 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17909 Engin YILMAZ Language planning (planning status) have to do in front of the states are basically two options: 1) Assimilationist strategy 2) Official bilingualism / multilingualism strategy. An assimilationist attitude towards minorities is often prohibitive and punitive methods states can use to adopt. In this study, based on archival documents were discussed, and a comparative analysis of practices in the Ottoman Empire. Albanian Ottoman Empire in the historical record of that provision has not been banned. Albanian Arabic letters have been written and spoken. Encountered in the document libraries belonging to the banned Albanian expressions are forbidden for him to be transformed into the Latin alphabet. This prohibition also, in recent times and continue being able to maintain the existence of the Ottoman Empire should be regarded as reflex. Because of the Albanian Arabic alphabet to use the Latin alphabet into advocates the use Christian missionaries. In this way the Ottomans and then been working to undermine. These are the beginning of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, who have their own annex Austria's church came. As a natural religion of the Ottoman Empire, this had to defend itself against the imperial expansion. In addition, the main sticking point between the Albanians, in fact, a "common alphabet" of understanding about. No doubt that the opening of schools in Albanian Albanian-language books in the presence of interference required. As news alphabet documents, and the problem grew steadily between Albanians and international outbreaks, especially foreign missionaries were unfounded propaganda and manipulation deepened 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17774 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17774 Metin AKİS Women have an important place in the life of Turkish society. They show general headlines of atmosphere where they lived in many aspect. We cannot discuss effects of women act and, behavior, wearing etc. as wife and mother. In this study we selected Antep court records as a working field. At the court records, places and changing role of women in economy, social life, house life and, faced social and economic atmosphere were taken hand. This term at the same time nearly beginning of the Great Celali Rebellion, were selected as a subject. As a conclusion, the city of Antep and surroundings lived some problems at the time of just before beginning of The Great Celali Rebellions which we mentioned at the top. Compared to the middle of the 16th century, from the end of the Kanunî period, the woman at the center of Gaziantep city and rural life, where there was an increase in crime. This social unrest has been closely related to the economic and political problems. In parallel with the weakening of informal legitimacy of central control process was followed from the countryside to the city. Which causes rapid population growth and the increase of cutting more of people from rural areas to urban migrants, the city may have a negative impact on their lives. From rural areas for several reasons - the biggest reasons people came to the city Celali Rebellions -, mostly in the city has been forced to adapt to living standards. As women in this environment always took place in a sensitive spot. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17955 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17955 Mehmet ÇEVİK, Özkan DEMİR The emergence of cities and city life in the revival of the socio-economic conditions are effective. Both industrialization and geographical conditions affect the development of the city. Some of the cities in Anatolia was established and developed because of this situation. One of them is Maden District of Elazığ. It’s located in a mountainous region situated in the county of the copper deposits, therefore, the district has gained importance. Copper ore has been processed by the civilizations and the source has been an economic return from earliest times. Started production in 1939 in Maden, Ergani Copper Factory made copper production in the modern ways and the county has lived the most bright periods of Maden’s history. The increase of population in the county, the economic and commercial viability has been possible thanks to the occurrence of the copper factory. In addition, the factory, the modern world's electricity, railways were brought to Maden and even cinema. The heating of houses and guesthouses have been built for workers. Therefore, not only a place of production factory also makes attractive opportunities to live in Maden, has presented to the public. In addition to these factory, has been among the most revenue generating organizations in Turkey and it exceedingly met the Turkey’s copper need. The processed copper at the factory, have been shipped into the country and abroad. As a result of this serious foreign exchange entry is provided to the country. But due to the fact that factory decreased production, social and economical situation of the city has badly influenced. This led to dismissal of workers and decrease of population year by year. In this article of the Ergani Copper factory in Maden district tried to explain the positive and negative effects. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17986 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17986 Ahmet Şamil GÜRER In this study, anti westernization actions and thoughts of an Ottoman scholar who lived during the Tanzimat period have been investigated. In 1869 Sarıyerli Sadık Efendi was sent into exile without court due to criticising actions of the government of period in the mosque where he preached and on the suspicion of being member of the Young Ottomans. Ottoman opposition press of the period and the French newspapers evaluated the event from their own political fronts and supported Sadık Efendi. Sadık Efendi who had a large loyal fan was questioned by Zaptiye Nazırı of the period. And subsequently he was arrested and exiled to Acre with his fans. Since he was punished without court we don’t have any information about the evidences which caused to his exile. Hürriyet, the publishing organ of the Young Ottomans argued that Sadık Efendi incident was the conspiracy of Sheikhulislam Hayrullah Efendi and regarded it as the prevention of freedom of thought. French newspapers regarded this as a sign of a people's revolution in the Ottoman Empire. Our informations are not sufficent to reveal an organizational tie of Sadık Efendi with Young Ottomans. However, It can be said that he was interested in the ideas of Young Ottomans as sympathiser. In his book titled Tanzîr-i Telemak Sadık Efendi defended the ideas that religion and the clergy is the guardian of civilization and western civilization which is devoid of religious foundations will collapse. Otoman Empire will collapse as long as she imitates it. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17899 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17899 Yusuf KILIÇ, Serkan BAŞOL Colours and numbers are the two important phenomenons of human life. Since these two phenomenons address to the feelings and minds of the persons, they are the subjects that have been discussed throughout the history. In order to harmonize these two sides, which in turn means to reach the truth more closely, mankind has attributed a particular value on colors and numbers in doing magic. When magic texts belonging to different cultures are analyzed, it is seen that colors and numbers are the two common points of doing magic. In this study, relationship between colors and numbers in Hittite texts related to magic, and their possible symbolic meanings have been investigated. At this point, it is seen that in Hittite magics, the numbers, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12 were given symbolic values both in the repetitions of ritual practices and in identifying the amount of the materials to be used. Additionally, in Hittite magic practices, colours were also ascribed a number of symbolic meanings based on their cultural and belief perceptions. While some of the colours used in these magic practices were regarded as filthy and evil, others were regarded as the symbol of cleanliness and purity. Within this respect, black is the symbol of evil, filth and sickness, whereas white is the symbol of purity, cleanliness and refinement. Red and blue colours were attributed some features such as keeping disaster or calamity and filth away, breaking the spells, and confining the sickness and evil. Also, the levels of sickness and filth were also describes using colours. Thus, black, green and yellow colours were also used for determining the severity of sickness and filth. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17674 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17674 Özen TOK Kadi registers relating to Ottoman period contain a rich material, especially until the Tanzimat Era. Kadi registers held in situ are of special importance taking place among the first hand references in the research of the military, political, social, and economic history of the place where they belong to. In this context, documents concerning the transactions such as purchase and sales, rent, exchange, surety, power of attorney, pledge with respect to law of property, law of obligations, and commercial code are contained in the registers. Pledge is one of the subject matters which has functioned as one of the ways to collateralize short or long term receivables. Moreover, as it has provided opportunities for immediate credit needs for those who were not in possession of ready cash, it had also been important in the financial field. Practical aspects of the subject in the Ottoman period has been dealt with in the case of Kayseri. Besides this, theoretical aspects have been discussed when the occasion has arisen. Resource of the study consists of the documents, which have been recorded in the kadi registers of Kayseri in mid XVII century, with respect to pledge that has been used as collateral in transactions of receivables and payables. In this connection, movable and immovable properties which are the subject of pledge, the results of the pledge actions, disputes, and conflicts between the parties with respect to pledge have been emphasized. In addition, various problems encountered with respect to debt collection from the succession, for the debt collection sales of the mixed properties which have been the subject matter of the pledge, and some issued experienced in the collection in case of the borrower's death, and pledge application by the monetary foundations on credit transactions, as well as remedies to such problems on legal grounds have been dealt with. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17931 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17931 Zabit ACER Belgium has been founded a constitutional kingdom with all 9 states constitutting Belgium after the declaration of freedom from Holland through revolting against Holland in 1830. The society which constitutes Belgium is not composed of only one nation. Since Belgium is surrounded with Latin and Germen countries is this nation composed of these two nations. The freedom of Belgium has been receognized by Ottoman State in 1837 during the reign of Mahmud the 2nd. The fellowshiop and trade treatments have been signed between two state in 1838, 1840 and 1862 after appointment of Belguim Baron Sullivan to the embassy of İstanbul in the same year. While the political, economical and military relationships between two states have been advancing, the states were visiting each other at the same time. It has been observed that the king of Belgium Leopold the 2nd who was known as Duke De Braban has made some visitations between 1854-1860 for cultural, educational, healt-related reasons and kindness to his relatives. Duke De Braban came to İstanbul in 1860 and in the period in which he stayed in İstanbul he visited almost all the places which have to be seen. Some gifts, presents and medals have been given by these two ally nations to each other on the occasion of that visit of prince which was done in Ramadan. In this context, the aim of this study is to present the reason of the visit of Duke De Braban to İstanbul in 1860, the details of his journay, the wecome ceremonies organized for him at İstanbul, Bursa and Çanakkale, the places he has visited reliying on, mainly, Ottoman Archive documents, the newspapers of that era, his own notes and other sources. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17953 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17953 Mustafa AKKUŞ In Anatolia, besides religious and social clans fighting with Mongols, there were mystical clans who were not showing any opposition against Mongol invasion of Anatolia and moving together with Mongols who were the political and military power of the age. In the invasion of Anatolia, there were also some mystical clans and groups who supported Mongols in idealy and militarily, and also they contributed the invasion by taking part in Mongols ide or claimed the obedience to the Mongol Mongols who invaded Anatolia. On one side while there were some mystical groups as Kalenderies, wishing to spread their ideas and being dominant group by having word on Anatolia, on the other side Mongols were wishing to dominate entirely on the country which they invaded and needed some supporters against the clans resuming themselves. Kalender groups such as Cavlaki, Haydari and Rufais were acting with Mongols, who wanted to be dominant in Anatolia, and they were providing superioty over other religious clans. These clans were playing a major role in collapse of The Anatolian Seljuk State by their attitude fort he invasion. In this study primarily, the existance of Kalender groups in Anatolia will be discussed briefly. Then, in the invasion of Anatolia and during the dominance of Ilkhanids, the relationship of Kalenders with Mongols, the role of them in Mongols’ religious policy, their struggle with the Mongol dissident clans and the effects of their military, administrative and religious contribution to the Mongols in collapse of the Anatolian Seljuk State will be discussed. In addition the reasons of this closeness that exsists between Mongols and Kalenders, the expectations of parts from this alliance and the results and the effects in Anatolia will be examined. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18019 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=18019 Mustafa ALİCAN The Fourth Crusade was organized to take Jerusalem from Muslims. At least, that was the declared purpose. But the Crusades that held in Venice to go to Egypt, changed their direction and went to the capital of Byzantine Empire, Konstantinopolis. This route alteration was occured with the efforts of Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo and it is not only didn’t cause the expeditios’s failure but also resulted the collapse of Byzantium. Crusaders who occupied Konstantinopolis, performed one of history’s most brutal massares and looting. Occupants established a Latin state in Konstantinopolis after the invasion. Baudouin de Flandre who one of the leaders of the invaders crowned as the first ruler of this state. This state’s existence, continued for a period of more than half a century. But although this expedition and invasion has a sharp important for Islamic world and decisive effects on the history of Turks and Muslims in the Middle East in the way of short-term and long-term purposes, hasn’t seen mach interest among Muslims. This Crusade that it is a breakpoint in term of the history Byzantium, Anatolia and Saljuqs, has not been discussed in detail in Arabic sources. On the other hand, our sources give at least some information about occupation. In our study, it will be discussed some reflections of the invasion in the Arabic sources and evaluated the essential character of these reflections. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17795 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17795 Kadir ALPER In our classical literature, the source of inspiration of the works known with the names of gazâvât-nâme, fetih-nâme, zafer-nâme, Selîm-nâme, Süleymân-nâme is mostly Firdevsî’s Şeh-nâme. These works include a lot of literary, historical, sociological, anthropological information. They are accepted as the literary documents since a great deal of them were written by the poets witnessing the era. In our literature history, lots of works which separately analyze the lives of Süleyman The Prophet and Süleyman The Magnificient have been written, and they have been all called Süleymân-nâme. Suleymannames that narrate the Prophet Suleyman are composed with regard to the life of Suleyman in the Kur’an. Those Süleynames narrating Kanuni Sultan Süleyman depict the life of the sultan from his accent to the throne to the end of his life. These two genre were composed much in the period of development of Ottoman state. There ara e few Süleymanname after the death of Kanuni. Those narrating the Prophet Suleyman’s life exist after the 18th century. Süleymannames include a much variety of knowledge because two Süleymans had long-term ruling and a long life. Süleymannames narrating Kanuni is important for Ottoman history, and they should be analysed from the perspective of intertextuality. It is also important to analyse them from literary point of view. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17857 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17857 Ali ALTIKULAÇ, Salih USLU The most common expectation is known about the social studies is to train good citizens. Each state aims to educate the individuals who have adopted their social, cultural and historical features. This condition clearly finds its expression in the education systems' common objectives, in general. The objectives of social studies education was determined in accordance with the basic principles based on our well-established tradition and education system in Turkish Education System. The situation is similar for the Social Studies course. This study was carried out in order to reveal how official identified objectives has been perceived the Social Studies by different elements of the educational process and their expectations in this direction. In the study, it was made a comparison the expectations from social studies course of 40 teachers working in secondary schools, 40 students participating in the course and 40 student's parents. The obtained data in this study which is case study was subjected to content analysis and the obtained findings were evaluated by using systematic comparison. Interview forms were created which are separately prepared to collect data for students, parents and teachers by researchers. Interview forms have been created from open-ended questions to determine the current status and expectations from social studies course of participants. The views and expectations for the Social Studies course of students, parents and teachers show differences. According to the findings, it was observed to be similar parents and students' opinions to each other about benefits of the Social Studies, on the other hand teachers' opinions differs on the issue. Keeping in mind these expectations would be useful while determining content, methods and evaluation criteria of course. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17492 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17492 Ahmet ASKER, Emrah YILDIZ The ashar tax kept its place as the main source of income for the Ottoman Empire for more than 6 centuries. 'Aşar' was the plural form of 'öşr' in Ottoman Turkish. In Arabic, 'öşr' means a 1/10 proportion. The land with Muslim owners were also called 'öşri' land. These Muslim land owners, didn't have to pay a tax for the land they own, but instead, give the 1/10 of their harvest to the state. Although 'öşr' literally means 1/10, for various reasons, it was a common practice to change the proportion.The 'aşar' tax was so important for the Ottoman Empire, considering its economy based primarily on agriculture and stockbreeding but not on any kind of industrialisation. This taxation system, still practiced in the first years of the Republic, was abolished in 17.02.1341 (1925) with the "Law on the repeal of 'aşar' and the replacement of it by the tax 'mahsulat-ı arziye'".In this study, we have tried to bring into relief the historical developpement of Ashar tax and to reveal, in light of the documents in Prime Ministry Ottoman Archive, set of problems and exploitations that came to being at the time of collection of this tax in various cities of Central Anatolia Region, especially in Nigde. This is also important in terms of seeing the effects of this general problem of Ottoman Empire's last periods, that came to be a radical state tradition for 600 years, on local levels. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17964 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17964 Yaşar BEDİRHAN The scientists and ideologuests trained after the Islamisation and Turkizing of the region during the period of Seljuk Empire had immigrated (from Caucaus) to Anatolia during the XII th centureies for different reasons. We see that, the scientific and ideological aspeck of Anatolia had been deeply chanced by these immigrations. Especially the scientists who had settled in the great cities of Anatolia, influenced on the social, cultiral and economical developments of these regions by their Works. Anatolia was taking place in the apex of its age during the periods when these exceptional scientists whose names were written in golden letters in the world science history. The most famous centres of the Muslim Word in the Middle Age, were Anatolia cities as well as Baghdad, Basra, Kufe, Damascus, Anatolia cities. Doctors, scientists, philosophers, sheiks, dervishes and many men of hearts who flooded in from especially Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tabriz, Hoy and etc.. locations, attained an extraordinary place in Anatolian Seljuk Turkey and were held dear by the Seljuk sultans. The scientists and intellectuals who lived in the geography dominated by Turks (lying from big wall of China to plateaus of Anatolia) played an important role in scientific and cultural life of Anatolia. The “Caucasian scientists” who were grown in Caucasia and later came to Anatolia as a golden generation, had great services in establishing scientific communication and cultural continuity between Central Asian Turkishness and Anatolian Turkishness. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17916 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17916 Cemil BÜLBÜL From the most ancient to the present day in many States, have exceeded their limits in pursuit of world domination when it becomes a powerful economic and political aspects. In ancient civilizations, notably including Akkadian and Assyrian, Persian Empire, Alexander the great's Empire and the Roman Empire have taken place within the state adopting the idea of world domination. The first practices of World domination can be seen in the East. Akkad Kings declared that they are the lord of the known world by having titles as “The Great Emperor” and King of the Universe. Afterwards, Assyrian Kings also proceeded with this aim and managed to found one of the first great empires of the Ancient Ages which includes whole Ancient Near East. Alexander the Great was the first leader from the Ancient West who appears with the ideal of being the Master of the World. Previously, Alexander thinking to save the Greek cities of Western Anatolia, who were recovering from Persians, then has managed to establish a universal empire continuing his invasions for the purpose of conquering whole world. Foundations of thoughts, such as, project collection whole worldunder the political unit, world peace and world brotherhood which even today can not be fully grasped were laid by Alexander the Great. These states, which became influential both financially and politically, risked many wars in order to conquer more countries and dominate the whole world, so they went beyond the geography they were in. This idea is available in the States in later historical periods and still. When carrying out these ideas for economic purposes most of the time, and occasionally acted cultural purposes. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17852 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17852 Cihad CİHAN Fuad Köprülü is regarded as the founder of the modern Turkish historiography. His works on the different areas and historical processes considered the Turkish history as a whole, which spread across a wide geography and time and proved this with his publications. He has been a decisive impact on the transition process of Turkish historiography from romantic historiography to rational and scientific historiography ın the period extending from the Ottoman Empire to the Republican period. Köprülü's outstanding feature was his historical methodology, namely how Turkish history should be handled. On this matter he offered a new method for the historical research. The scope and to the depth of his researches, his theoretical contributions on the studies of Turkish history and culture were based on his efforts on the carrying of European science and method into Turkey were the reasons for this understanding. However the main feature distinguishes Köprülü was his noticing the differences in the development of Turkish history and culture and applying a methodology proper to this by taking the scientific principles and understanding of western world. Köprülü on his works on the various fields of Turkish history and culture first considers the contemporary position of the subject and evaluates the national and internationals writings. Then he determines the methodological method by taking account of the different developing process of Turkish history. He tries to find the roots of the subject in the Turkish history then step by step follows the historical contiunity. He determines the external effect factors by comparisions. Finally he exposes the special development by showing it with sources. Many examples can be seen about this methodlogy on his works about the Turkish history and culture. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17779 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17779 Ahmet DENİZ Armenians living under Turkish rule had been scattered on each side of the Turkish States. Armenians under the auspices of the Turkish state had lived fearlessly,in peace and under safety of their lifes,honors and goods, also they had lived completely free in terms of denomination and in the terms of economy they had lived more comfortable than Muslims. Armenians have engaged in commerce and the arts, money lending and jewelry have done and they had used in the jobs that require safety and special services. They had became the head of important institutions such as Darphane and Baruthane and named as “loyal people”. There was a socio-economic stir like as when Ottoman Muslims going to Hadj they leave their goods to their Armenian neighbours.Ottoman Empire had equal treatment to Christian subjects , they had not prefer one to another and had not been each other’s work in. Uncovering,understandig and interpretation of this relationships in the depth of the history have a great importance for present and future. Essentially, this approach is not only unique to us,and it is also a major dilemma for the people living in the Turkish administration. But history is a fact that experienced as a partner in all aspects for all parties. Having knowledge the essence of this fact will make an important contribution to the formation of common history consciousness. The ultimate goal of all humanity is able to live a happy life in peace, healthy. At every stage of history,ideas that imagined were doomed to remain as only good wishes. In studies of general, geographical expansions and a fair management success is seen that come to the fore. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17924 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17924 Ayhan DOĞAN Ceyb-i Hümâyûn was a term to describe Ottoman Sultans’personal treasure which was used for the Sultan’s personal income and expenses. Ceyb-i Hümâyûn is a composite term which was composed of two words, Hümâyûn, all things belonged to the Sultan, and ceyb, pocket; so, Ceyb-i Hümâyûn meant pocket of the Sultan. Ceyb-i Hümâyûnwas a personal treasure where the the Sultan’s income saved for his personal expenses was gathered and each spending was recorded. During the Ottomans, from the Classical era to Tanzimat, all income and expenses of the Sulytan were recorded in Ceyb-i Hümâyûn. Although beginning from the Tanzimat era, some efforts were spenton building a formal system into the Ceyb-i Hümâyûn operations, it almost kept its original form until the end of the Ottamans. In the present study, official records of Ceyb-i Hümâyûn written between 1870 and 1872 were analyzed to understand what Ceyb-i Hümâyûn means for the Ottoman Sultans and its relation with the Ottoman treasury system, to determine income and expenses, and to explore its importance for the Ottoman state and the public’s economical and socio-cultural situation. To accomplish purposes of the study, the researcher organized, transcribed and analyzed 34 Ceyb-i Hümâyûn records dated back to 1870 and 1872 via utilizing the micro history approach and scientific historical methods. The records are catalogued in the Turkish Prime Minister’s State Archives and Topkapi Palace Archive Museum. After the analysis of the Ceyb-i Hümâyûn documents, all income and expenses between 1870 and 1872, and all gifts given to the Sultans were determined. Also, the study revealed the importance of the Ceyb-i Hümâyûn treasure for the Ottoman socio-economic and socio-cultural structure, and the role of the treasure within the reform movements of the state was understood. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17826 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17826 Mustafa GÜÇLÜ The Primary Education Journal was published by the Ministry of Education between 1939 – 1966. The 540 issues of the journal, which continuously served in publication for about 27 years, were published in 31 volumes. The writings and articles of teachers and administrators who served practically in the education system are also included in the journal as well as those of educators who made great contributions to the Turkish education. The journal contains articles and writings concerning different subject areas of pedagogy. Mathematics and science teaching is one of those subject areas. Journals are one of the most important means of the history of education. The studies of the history of education perform significant functions in order to understand better today’s view and practices of education, come up with permanent solutions to problems, and not to repeat the mistakes made in the past.The aim of this study is to carry out an overall evaluation of the Primary Education Journal, in terms of science and mathematics teaching, which was published by the Ministry of Education between1939 – 1966. To this aim, the 540 issues collected into the 31 volumes were examined and the articles which were found to be appropriate for the purpose of the study were analyzed through the descriptive analysis method. For the descriptive analysis, the articles and writings in the journal were first treated by science and mathematics teaching themes. Then the articles and writings were examined and organized within this framework. In the last phase, the organized data were described and when necessary, they were interpreted by supporting them with direct citations. As a result of the study, it is seen that issues such as problems concerning mathematics teaching and solution suggestions, the differences between the new and old view of mathematics teaching, the place and importance of science teaching in primary education, changes in science curricula, experiments in science teaching, the place and importance of observation and practice in science teaching, and the teaching of science in cooperation with other courses are addressed in the article. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17952 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17952 Yavuz HAYKIR, Mehmet ÇEVİK When republic regime was announced in 29 October 1923, in spite of a little opposition, it was welcomed positive by Turkish public. And it was celebrated initially in Ankara and all over the country in a festival atmosphere. This new regime was celebrated in care of the government before the proclamation date of republic was regarded as official festival. With a new law enacted in 1925, proclamation day of Republic regime was recognized as national festival of new Turkish government. Especially Pebuplic Festivity celebrations between 1925 and 1945 were celebrated in great enthusiasm. The government took great pain over these celebrations. In particular between the years 1933-1945 when one-party governance made its authority felt, by the instructions of General Secretary Of Republic Nation Party (CHP), festivity celebrations were carried out in certain plan and program from cities to villages, all over the country. Each province organized celebrations in accordance with the instructions of General Secretary Of Republic Nation Party within the opportunities of province. In this celebrations great importance was given to participation of people and integration between government and public and maintaining revolutions to people was aimed. Besides it was emphasized that Modern Turkiye should move forward with vigorous steps. In this context, the subject of our study is Republic Day celebrations in Elazig in single-party period. Information was given about the content of programs, which programs were carried out and how the Republic Day celebrations were done in Elazig between the years 1933-1945. Obtaining information about public interest and public perception to celebrations in Elazig was aimed. Subject, archive documents, press Elazig between the dates specified in the information and examinations have been examined advantage of the works. The subject was analyzed by utilizing archive documents, information in Elazig press between the dates specified and observation works. However, some of the photos taken during the celebration of the festivity has been placed in this work. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17862 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17862 Ercan KAÇMAZ According to the Oxford Dictionary, mission is a task that is done on behalf of a religious institution, especially a Christian one, which aims to spread the faith of that institution. Mission is also a place that is run by a religious institution. And the missionary is someone who has assumed the purpose of spreading the religious duty. This proclamation duty, which started with Jesus-the Prophet, has continued until today and still continues. The main goal of the person, who is appointed by such a decree, is to spread Christianity. There are many ways and methods to accomplish this task. The first and foremost of these ways and methods is to open educational and training institutions. The purpose of these institutions is to achieve the ultimate goal by educating people who are deprived of education in society. In this context, these institutions have had a great influence on the political, social, cultural and economic change and development of Ottoman Turkey. When viewed from this perspective, it appears that these institutions are the most important means of missionary activities. It is known that missionary schools, which were opened in this land and the number of which exceeded a thousand, have a large share even in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In this study we are going to indicate how the missionary activities have started and developed while at the same time we are going to focus on two educational institutions which still continue their education and have trained many famous businessmen, politicians, authors, and teachers. The first of these institutions is Robert College, which was officially founded in 1863, and Cyrus Hamlin is the person who was most influential in the establishment of the college. The other one is the American College for Girls. Although Cyrus Hamlin was effective in the establishment of this college, actual development was during Mary Mills Patrick’s presidency. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17969 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17969 Yakup KARATAŞ Ottoman State that had commited to realize the necessary improvements in Rumelia with The Treaty of Berlin in 1878, had tried to increase the social wealth by The Rumelia Inspectorate which had constituted in the region. Blood Commissions those had consisted of confidential and well known members had reached to very well results on the peace way under the authority of the Inspectorate. Remarkable tendencies had occured by the public on reconciliation by considering the local values and the Commisions had been insufficient to answer all demands on peace. Altough some improprieties the tenure of commissions had occasionally been postponed and lots of cases had been concluded by peace. In this study conflict resolution policies of Ottoman State in Rumelia in the late 19th and the early 20th century has been handled. It has been focused on some processes such as removing the controversies between the defendants and claimants, providing the rights to owners and establishing the social and jurisdical regulation in the region where blood feuds were mostly seen. Transformation of peace policies has been also investigated in constitutional period after 1908. Rules of Dukakin and Peace Commisions those can be accepted as an elements of peace process have been analysed under the light of archive documents. Thus exposing the peace constructing policies of state has been aimed by considering the official Ottoman records and chronology. With this purpose applications for resolving the conflicts of different regions and dates have been evaluated by regarding the records of Rumelia Inspectorate and some other cathalogs of Ottoman Archives. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17854 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17854 Abdulaziz KARDAŞ The community centers were institutions which play an important role in the establishment of the Republican ideology, the reforms realized in acceptance by sections of the society at large and delivering the desired level in the country’s socio-cultural areas. In the establishment of Community Centers, the Republican ideology, and in the 1930s the political, economic, cultural and social development has been effective. With these developments, because of affected by public education practices in several European countries, in 19 February 1932 at 14 centers, community centers were opened and a rapid organization were realized in all over the country. In this context, the center of Siirt and its townships, community centers opened and then in order to reach their works to wider public sectors and ensure public integration, community rooms were opened in townships and villages such as Bashir, Shirvan, Eruh, Kurtalan (Garzan), Pervari, Baykan, Sason, Kozluk, Tillo. These institutions have made efforts to spread the revolution made during the period of the Republic to all parts of the provinces and the public to adopt them. Because of the ongoing Second World War Siirt Community Center, has planned its studies according to the conditions of the war and organized conferences for the protection of the public against possible enemy attack. Community Center established courses and gave conferences related to farming, beekeeping and animal husbandry to the people who conduct these activities as a source of livelihood in the region. In addition, have organized conferences about the struggle with the disease to maintain healthy ways of life and preventing trachoma. At the same time, Siirt Community centers and community rooms protected cultural and historical heritage of Siirt and made important activities in accordance with their protection. These institutions had played an important role in providing “national unity” in the region by the studies on language, history and folklore all around Siirt. But the Community Centers have faced oppositions through its ties with Republican People’s Party in the multi-party period. For this reason, the Community Centers were closed after the Democratic Party came to power. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17858 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17858 Oktay KIZILKAYA The Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war against Serbia on July 28, 1914 after a Serbian nationalist killed the Crown Prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in June 1914. This war soon extended to a wide area by the inclusion of Germany, Russia, England, France, the Ottoman Empire etc. On November 11, 1914, the Ottoman Empire officially engaged in the war on the side of the Central Powers led by Germany. Soon, the Ottoman Empire had to fight in multiple fronts. One of those fronts was the Caucasian Front, and its administration center was in the province of Erzurum. The province of Erzurum, where Turks and Armenians lived together, was neighboring Russia. The Armenians had embraced nationalism as one of the movements of thought arising from the French Revolution. They used this idea to establish an independent Armenia in the eastern Anatolia. For this purpose, they established societies like the Dashnak and the Hunchak and steadily carried out political, cultural and military activities. One of the Armenians’ focal place of activity was the Province of Erzurum. They had chosen this province as their center. Majority of the Armenians who were clerks or tradesmen in the province had participated in the associations. The Turks and Muslims who were the majority population in the province were anxious about such activities of the Armenians. Although they showed reactions against such acts of the Armenians, consulates of European states in Erzurum intervened and prevent such reactions from growing. After the war began, the pro-Russian and pro-Allies attitude of the Armenians became manifest and their arm attacks and slaughters were witnessed in all sides of the province. This study examines the social, economic and military difficulties experienced in the Province of Erzurum immediately before the start of the First World War and during one year following it. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17954 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17954 Abdullah ÖZDAĞ In the 18th century, significiant reforms were made in many areas with the Industrial Revolution in Europe. In addition, the need for mining gradually increased with the increase of industrialization in the 19th century. The Ottoman Empire, which followed all the developments closely and went into the effort of modernization, began to use the rich mining basins in the military and civilian industry much more in the 19th century than in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, the Ottoman Empire- which had rich mining basins- couldn’t use the modern techniques for the extract and transportation of mines enough as Europeans did. Thus, this study provides a brief history of copper mining in Anatolia, and determines the situation of the Ottoman Empire in the mining area with the sample of Tokat smelter which was the center of a copper industry. This study also deals with the importance of copper ore processed in Tokat smelter, and mentions the difficulties in transporting of the copper ore from Ergani to Tokat with non-modern methods and then transporting to Istanbul through Samsun Port after being processed. Besides, it focuses on the mining sector which didn’t have a large contribution to the Ottoman economy and on the role of the public in extracting and transporting of mines. We have difficulty in getting data in this field because of not being enough academic work about both Ottoman mining and Tokat coppersmith. Certainly the mining area, which requires a more in-depth study, will give information about how the industry works especially in the Ottoman Empire. Finally, the current state of Tokat smelter between 1850-1870 is stated in the light of archival documents with the second-hand sources. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17947 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17947 Murat ÖZTÜRK White-Huns (Epthalits), named as Hayât-Helit(Eftalit) in the texts of Persian historian Mithrond, in Chinese sources Yee-Tai, an interesting way for us by Byzantine historians White Huns (Ak-Hun), moved westward in the second half of Vth century A.D. and have expanded their dominance in this direction. Hepthalits conqured all Yue-chi region and east of Persian Empire between 436 and 451, after 455 struggled for getting in through India. In these years nearly all of India was under the domination of Indian Gupta Empire. Although they had been pushed back during the period of Emperor Skandagupta, Epthalits conqured north regions of India. During the period of Mihirakula, had throne between 502-530, and his son Gandara, considerable part of India even Kashmir was conqured. During these conquests, Epthalits took aim at Buddhist temples. Mihirakula emphasized that Buddhism was the greatest threat for his country. Therefore Buddhist temples became the main target of Epthalits. While Indian country’s wealth attracted Epthalits, Indians’ religion Buddhism became a great threat for them. Despite of all preventions, a part of Epthalit people choosed Buddhism. Epthalits (White Huns) removed steppe culture with this choice of religion also moved out of being a Hun and there had been no difference between Indians and them. Epthalits, moved India because of Gupta Empire’s wealth, choosed Buddhism crowd of people after a while despite of some cautios leaders considered the risk. And when Gokturk attackas, being too far away from homeland and great Indian population are added to this choice, Hepthalits were assimilated in India and they were disappered from history scene. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17856 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17856 Muhammed SARI, Hatice GEDİK This research study aims to display the opinions about the dilemma between the use of Latin or Arabic alphabet in Turkey. The problem about the approval of the replacement of Latin alphabet or existing problems about the use of Arabic letters in Turkey were always in question starting from and onwards Tanzimat period. At this point, we see two different perspectives. First one was to continue the use of Arabic alphabet; the other was replacement of Arabic letter with Latin alphabet. Yet, both parts commonly agreed on the problem of the difficulty about learning the existing alphabet in use by then. Therefore, even the ones who supported to maintain the use of Arabic Alphabet had the opinion of a modification process. Opposite view endorsed the replacement with the Latin Alphabet instead of the modification. Those who were against changing the culture of the letters it would cause a degradation while advocating the cause of backwardness in education, which showed favorable. Finally, two different opinions on the core issues of the conflict area have formed this. This problem has attracted the attention of the press for a long time. Intellectuals, then, put forward their ideas on the issue particularly by publishing their views in the press. Such discussions that emerged in the Tanzimat period had been accelarated during the second part of Constitutional period. They lost their pace during the World War I. Yet, after winning the indepence war, the issue was put into the agenda, and finally, Latin Alphabet was approved on November 1, 1928. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17903 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17903 Cemile TEKİN Apart from other Balkan nations, when the Ottoman Empire conquered Bosnia, Bosnians were Bogomil. As the moral views matched quite suitability with Turks, they became Muslims in a very short time. This historical change was a milestone for Bosnians. Because they revised their living conditions according to the Islamic norms. Bosnian Muslims, apart from Christians, adopted some of the customs from Turks that were prosecuted in order to harmonize the society that were suggested by Hz. Muhammed known by all the Muslims .One of them was that during the hegira in Medina, Hz.Muhammed declared Ensar and Muharicini as brothers which is called Muahat. The second one was Baciyan-ı Rum that became common during the establishment of the Ottoman Empire which provided the Turkish women organize in the conquered areas.“Sevdaluk” which was found among the Bosnian Muslim women being inspired from the history of Islam and Turks considered as a continuation of Muahat and Baciyan-I Rum from the previous century. The meaning of this word which passed from Turkish into Bosnian was love and affection. There were some reasons constituting “Sevdaluk”. These were; providing the children’s education in a well-conditioned occasion, borrowing money for constructing houses, helping each other in agricultural activities, embracing the Muslim orphans left behind the war. The elder women of two different families who were living in the same village or neighborhood were making the “Sevdaluk” partnership with a ceremony. After that ceremony, all the male and female members of those families began to see each other as relatives; give support morally and materially even in trouble. After setting up “Sevdaluk”, the families never have any problems. Those were like relatives and act together in their education. Also, the relationships between the children were always brotherly. The young of “Sevdaluk” families didn’t get married supposing that they have a blood relation between the two. The “sevdaluk” custom, made the bounds stronger between Bosnian Muslims and so had an important contribution in becoming a community. At the base of today’s Bosnia- Herzegovina the effects of Sevdaluk custom which was found by women cannot be ignored. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17918 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17918 Halil TEKİNER, Afife MAT Since ancient times, theriacs have been among the most popular remedies due to their complex and mysterious preparation as well as their purported magical properties. In Turkey, this kind of remedy is still in use due to its attributed aphrodisiac effects. This is particularly the case for mesir macunu (mesir paste), better known as electuary of sultans, which is distributed to the public during the festivals celebrated on the first day of spring called nevruz (literally, ‘new day’). We find this word in the term nevruziye, another sort of paste that was developed for the use of the sultan and his entourage. The Turkish words tiryak, macun, and nevruziye appear in many literary texts including novels, poems, and travel writings. One of the earliest examples of the word tiryak appears in the 13th century, in the works of the Turkish poet and humanist Yunus Emre (1241–1321). In the 17th century, in his famous Seyahatname, the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682), attributed over one hundred healing properties to theriacs with a possible exaggeration. Today, some Turkish writers like Elif Şafak (1971–) remember these panaceas and use its formulae to adorn their writings. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17802 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17802 Suzan ÜNAL Women’s struggle for equal rights with men has a long process of evolution. The role of women in political and social life was restricted and controlled until the 20th century. Women’s achieving the right to enter public life was valued by the community only as the natural extension of the development of the concepts of democracy, human rights, and equality. Turkish women got equal rights with men had before Islam. In the Ottoman Empire, especially until the Tanzimat period, the strict interpretation of Islamic rules prevented women from using these rights. Turkish women started to show an interest in politics during the late Ottoman years, especially during the Second Constitutional Era, but this interest was not yet in the form of gaining political rights. During this period, the aim of the women’s movement was to bring women into social and economic life. To achieve this, women established constitutional organizations. In the Second Constitutional Era, Ottoman women gained the attention of the press and claimed their political rights. But there were many obstacles in front of the women’s movement, such as the traditional and patriarchal structure of society. During this period, no large-scale change was achieved in the status of women. However, this period marked the beginnings of change. The Republican Era saw a significant change in the destiny of Turkish women. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Republican intellectuals showed respect for women’s rights, and radical reforms were made. Social and economic rights were given to Turkish women by civil law in 1926. Until the 1930s there were no attempts to change women’s political rights. Political rights were given to women from the 1930s onwards. Ataturk recognised women’s political rights, and as a first step, politicians gave women to right of elect and to be elected in municipal elections. In 1933, women possessed the right to elect and to be elected as mukhtar and board of oldermen elections. And on 5th December 1934, women succeeded in participating in parliamentary elections. This marked the culmination of an important stage of democracy. Women used their right to elect and to be elected for the first time in the 1935 elections, in which 17 deputies were elected in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. After Turkish women gained political rights, Turkey, with its high proportion of female deputies, was one of the top countries in this respect. But in the following years, a dramatic turndown was seen in the political status of Turkish women. The ratio of female to male deputies achieved in 1935 was only repeated in the 2007 elections, and today, the number of women participating in parliament in Turkey remains below the world average. Furthermore, Turkey ranks below some underdeveloped countries which granted their women political rights much later than in our country. It is true that Turkish women gained political rights under the leadership of Ataturk in the early Republican years, ahead of many developed countries. In Turkey, many intellectuals have claimed that Turkish women earned these political rights without any particular effort. But in doing so, they do not give credit to women’s attempts which started the Second Constitutional Era and continued in the Republican years. Women also tried to take the political initiative in elections before 1935, during the Republican era. However, early Republican politicians believed that women were inadequate and not ready for such changes, so they recommended that women wait until they were ready. Furthermore, there was no real environment for constituting political organizations, except for a political party known as the CHF, which came into power. Turkish women did not organize themselves and struggle to take political rights like women which lived in Western countries. However, given the circumstances mentioned, this behaviour is accepted as normal. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17851 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17851 Vehbi Emre YILDIRIM Prime Minister İsmet İnönü in his trip to Soviet Russia has seen the industrialization of the Soviet Union and implemented by the state of industrialization, a similar project in Turkey has taken action to implement. In 1925, the private industrial sector and its related industries of credit and financing institutions to solve the problem of Industry and Mines Bank was established. But the bank, due to the scarcity of capital outside its affiliates may not be supported by private industry sector has not fulfilled the task given to him by law. Need to solve this problem as well as Soviet Russia from a trip to the experience gained with the state's industrialization process in order to address Industries and Mines Bank lifted 3 instead of July 1932 State Industrial Office and July 14 in 1932, Turkey Industrial Credit Bank was established. However, Turkey Industrial Credit Bank, Industrial Encouragement Law and the private industrial sector and the freedom given to the importation of machinery and equipment machinery and equipment import their business by removing tax concessions are given to the bank's responsibility. Private industrial sector react to this situation with the government have attempted. Heavy statist policies of the government just did not prevent the private industry sectors investments but also İs Bank’s paper factory investment in Izmit had been blocked. Thereupon, demanding the resignation of the Minister of Economics of Atatürk and the like instead of the private industrial sector, general manager of Bank of Celal Bayar, has been the Minister of Economics. New Economics Minister in accordance with the demands of the private sector as well as the country's industrialization policy to be followed in Economics from the Assembly to determine Scholars want to do a review. On top of that council prepared in 1933 " How can Industry Establish and evolve in Turkey” Report to the Minister of Economics offers. After this report, and decided to establish Sumerbank. Sumerbank law is referred to the parliament. Sumerbank lived predecessor banks finance problem is set up with a strong capital to live. Thus, the flagship activity of statist practices begin. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17845 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17845 Ahmet YÜKSEL The “Live Long My Sultan” phrase one of the most heard claps in the official or civil ceremonies from the establishment years of the Ottoman Empire. This clap, had maintained its entity until the end of the 19th century without encounter any opposition. But and especially after the French Revolution started to rise dissident voices against that clap anymore. Besides this situation is not effective for only the Ottoman Empire. Particularly in the states managed with the monarchist system and had multinational structure as the Ottomans ascended dissident voices like “Hurray Independent” or “Hurray Independents of Nations” more strongly. Both the efforts of the monarchist administrators to suppress those voices did not more conclusion and the efforts caused the events to turn into the inextricable state. This mentioned rivalry or tussle maintained until the collapsing of the empires or having the supremacy of the dissident voices against their rivals. In this study shaped in the light of documents obtained from Ottoman Archives of Prime Ministry, some information related to the echoes of the words or sounds at the end of the Ottoman period or to the struggle of sounds to suppress one another has been provided. These words or sounds began with the wording “Live Long My Sultan”, the product of a long tradition in the Ottoman Empire, and with the idiom “Hooray!” beginning to rise after the French Revolution and finally turning into a symbol of independence for all nations when it came to the Abdulhamid II period and going on with the phrases like freedom and constitutional monarchy that threaten the existence of empires and monarchist rulers or with the names of related nations. 2026-07-16