https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=280 Turkish Studies - International en 2024-08-29 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17814 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17814 Mehmet KÖÇER 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17702 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17702 Sibel AKGÜN Ottoman state, new regulations on the population proportions along with the Orthodox Cypriots an Muslim Cypriot community in Cyprus, who were living as millet, has found them in an unusual position when the Ottoman Empire decided to lease the island of Cyprus to Great Britain in 1878. Even though the legal sovereignty of the island was under the control of the d the political/ administrative alterations conducted by the British authority have caused reactions in the Muslim Cypriot community. Cypriot Muslim community leadership has applied to the British governance and to the Ottoman Empire for necessary regulations after this, and they never refrained to do the same in many periods and occasions when needed. As the Cypriot Muslim community leadership has considered the British authority temporary, they continued to remain committed and loyal to the Ottoman identity until First World War, as the increasing pressure and fear from Enosis also accelerated the tension. When the Ottoman Empire entered into First World War and when the island was annexed by the British on November 5, 1914; Cypriot Muslim community leadership had to accept the current situation. Even after the annexation by Great Britain in 1914, the commitment and loyalty to the Ottoman identity was shattered due to the negative situation Ottoman Empire was in, this did not reflect openly to the external world until the end of First World War. Besides, there was the existence of active groups in the Muslim community who followed the changes occurred within the Ottoman geography and wanted to apply those in Cyprus. But, this has an importance which is to be subject to other studies. This article will evaluate and analyze the relation of the Cypriot Muslim community leadership with the Ottoman Empire and the formation of those relations during the first period of the British authority. Article will try to evaluate and emphasize the relations between Muslim Cypriot leadership with the Ottoman Empire, factors that caused these relations, and the general and special situations which caused the existence of these factors. During the evaluation, only the relation types of Muslim Cypriot intellectuals with a formal identity (Mufti- Kavanin Assembly member-Pious Member etc.) will be considered. Process and actor analysis will be used and the comments will be conducted by descriptive-analytical history method. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17669 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17669 Bülent AKKAYA Ottoman State, December 23, 1876 with the proclamation of the Constitution has passed a constitutional governance. The first Constitutional Monarchy, which started with the proclamation of the Constitution of 1876. The first term of member of the parliament was continued from March 20, 1876 to June 28, 1877. II. Abdülhamit closed the parliament on the pretex of Ottoman-Russian War. II. Abdülhamit reput the constitution in in July 23, 1908, through democratic rights and aspirations of the Ottoman intellectuals and so Parliament were re-opened and was declared constitutional period started. The member of parliement of the second period of disintegration of the Ottoman Empire tried to stop the national state of the debate on the path to democracy and our culture begins to occur where there has been a period. The elections of the Ottoman Parliment in 1912, the first elections were in our history as an early general election. These elections were made during Tripoli war, with internal and external effects. This election was named “sticks and choice of beating” in history. The elections of the Fifth Ottaman Parliment had done in Kayseri in 1912. About the elections of the parliements of Kayseri written at the Erciyes newspaper which is started to be published weekly on 16 August, 1910, especially its from 14th to 18th volumes. Kayserians showed great interest in the elections. Candidates were informed to the delagates. While the delegates vote that has been entrusted to them were asked to be very careful about giving out votes. In this article, it is stated the largely Otoman State, specially Kayserians in particular in view of the election Kayserians expectations reflected in how it was demonstrated in Erciyes newspaper. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17564 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17564 Ercan ALKAYA Tatat turks started to converting to Islam in the beginning of 10th century. In 922, Almas Silke Han, the khan of Idil-Bulgarian State, officially converted to Islam and the commitee sent by Cafer el-Muktedir, the khalif came from Baghdat, conveyed the rules of Islam to the public. Islam was accepted as official religion in other khanates such as Noghai, Sibir and Astrahan. In Siberia, the procces of converting into Islam was later in the second half of the 14th centrury with the help of the members of Asian Naqshibandi tariqa. Kazan Tatars played a significant role in the spread of Islam in Siberia. In 1563, Şeybani Küçüm Han from Siberia Khanate invited religious functioanries from Kazan Khanate and enabled the spread of Islam. Western Siberia with a population of around 300.000 Muslim Siberian tatar Turks since 14th century has become one of the leading places where Islam has been practiced in the best way and where Islamic traditions has been adapted in a most appropriate way. But after the invasion of Kazan Khanetes in 1552, evangelisation policy was adopted toward Muslim Tatars, following this in 1556, Russian diffusion a harsh religious pressure reigned after the collapse of Siberia Khanate. Evangelisated Tatars was named ‘Kreşin Tatars’ with the meaning of ‘christened’. In this article, the Russian efforts to evangelsation of the Muslim Tatar Turks, especially in Siberia has been studied and within this framework, the brutuality practiced with this aim has been demonstrated. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17608 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17608 Aslı ARSLAN The Republic period, beginning with leader of the Independence war Mustafa Kemal has embrared many changes and challenges. This period is also known as early republican period. Major problems in many areas contained and political economic and social requeriments to be solved. During this period, experienced one of the biggest social problem, because of various reasons was migration and other settlement activities had been made. The Ottoman Empire, especially the Balkan wars lost in the land of Anatolia to set out for both political and social reasons between Greece and Turkey based contracts on Greece, Anatolia from the Anatolian territory on the peace and on the unnecessary for other reasons for example great masse migration events intensive live as war. Turkish presence in Romania is based on the previous century . In Romania, where most of the Turkish population density is the Dobrogea region . Be efficient so that the charm of agricultural land in this region, since before the Turkish tribes settled , the region has become almost a Turkish homeland . After its independence,Romania that taking this land from the Ottoman Empire adding its borders , to protect and strengthen national identity , as well as various policies to revive the economy , pursued . The Turks in Romania lived with good relations and constitutional rights than the other Balkan countries after Balkan Wars and the First World War, the Turks who are Romania's minority , continued their life without harming the country's unity and integrity, but still changing boundaries and with conditions , Turks were forced to migrate from this region . In this article, Turks who is in Romania’s borders , immigrated to Turkey and the placement of these immigrants that coming to Turkey will be subject in Atatürk era. Migration itself, need to be addressed , it is a matter of importance , but can also be placed after the migration of immigrants is just as important . Indeed, Turkey has provided an important test in this regard . Tens of thousands of people taking to the site to increase its population as well as to revive the economy and housing policy was an immigrant behalf. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17678 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17678 Kadir ARSLANBOĞA Gazi Husrev Bey served as the governor of the sanjak in Bosnia for seventeen years in the 16th century and was a commander achieving great success in the conquests of Ottoman in Balkans. Apart from his political and military successes, he constructed a self-titled mosque in Bosnia in 1531. Then, the constructed hospice, madrasa, hankah lodges, zawiyah, school, caravansary, double bath, bazaar, inn, library, hospital and timing room through both endowments and foundation managers; and it became a social complex. In addition to these establishments, he founded the most voluminous financial foundation of Bosnia. Gazi Husrev Bey was titled as the second founder of Bosnia with the establishments he redounded to Bosnia through the foundation he founded. In this study, the accounting balance sheets covering 5 years that are 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038 of the Hijri / Gregorian: 1624/25, 1625/26, 1626/27, 1627/28, 1628/29 recorded in the blotter of Gazi Husrev Bey Foundation numbered 1576 in the catalogue of Topkapi Palace Museum Archives in Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives were discussed. Through balance sheets, income and expenses of the foundation were examined in detail. The debt and remnant statuses of the foundation were revealed in the blotter by 1628/1629 balance sheet. Heretofore, in cadastral record books and in other studies, the income and expenses of the foundation were compared to the income and expenses in the balance sheets. In addition to balance sheets, income resources of the foundation, personnel list and transcript of the balance sheets were enclosed to the study by benefiting from the foundation certificate-charter in the blotter of Gazi Husrev Bey Foundation numbered 6974 in the catalogue of Topkapi Palace Museum Archives in Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17776 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17776 Mehmet Korkud AYDIN After the decleration of Ankara as new capital city, Ataturk has started his journeys to different cities in order to observe the results of new reforms which have been done in political, social, economical and cultural areas. His long journeys were not only regarding to investigation and opening of new structures. His journeys were started in 17th of October in 1922, and ended in 20-24 May in 1938 with the Journey to Adana and Mersin. These country journeys were comprehensive, well planned and organised. Ministers, bureaucrats and high rank officials were also attanding to the trips. They were prepared reports about the problems and expectations of the public. After returned to Ankara, it was tried to solve the problems that had been observed. Ataturk’s Amasya trips can also be eveluated in this context. First time, during the National struggle he came to Amasya. “Amasya Deceleration” which was the roadmap of Turkish revolution has been prepared and written in Amasya in 20-21 June, 1919. He also saw the representative of Istanbul Government Salih Pasha in Amasya in 20-22 October, 1919, and then they signed Amasya Protocol. His first trip to Amasya in the Country journey context was in 1924. Beceause of the eartquake happened in Erzurum when he was in Trabzon, he decided to travel to there using the route Samsun-Amasya-Tokat-Sivas-Erzincan and Erzurum. For this purpose, he came to Amasya via Samsun in 24 September, 1924. Fourth trip has happened in 18 September, 1928. After the announcement of alphabet reform, he came to Amasya in order to promote and intoroduce the new alphabet. The fifth visit to Amasya was in 22 November 1930, in order to open the new railway line which reached to Amasya. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17775 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17775 Mesut AYDIN There were no political parties during the time of the foundation of the Turkish Parliament (Grand National Assembly of Turkey). Instead, Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti (The Union for the Defence of Law in Anatolia and Rumelia) was efficient. At the beginning, there was total agreement among the representatives. But in time, difficulties arose in procuring and organising cooperative work. Votes were scattered even in simplest matters. The Parliament, thus, turned inactive in a time of great burdens. To solve the problem, in the mid-1920s, some political groups were founded. These groups began to surface after Mustafa Kemal publicised his agenda of Populism on 13th September 1920. These groups were Tesanüt (Solidarity) Group, İstiklâl (Freedom) Group, Müdafaa-i Hukuk (Defenders of Law) Society, Halk (People’s) Society, Islahat (Reformation) Group etc. Apart from them, there were also some nameless minor groups founded for special purposes. Recognising the impossibility of moving on by uniting or supoorting the groups at hand, Mustafa Kemal started to work on the foundation of a new group to establish unity and solidarity within the Parliament. After negotiating with the reformist members of the Parliament in groups in the presidency residence, Mustafa Kemal decided to form a stately political group with the name of Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Group (The Defence of Law in Anatolia and Rumelia Group). Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Group (The Defence of Law in Anatolia and Rumelia Group) was establihed on 10th May 1921. Also known as the First Group, the Defence of Law Group held its firts meeting at the Conference Hall of the Teachers’ School (Erkek Öğretmen Okulu) in the presence of its 133 members. Mustafa Kemal was elected the president of the group. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17590 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17590 Yahya BAŞKAN Tamerlane defeated Ottoman Sultan Yıldırım Beyazıt in 1402 in the savanna of Çubuk, Ankara. And after put all the territories of Ottoman Empire under his domination. He gave back their territories to Turkmen Beyliks like Karamanoglu, Germiyanoglu and Aydınoglu which were terminated by Ottomans and helped them to recreate their beyliks. Tamerlane made an expedition to dispense negative reactions as he had defeated Ottoman Sultan Beyazıd who was known as Conqueror and Veteran and put the ottoman in a difficult position. This place was İzmir which was the only territory under the control of non-Muslims in Anatolia and was controlled by Rhodes nights. In the same time İzmir was only city surrounded and wasn’t conquered by Beyazıt. Tamerlane conquered the city and banished the nights (December 1402- January 1403). Tamerlane who took over the city from the Christian nights tried to restitute his negative image as he made a war against a state who is veteran and also a Muslim. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17240 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17240 Abdullah BAY In the classical period of Ottoman state, children in need of protection, was protected by vaqfs and social organizations. But this protection mainly based on family, placing a social policy has been applied. That foster children aplication was defined as the basic social institutions. In the Ottoman State, the foster child application implemented for children in need of protection is seperated from modern applications by the way of being a temporary placement, not having inheritance rights and paternity. Because of all these reasons, that application was a different from modern foster children application, it is a foster family application. In Ottoman State, the legal status of foster children was regulated by Shariah and the leading application had progressed the only alternative application until Tanzimat Era. Starting with the Tanzimat period of institutionalization are still determined on the basis of these principles. The application of foster family was implemented with the Qadi's permission and supervision until the Civil Code. In this study, the application of foster child policies will be examined with the instances. With the acceptance of the Civil Code, a new marriage ban, paternity and foster children application was implemented. The new system is based on European law by the impact of various reasons for its limited acceptance in society, the state attached importance to institutional application. For the foster children in need of protection in the Ottoman society, the legal status of the institution evaluated with history as it is in the process will be examined in the life of society. In this study; the legal status of Foster children application in Ottoman society will be evaluated and the importance of the process in history and society will be examined. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17576 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17576 Yaşar BEDİRHAN The region which was open to settlement of Turks since Scythians was quite important for Seljuk Turks. Before and after conquest of Seljuk Turk, none of the states which develop policies for the region whether Turk-or not- have been as conscious and planned as Seljuk Sultans. Because part of these states regarded these lands wither as a commercial zone and strived for making use of commercial activity of the region-like Muslim Arabs-or used the region as a shield, a buffer zone against external threats-like Iran and Byzantine. However Caucasian region has been quite different for Seljuks. Therefore, Caucasian policy of Seljuk State and Seljuk Sultans are totally different. Together with Dandanakan War, after Seljuk State made itself accepted in political arena, and started to assume dominance in political destiny of Asia Minor, in other words right after they arrived Asia Minor as a savior army, they quit irregular marches and given opportunity to direct towards West in more organized way. In the congress which was organized right after foundation of government, Tugrul Bey took the responsibility of organizing activities about the West as a matter of basic policy of new state. The main destination of Tugrul and Cagrı Bey who founded Seljuk State was the West. They had to obviate two great obstacles in order to enable political dominance in both Asia Minor and Caucasia. One of them is Şii Fatimids who are the greatest enemy of Sunni belief, the other is Byzantine Empire, the only enemy of Islam. Caucasia was the key point in the struggle against Byzantine. Seljuk Sultans knew well that as long as they had dominance in Caucasia, they would put Byzantine under pressure. Seljuk princes and notables of the state who are sent for the conquest of Caucasia knew that Caucasia which is the outpost of Byzantine an in a way the entrance of Anatolia should be invaded. Basic policy of Tugrul Bey who is the architecture of policy of Seljuk State for Caucasians and pointed out to subsequent Sultans was to support Muslim local rulers who sustain their existence in the region. Thereby Seljuk Sultanate whose political entity was registered by caliph would take local beylik of region under dominance and strengthen religious and political existence in Asia Minor. We can say that, in XI. and XII. centuries when Seljuk domination is effective, the region became open to influence of outer world like Islamic world in political, social, economic and cultural sense. Important changes occurred in political, social, religious and cultural aspects. Political negations which existed before the region fell under Turk Islam dominations were removed, political stability was provided by enabling unity and integrity of region. After enabling political and religious unity and stability, social welfare of society increased, in this way important developments were enabled in scientific and cultural aspects. Establishment of madrassahs, bringing up great scholars and sufi made it easy for Caucasians and Anatolia to become Turk and Islamic. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17561 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17561 Shota BEKADZE After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a great attention was given to the study of the history, ethnography, language and culture of the deported nations within the scope of United Nations. After the end of the World War II on November 14, 1944, the deported Muslim nations known as Ahiska or Meskhetian Turks were exiled to the central Asia and Kazakhstan by the brutal Soviet Union regime from the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia and they got attention within the scope of United Nations. The name of Ahiska nation was not even mentioned until the collapse of the Soviet Union and there are so many articles written about them, but there isn’t any article based on Ottoman’s State Recordings. In this article we analysed and evaluated the socio-economic structure and onomastics of Ahiska Sanjak of Ude region according the Ottoman State Recordings dated 1595 that was named “Defter-i Mufassal Vilayet-i Gürcistan’’. After giving information about the administration 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17455 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17455 Haktan BİRSEL The missionary, for Christian Catholic world has been significant for each period. Therefore, even in the most difficult conditions in the illegal way, the tried to execute is entered in the 16th century the territory of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the magnificent to the Catholic communities in France by the patron has been given exclusivity. This has started to gain a concession with the missionary enterprise structure. From this period, including the missionary expansion policies, the territory of the Ottoman Empire in İstanbul's central Levant mission with tasks to be executed. The minority policy of the Ottoman Empire, people of different religions and cultural groups and their culture system of continuing in the direction of tolerance. In this way, the missionaries go forrward to move. In addition, the Catholic communities everywhere to build solidarity find it. In this respect, the wide missionary activities carried out in the Levant, the basic principles of Western imperialism to future periods is a very critical in terms of importance. In this regard, it is very important to them to İstanbul and the missionaries here organisations. In this context, the missionaries came to İstanbul, where settlements and a Jesuit priest, valuable information about the initializations, Levantmisyonunu-author father Piolet by the written and recorded all kinds of developments occurring in the periodic. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17773 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17773 Salim CÖHCE Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is one of the most extraordinary persons that the history has ever witnessed. The first things that come to mind about him are his military skill, the man of reformations, his far-sightedness, and his being a statesman. However, along with these features given above, the things that he give importance to in his life as an ordinary person give some clues about why he is an an extraordinary person.For Ata-ürk, who deserved the great love of his own people,the first thing that he boasted about is the fact that he was born as a Turk. He experienced the pride of being a Turk taking it as his surname throughout his life. Atatürk, who tried to lead an aor-dinary life as a human, opened the way for people in the bureacracy so that they co-uld be promoted in accordance witj the skill he/she has got. He is open-hearted, the sort of person whose conversation is derived pleasure from, and he is not the person who looks down on people. When he hosted his quests, he would pay attention to every detail and host eac of them very seriously. Ataürk, who enjoyed listening to Turkish folk songs, especially the “Rumeli folk songs” would prefer tor ide a horse and spend time with his own friends.. The dominant characteristics of Atatürk was his credibility. He used toderive pleasure from showing great interest in his old fri-ends and dealing with their proplems when they had difficulties.In addition to the-se, he would do his best and support any person who asked for help from him. His close friends agree on the fact that he is a realist, cautious, bold but careful, a patriot and nationalist, but at the same time humanitarian, an excellent soldier but a person who knows how to be a civil, full of life and the person who worked very hard with great excitement. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17708 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17708 Erdem ÇANAK The Ottoman State had resettled Turkmens who has been taken from Anatolia, to the places which had been seized as a result of its conquests in Balkans. But from the second half of 19th century, when it had started to lose its own land in Balkans, the process reversed and an intensive migration had started from Balkans to Anatolia. In this context, the first great Muslim/Turkish migration from Balkan geography to Anatolia has been realized by Ottoman-Russian war in 1877-1878 which is also known as 93 War. From this date, although the migration decreased and increased from time to time it has been continued until recently. Bulgaria is one of the countries to which the migration has been made intensively. Bulgaria who participated the World War II beside Germany has been occupied by Soviet Union and during that time it has experienced a regime change. The politics applied by communist regime called "Motherland Front" which seized administration had caused that the country's ethnic minorities including the Turks having felt anxiety over the future. Then, the Turks who understood that they could not stay in Bulgaria more, began to migrate to Anatolia. Thus, nearly 155.000 people have migrated from Bulgaria to Anatolia between the years 1950-1951. Some of these people, most of them were farmers, have been resettled to Seyhan province. Even, Seyhan Province has been one of the cities to which immigrants has been resettled intensively, because of its high potential of agriculture and low population density. In this study, the reasons of the migrations from Bulgaria to Anatolia from the last period of Ottoman state until 1960’s have been examined and settlement process of the immigrants coming during the migration between the years 1950-1951 and resettled to Seyhan has been considered. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17566 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17566 Necati ÇAVDAR, Erol KARCI Health organizations in the Ottoman State until XIX. century are the continuation of the Seljuk period in terms of both look and function. These organizations, which were generally set up through the foundations of statesmen or rich i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17621 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17621 Ahmet ÇELİK In historical process, Turkish nation constantly changed the social and cultural aspects. Ottoman Empire wanted modernization because of lagging against Europe and for the empire being western meant to be contemporary. Western countries had been taken an example for the renovation of institutions. For this, the field of education, the basis of social and cultural development, was innovated. Education, often, is serving for idelogy. Education is an indispensable tool for placing the ideology of the society and for ensuring the continuity of ideology. A nation’s education system and education goal are changeable, according to historical period. İn the period of Ottoman State, Turkish education system was different from republic period. İn the period of Ottoman state, education was religious natüre and with religious education system, intended to 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17722 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17722 Mehmet ÇEVİK In the first years of Republic of Turkey, there was a significant political office and person that bureaucratic and patriarchal structure became integrated. The office was secretary general and the person was Recep Peker. Recep Peker served as secretary general of Republican Peoples Party between the years 1931-1936. He was the Kütahya parliamentarian at the same time. In the history of Republic of Turkey no one has been competent as a secretary general as Recep Peker. We cannot explain this situation as a characteristic of one-party period. Because no one before and after him has been active and competent. Because of this reason Recep Peker was shown as the third person after Mustafa Kemal and İsmet İnönü in these years. Peker, who had the thought “Republic of Turkey is a party state, carried out his duty with the understanding that as a ministry and even more superior than ministry. In time society has started to see this office as a cure-all. We can see this situation in the citizen letters. We confirmed that every request and every letter to the secretary general was examined meticulously and mostly it was returned to whom it may concern. In the aforesaid writings there were complaints, slander and delation to the administration besides the requests of assignment, advancement and financial aid. We see that all of these were examined meticulously and they get information from other sources and took action for the case. The significant point that should not be overlooked is, in the requested matters law and justice was never ignored. To trust in law, fair administration and justice features i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17629 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17629 Rahmi ÇİÇEK In this study, the news that appeared in the Anatolian press before and after the entrance of Turkish army into Izmir on the 9th of September, 1922 were reviewed according the nature of the sources these news appeared on. Most of the news that were subjected to review in this study were originated from Anadolu Ajansı (The Anatolian Agent) or Hakimiyet-i Milliye (The National Sovereignty). Likewise, most of the war news that took their places in the newspaper columns in the form of official declarations were based on these sources. With the survey of the Anatolian press in the three months period after September 1922, the researchers can see news about the Liberation of Izmir and afterwards from very different and various aspects. This article mainly deals with events such as the liberation of Izmir, the march of the Turkish army through the gates of the city and its welcome by the locals, the Great Fire of Izmir, the departure of the native and foreign non-Muslim people, the destruction of the city that occurred during these events, based on how they found their reflections in the press. The news that subjected these events as well as the public demonstrations and meetings that were held during the liberation, in the press of important centers of the National Struggle such as Konya, Trabzon and Ankara were analyzed, based on the columns, editorials and serial columns of various newspapers and journals. This study restricted its period of analysis of the news concerning the repercussions of the liberation of Izmir in the press with the news and columns that appeared on September, October and November 1922. Access to the history of the National Struggle finally symbolizing the liberation of Izmir, the Turkish people behind the facade of the Press Building on one of the information sources are discussed. It was a contemporary generation of events, rather than the event itself reflected in the background of the parties show that the perception of historical events will be. One of the basic approach of historians doubt in the eyes of society is to reveal the clear perception of events. From this point of perception and the liberation of Izmir and is handled behind the facade. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17726 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17726 Bilal DEDEYEV, Tofiq NAJAFLİ , Ramazan USLU Asıl adı Alâeddin Ali Bey b. Abdülkerim olan Tebrizli Mimar Ali, Osmanlı Devleti'nde daha fazla, Acem Ali, Esir Ali ismiyle tanınmıştır. 1514 Çaldıran zaferinden sonra Tebriz'e giren Sultan Selim (1512-1520), Amasya dönüşünde üç bin civarı Azerbaycanlı ilim ve sanat erbabını Osmanlı Devleti’ne getirdiği bilinmektedir. Safevi Devleti'nde "ustatların nazırı" olan Acem Ali de, bu kafilenin içinde 12 Nisan 1515 yılında Amasya'dan İstanbul’a gönderilmiş ve Sultan Selim tarafından kendisine 1519. yılda Baş mimarlık görevi verilmiştir. Acem Ali, Osmanlı mimarisine klâsik Osmanlı mimarîsi ile İran üslûbunu birleştirerek, Osmanlı Devleti'nde bu zamana kadar iki camiide az kullanılan “toplu plân” mimari üsulunu tam olarak uygulamıştır. Aynı yöntem, daha sonra Mimar Sinan (1489-1588) tarafından daha da geliştirilerek kullanılmıştır. Bu sebepten olsa gerek, Acem Ali’nin inşa ettiği Gebze’deki Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ile İstanbul Sultanahmet’teki İbrahim Paşa Sarayı gibi Mimar Sinan tarafından tamir ve tâdil edilmesinden sonra, ona mal edilmesine yol açmıştır. Acem Ali, İstanbul Sultan Selim Camii ile Şehremini’de kendi parasıyla Mimar Acem Camii’ni yapmıştır. Bundan başka, üslûp ve mimarî özelliği Acem Ali’ye ait olup, kitâbesi bulunmayan birçok yapıt bilinmektedir. Bu durumda olan başlıca eserler ise, Saray Bosna’da Gazi Hüsrev Bey Külliyesi, Sofya’da Kadı Seyfeddin, Manisa’da Sultan, Trabzon’da Hatuniye, Konya’da Sultan Selim, Çorlu’da Süleymaniye, Tekirdağ’a bağlı Saray’da Ayas Paşa, İstanbul Fatih’te Bali Paşa, Eyüp’te Cezerî Kasım, Sütlüce ve Silivri’de Pîrî Mehmed Paşa camileri ile Topkapı Sarayı’nda Bâbü’s-Selam’dır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Sultan Selim ve Kanunî Sultan Süleyman (1520-1566) dönemlerinde yaklaşık iyirmi sene başmimarlık görevini yapmış olan Tebrizli Acem Ali, 1539 yılının yazında vefat etmiş ve kendisinden sonra bu göreve Mimar Sinan getirilmiştir. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17474 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17474 Yıldız DEVECİ BOZKUŞ In this article, Works of American Boards of Commissioner for Foreign Missions which worked in areas of education, healthcare, finance and social subjects for Armenians before and after 1915 Events as known as Armenian Problem in Urfa, will be emphasized. In this context, Information about American Boards of Commissioner for Foreign Mission (shortly known as ABCFM) will be given briefly. After that brief information, Mary Caroline Holmes’s, who was ABCFM’s represent of Urfa, memories and in that memories Holmes’s relations with Kurds, French, British, German and other communities will be examined. Firstly, Holmes’s personality, occupation and her memories about Urfa will be given. And then, her book namely “Armenian Orphanage in Urfa” will be studied in context of her missionary activity. After that, events between Armenians and Turks in Urfa between the years of 1919-1921 will be evaluated in the perspective of Holmes’s book. In this scope, after the extended literature survey, approach of Holmes to subject, discourse analysis of Holmes’s book and events in Armenian Orphanage by the book of a missioner view will be propound. Besides it will be pointed out the role of Holmes in occupation era between Turks and occupation forces in this article. So it will be tried to clarify how to be carried out missionary activities in pre-relocation and post-relocation years in which the scope of policy in region and social aims of aforementioned missionaries. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17617 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17617 Selçuk DUMAN Turco-Indian relations, which began with Saka Turks in B.C. II, has continued till XVI. century via Turkish states founded in India and activities of administrator who were Turkish origined, in multi-way. After the XVI th century these relations had continued in the name of Ottoman Empire as Turkey-India relations. Although Turkish affect was broken after the British occupation, Indian Muslims went on to follow Turkey and support Turks against Greeks by organizing demonstrations in end of XIX. century. During the First World War Indian Muslims attempted to change negative British opinions about Turks, so that they sent presentatives to London for that issue. Indian Muslims stated that if British Government not soften the terms of aggrement against Turks, Britain shouldnt expect any obey from Indian Muslims in their declaration. Also Indian Muslims supported Turkish National Struggle by sending financial aid. Turco-Indian relations went on fairly via making aggrement and billateral visits after the Turkish National Independence War. In Atatürk era these relations took cordial and friendly. In this study we tried to examine Turkey-India relations in Atatürk period by using Turkish archivies. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17639 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17639 Rahmi DOĞANAY At the first years of 19th century, Ottoman Empire considered America as a new equipoise against the aimed policies of the European States; and America entered informal commercial affairs with Ottoman Empire to trade with Ottoman Empire and play a role on Mediterranean trade. The relations became formal after the Navarin case; in 1830 the right of American ships to sail to Black Sea, and on 5 October 1831 Ottoman-American trade agreement were signed. But in pre-First World War period Turk-American relations were quite poor. After the war and as a part of Wilson Principals, on the subject of the interest of Turkish public opinion to America and filling the gaps of post-war period, Turk-American relations revived because of America’s turn to the region. Turk-American relations, which were cut in 1917, were started again after the sign of Mondros Ceasefire Agreement. America decided on sending representative to Turkey. Both missionaries and the capital vicinities were not late to turn Turkey. In this period Lewis Heck, the first representative who was sent to Turkey, started the duty on December, 1918. American East Mediterranean Navy Commander Admiral Bristol was sent to İstanbul, on December 1918. While Turk-American relations, which were began to be kept alive in commercial and economical area in National Struggle, reached the stability and showed a tendency to positive development via signing of a bilateral agreement in Lozan, the reaction of American Armenians caused American government to behave timidly. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17682 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17682 Neslihan DURAK Mongol emperor Genghis Khan, as soon as taking a significant portion of the steppe geography under his control, in order to realize his world domination ideals, had started the preparations to spread towards the west and northwest of Asia. However, he had wanted to develop commercial relationships with Khawarazm Shah State in order to better know the territory he was planning to to seize. However, shortly after the commencement of negotiations, the tension experienced in Otrar had led to the outbreak of a major war. So, with the west compaigns which the Mongols had started by destroying Khwarazm State lands firstly, the Khwarazm Shah State was terminated and also a lot of kingdoms neigbouring this state had faced with the threat of Mongols. During these campaigns, with the activities conducted in the territory by Cebe and Sübidey Noyan who were assigned to capture Khawarazm Shah Ruler Alâaddin Muhammad Shah alive suddenly the northwestern part of Asia came under the Mongol threat. Cebe and Sübidey who were acting in a extremely systematic way in the region, after plundering a significant portion of Iran, defeated the Georgians and directed over Derbent towards Northern Caucasia where Cumans / Kipchaks were living. As a result, the Mongols capturing the political and commercial dominance of Black Sea with these campaigns, had extremely destroyed some centers such as Kiev, but, on the other hand, had enabled a lot of cities already being insignificant trading ports in the past such as Moscow, Sudak etc, to turn into major commercial cities. While Mongolian activities in the region were accelerating the nationalization of the Russian Dukedoms, their applications in these lands had been in the nature of a virtual school for the Russians. Also with the arrival of other Turk clans as well as Kipchaks from Kama clan, to the middle Itil region, Turkish element in the region has increased. Thus, the region had supported by Turkish population again. However, the formation of the Turkish Kazan nation of today has begun with these historical cases. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17610 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17610 Efe DURMUŞ In the second half of 13th century, Ilkhanids were by far the most dangerous external threat Mamelukes came across. Wars between Mamelukes and Ilkhanids in 1260, 1281 and between 1299-1303 were the indicators of Mamelukes domination over Southeastern Anatolia. Birecik, with its uncontrollable castle was proved to be a really important solid standing for Mamelukes who were struggling as the protector of Muslim lands during the Near East invasion of Mongols. At the heart of the attempts of achieving domination over cities in Southeastern Anatolia, underlied the idea of being the heir to Zangi, Eyyubid states’ domination over Anatolia. Birecik also fulfilled this duty under Halep Regency which was located on north border of Mamelukes. Mamelukes also protected Birecik against Karakoyunlu State and Akkoyunlu State which were Turkmenian beylics. During Timur’s Neareast invasion, Akkoyunlus, while obeying Timur in order to have a voice over Southeastern Anatolian region, were striving for superiority over Karakoyunlu Turkmenians. However, upon the return of Timur, active power in the region were Mamelukes. The other power that Mamelukes struggled with to achieve domination in the region was Dulkadirli Beylic. Especially prepotent in and round Antep, Dulkadirli Beylic tried to carry out a balanced politics with Ottomans on the west, Akkoyunlu State on the east and Mamelukes on the south. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17627 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17627 Lokman ERDEMİR The most important time period of Turkish history is, without doubt, the chain of wars and battles starting from the Balkan War and ending with the Turkish War of Independence. Exluding the Battle of Gallipoli, this process had deep effects on both the soldiers and on the country itself. The people most affected from this process were the thousands of soldiers who saw action in these battles and their families. One of these soldiers was Hasan Remzi Bey born in 1308 [1892]. His memoirs entitled by himself as "Pieces from my Life: to my Children" was also a summary of the history of the wars that lasted a decade starting from the Battle of Gallipoli and ending with the Turkish War of Independence. When the Balkan War began, Hasan Remzi Bey was still a student in the Turkish Military Academy of Harbiye. When the enemy forces advanced towards the Turkish capital and when the sound of artillery coming from the Çatalca defensive lines could be heard from Istanbul, he was eager to rush to battle as, according to his own expressions, the entire Rumelia was lost, hundreds of thousands of Turks and Muslims were massacred, many were subject to rape, Turkish honor was stained and both the courage and the fighting power of Turkish soldiers were rendered ineffective under the command of incapable administrators. Hasan Remzi Bey, who witnessed the Balkan War, also served in almost all of the Turkish theaters of World War I including the Battle of Gallipoli. He witnessed the British withdrawal from Gallipoli and he was later sent to serve in the 2th Army fighting in the Caucasian Front in July 1916. Following the withdrawal of Russian forces from the Eastern Frontier as a result of the February Revolution, he was transferred to the Palestinian Front where he would be captured as a Prisoner of War by the British forces during the retreat of the Turkish armies from Palestine. His life of captivity, arrival in Istanbul and crossing over to Anatolia to fight in the Turkish War of Independence would form the outlines of his memoirs. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17558 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17558 Feyzullah EZER Losing the First World War by joining the Central Powers on the side, Ottoman Empire was forced to sign the Mondros Armistice. Left victorious from the war, Allied Forces shortly after the signing of the Armistice started occupation movement in order toss hare Ottoman Empire’s lands. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Turkish Nation has launched a major campaign of resistance by not remaining silent in the force of foreign invasion and occupation. Due to the difficult situation of Ottoman Empire and the support of Western Powers, Grace has occupied İzmir on 15 May 1919. In order to expand the occupation Greek Forces have lost the First and Second Inonu Wars against Turkey. Greece increased military power by announcing a new campaign on these developments and taking action again July 10 1921, Greece occupied Afyon, Kütahya and Eskişehir. Faced with this situation, Mustafa Kemal Pasha ordered the Turkish Army to withdraw to the east of Sakarya. The failure of the army in Eskişehir-Kütahya war and the withdraw of the army to the east part of Sakarya River led responses among the public. Turkish Parliament gave Mustafa Kemal Pasha supreme command regarding the use of the powers of Turkish Assembly in order to rectify the situation on August 5, 1921. Using supreme command authority, Mustafa Kemal Pasha released National Orders on 7-8 August 1921 in order to equip and strengthen the Turkish Army. Covering all kind of materials and services with a connection of Turkish Army’s needs such as food, clothing, weapons, ammunition, transportation, communication, health etc, National Orders were applied until the end of National Struggle. By using all resources through financial and moral the Turkish Nation, these orders, providing for participation of the people behind the facade, has been a great contribution forte achievement of the National Struggle. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17585 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17585 Ebru GÜHER One of the major sources taken in time the Ottoman Empire is undoubtedly Yearbooks. “Sal” means year and “name” means letter, book. This derives from the derivation of these two words. The full measure in Turkish is “yearbook”. The yearbooks have an indispensable importance for the local history researcher as they give the important information in social, political, cultural, and educational and the other important issues of that place. The Ottoman Empire could get information widely about the existing institutions through yearbooks and take measures for the future by examining changes. The yearbooks have formally developed mainly in 3 ways as state, custody and province yearbooks. Beside this, it is met also the yearbook which is informal and developed privately. The Organization of Education which is a government agency has created its own yearbooks. So that, the current state about the education in all the places across the country were recorded in detail. Therefore, the Education Yearbooks have the property to be primary sources about the History of Education. In this research have been discussed the education activities in Cebel-i Bereket Sanjak depending on Adana province in that time in light of the detailed information contained in the Education Yearbooks. Therefore, the Education Yearbooks dated H.1316-1321/M.1898-1903 (It has been not benefit from the yearbook dated it because the Education Yearbook dated H.1320/M.1902-1903 have not reached until today) constitute the main source of our study. Otherwise, our study is supported to benefit from Adana Province Yearbooks published on various dates. The statistical information about schools and their degrees, the founders, costs, their location, their teachers, the number of students, libraries and the number of books in it and similar information in the sanjak said based on these sources are given and the evaluations are carried out. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17622 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17622 Hasan GÜRKAN In this study, Rwanda and Darfur issues, which could be counted as the most important issues in terms of its consequences, are covered in the context of modernization. Modernization of Africa means its history of colonization. Having been exploited in terms of its natural resources and human potential for nearly two centuries, Africa has been trying to handle a range of social, economic and political issues. Basic issues of Africa are exploitation of natural resources, slave trading, epidemic diseases and ethnic conflicts. The most problematic regions in the continent can be pointed as Rwanda and Darfur. These two regions are two geographical locations which has witnessed the bloodiest periods of history. The most important factor determining Africa’s future has been natural resources. These resources resulted in remembering Africa as “the Black Continent” instead of bringing wealth to it. Rwanda and Darfur has experienced a great transformation both ethnically and socioeconomically for the past fifty years. Africa has been living its ethnic variety as a reason for tyranny and the tie of Africa and its colonialists is recorded as the great disasters in history. In this context, the fight between Tutsi and Hutu concluded in a great ethnic cleansing as in the battle in separative movements in Darfur. In this respect, the continent of Africa requires to be examined generally based on Sudan and Darfur examples. In the study, 2008-2010 issues of “National Geographic 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17715 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17715 Handan HAYKIR, Mehmet ÇEVİK New Fırat Magazine is a culture and art magazine that takes its name from Fırat river, which locates in the related region and seen as the source of life. The magazine gained a significant place in cultur and art life of Elazığ in the period that it was published. New Fırat Magazine that was greeted with interest by the litterateurs and art-lovers, was published with great abnegation by Fikret Memişoğlu, a member of Elazığ Culture Association, and his friends for improving and keeping the culture of Elazığ alive, and relaying the information about social, political, economical and geographical structure of Elazığ. The magazine, which was published 36 volumes between the years 1962-1967, contains rich information about Turkish Culture mostly and history, geography, literature, culture and socio-economic structure of Elazığ and its region. Besides, the magazine gave directive messages to the governors. In addition to having significant place in Elazığ Press History, New Fırat Magazine is an important source of socio-cultural information. In this study, the historical development of cultural magazines that was published in Turkey, and the features like its aim, publication policy, content, writer staff, period of publication of New Fırat Magazine were examined by promoting the mentioned magazine, which is thought that will be a source for the hsitorical, geographical, literary, folkloric, cultural and socio-economical structure of Elazığ and its region. Besides the bibliography of the whole volumes of the magazine were prepared with the aim of being source for the studies of social sciences. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17716 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17716 Yavuz HAYKIR Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who gained a special place in the Turkish people mind by carrying out the liberty and independence of the nation and was the founder and the first president of the Republic of Turkey died in 10 November 1938. This painful event caused a great sadness for the Turkish people. Atatürk’s death crated reactions in the country and the whole world and a funeral ceremony was decided to be done in 21 November 1938 in Ankara. Beside this funeral ceremony, in all of the cities, provinces and villages a funeral ceremony was decided to be done by the government. These ceremonies was arranged by the order of Ministry for Internal Affairs and carried out with a great attention. Afterwards the information about the funeral ceremonies that were carried out in the cities, provinces and the villages were reported to the Ministry for Internal affairs. With all of these funeral ceremonies that were arranged by the government, the people carried out their last duty to their leader. While the people were living their sadness, they also tried to give the message that the republic regime that was a heritage from Atatürk, would stand on more powerfully than ever. In the mourning ceremonies these ideas and senses were emphasized. In this study the reflection of Atatürk’s death in 10 November 1938 to the Elazig press and the mourning ceremony that was carried out in 21 November 1938 in Elazig were examined by using archive records, the Elazığ Press of the mentioned period and the investigations. The photographs that were sent to the Ministry for Internal Affairs by the Elazig governorship were included in this study as well. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17741 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17741 Ahmet İLYAS This study of the general elections that took place between 1950-1960, in terms of evaluation include the east and southeast. The main theme of the study, since the Ottoman Empire who won the state-tribal-religious continuity equation for power illustrate the development of the Democratic Party. Single party regime has reduced the power to thoroughly tribal. In this Kemalist power in the region in order to fit the concept of the nation-state, Ismet Inonu reports prepared by staff was an important place. As a result of this report, the central government, social engineering, Antiochus launched, living in the region on the chieftains and influential sheikhs eastern societies, such as opinion leaders mell compulsory iskânlar western regions was an important hold. Transition to multi-party general elections in 1946 with the perception of political parties gathered in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. Particular, political actors, which are seen as a source of votes tribal chiefs-sheikh-melle as i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17698 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17698 Hüseyin Vehbi İMAMOĞLU, Önder DENİZ The Eastern Question was actually named in ''Vienna Congress,1815'' and later on the scope of this fact was enlarged.After that date, the Eastern Question which is the general name of the plans formed for stirring up the Balkan Nations to revolt, became a phrase that subjects the future of the Ottoman Empire primarily in the Balkans.In the Balkans, as a part of the politics which grounded on the reconstruction targets of the European Countries towards their benefits, this problem played a role for allowing the Non-Muslims to rebel towards the Ottoman Empire with keeping the balances safe throughout the Europe, lining their own pockets fully from the Ottoman Empire, providing its rectification if needed. The fact that the issue is well rounded and has properties that will cause international conflictions, to force the European countries following different political lines occasionally. The colonial wars and searching for the raw materials which are only two of the economy-based reasons of Eastern Question, targetted the Ottoman Empire on making the colonial ways which goes to the colonies of the European countries safer and finding infant colonies. At the age of Sultan Abdulhamid, the Non-Muslim Citizens began to take more place in administrative field with partially choice of the Empire and the number of the Non-Muslim officer, judge and police increased in the country branches of the central administration and courts as a result of Eastern Question. Moreover, many officers relocated from the centre. Thus, as the classical structure of the Ottoman Burocracy changed, the activeness of the Non-Muslims increased. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17699 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17699 Pelin İSKENDER KILIÇ, Mucize ÜNLÜ The detection of human resources and financial facilities play an important role for states. The Ottoman state has kept an eye on two spheres in his conquest even from the very early beginning of the state and in his domestic and international policies along with the settlement regime. The Ottoman state held census, land registers and taxation in order to get benefit from the increasing surplus of the revenues. The land registers had not been applied on every part of Ottoman lands except in the fields of newly conquered lands in 16th century. However, the local land registers had been applied until the 16th century. Nevertheless the census records in the modern aspect were held in 16th century. In this period (of 19th century) those programs of centralization and recruitment have forced the state to detect the imperial sources of human and fiscal areas. In the census record notebooks can be obtained very important information about the population structure of where the census was held. In this study the structure of population of Ayandon district in the sub-province (sandzjack) of the Kastamonu province is aimed to scrutinize. Therefore, Muslim and non-Muslim census records, the numbers of households, profile remarks, ages, their names along with their knick names have all been detected. Moreover, it is possible to see people’s excuses (that hinders the i 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17624 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17624 Füsun KARA, Yavuz HAYKIR Part of the Turkic tribes which have moved from Turkestan, having United with other various Turkic tribes, have created the Kazakh state which become one of leading powers of Turkestan and which later paid much for independence. There were hard times throughout history of kazakhs, such as jungarian invasion and the russian colonialismrebelliouskazakh leaders added more to problems in difficult times. Division of kazakhs into thejuz system collisions and disagreeements with other turkic peoples caused often foreign interventions and invasions. The advancing of russia towards Türkistan in the first quarter of XIX. Century had been the result of long terms plans. After commercial colonies had entered the region militarypreparations were bwgun. The events happened at that time eased the advance of russia towards Türkistan.This article examines the social, economic, and political reasons behind the revolt in an effort to understand its place in Kazak-Russian relations, as well as within Kazak history. The beginings of Russian and Kazak relations can be traced to the mid-16th century, however, these contacts were minimal and were the result of limited trade between Muscowy and the Central Asian Khanates. An early, although not the first Kazak embassy was recorded visiting Moscow in 1573. The advancing of Russia towards Turkistan in the first quarter of 19. Century had been result of long term plans. After commercial colonies had entered the region, military preparations were begun. In the last quarter of the 18 th century the Kazaks joined forces with Pugachev and in 1773-1774 seized control of parts of the Irtish Line and besieged Orenburg, the provincial headquarters. In the winter of 1782-1783, Kazaks of the Orta Zhuz led by Srym Batyr attempted.Grandson of Ablai Khan of the Middle Horde Kenesary Kasymov’s revolt has become a symbol of Kazak resistence to Russian colonization; however, that was to be achieved soon enough. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17593 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17593 Murat KATAR 9th B.C established in and around Lake Van century Urartian state in Mesopotamia during the 3 centuries the greatest opponent was Asur. they had succed ın to get tax from asuren Their economic activities were organized by Urartular state. while urban pannıng is beıng done irrigatıon problem was solved by water channel. In this way agriculture has developed vineyards and orchards. Also such as copper and iron mines of the region's rich also be made in this bed to be operated by.Even so be suitable for the region's livestock animals also developed. Such as regions with water channels, the processing of important ore minerals has occurred in work. In the intersection of important trade routes from the improvements made to commercial aspects. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17571 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17571 Yusuf KAYA Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the statesman who deeply affected the firs half of the 20 th century with his extarordinary personality. He played an important role in the course of history. He had a big role of changing the destiny of Turkish people and also leading the events during that period. He deeply loved his country. He managed to create a new country from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire with great patience and perseverance. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is a statesman who is an important figure in history. One of his important principles is that he never isolated himself from his own people. He clearly knew that the reforms could not be put into practice without the consent of Turkish people while he was building the new Türkiye that he designed. The things that the persons very close to him had witnessed show that the time when he felt very happy is the time when he spends his time with his own people. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk always gave importance to the opinions of other people, adopted them if appropriate, but never gave up questioning them. He sometimest old about his ideas very clearly but sometimes he talked very little. He derived great pleasure from the life itself, being with people and chatting with them. He sometimes gave his decisions about the future of the country at diner table. His tension sometimes led to his being furiosandill-tempered but within a short time he calmed down and behaved very kindly. Atatürk admired his outside appearence, and dressed very elegantly. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17604 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17604 Orhan KILIÇ In the geographic regions of the Ottoman State was established Sultanonu, in 1393 after the establishment of the Anatolian Shire flag this as one of the unchanging shire is included within administrative 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17752 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17752 Aşkın KOYUNCU The Danube Province, which was founded in 1864, consisted the sanjaks (subprovinces) of Ruse, Varna, Tulcea, Turnovo, Vidin, Sofia and Nish. The main components of the population of the Danube Province were Bulgarians and Turks. There were also other Muslim and non-Muslim groups. Before the establishment of the Danube Province, some 250.000-300.000 Muslim immigrants from Crimea and Caucasus had been settled in this region from 1855 to 1864. There were 569.868 (34,68%) Muslims, apart from the immigrants and 1.073.496 (65,32%) non-Muslims in 1859-1860 in the area of the future Danube Province. According to the Old Register of 1865, 658.600 (40,51%) Muslims and 967.058 (59,49%) non-Muslims, including females, were living in the province except Nish sanjak. The property and population censuses made between 1865 and 1874 in the Danube Province were one of the first modern censuses in the Ottoman Empire. Female population was also registered in the censuses in cities and towns beginning in 1865. The registration of property and population in the villages was started in 1869. Nish sanjak, became the part of the Prizren Vilayet between 1869 and 1874. Although the data given in the Yearbooks of the Danube Province have some incompleteness and inconsistencies as well as misprinting and calculation mistakes, the population ratios and demographic distribution are reliable, except the Yearbook of 1291. According to of the Tahrir-i Cedid (New Census) completed in October 1874, there were 963.596 (42,22%) Muslims and 1.318.506 (57,78%) non-Muslims in the Danube Province excluding Nish sanjak. In addition, the entire population of the province, together with the sanjak of Nish, reached the number of 2.594.928 including 1.055.650 (40,68%) Muslims and 1.539.278 (59,32%) non-Muslims in 1874. The Ottoman statistics show that the Muslims were in majority in the sanjaks of Ruse, Varna and Tulcea, while the non-Muslims were in majority in other sanjaks. Besides, average population per household and the population growth rate of non-Muslims were higher than those of Muslims. In 1873, 17,96% of the population of the province were living in the urban areas. Sofia and Nish sancaks were separated from the Tuna Vilayet and the detached Sofia Province was founded in 1876. However, Sofia and Nish sancaks were annexed to Adrianople and Kosovo vilayets respectively in 1877. At least 1.100.000 Muslims as well as 1.700.000 non-Muslims lived in this region before the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. However, the war changed the demographic situation deeply not only in the Danube Province, but also in the Eastern Rumelia and exterminated almost half of the Turkish and Muslim population by death or migration in both regions. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17700 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17700 Mehmet KÖÇER Bülent Ecevit, one of the former Prime Ministers of Turkey, says “ It is a must to show great interest in Afghanistan because it is the will of Atatürk”. Afghanistan has had a very close relationship with Turks and the Turkish Republic since it was established. This has resulted from the obligation related to the common destiny of these two communities and countries because The National Indepedendence War of Afghanistan and Türkiye came out as a result of the fight given against the British Imperialism. In the process of the transformation and modernisation following the victory of the the National Indepedence War for both countries, Afghanistan has taken Türkiye as a great model for itself. However, Afghanistan failed to realise this change due to its different socio-economic structure and its different social dynamics. The Turkish Republic has never ignored Afghanistan eventhough it has not had a satisfactory communication with it from 1919 up to now. After the Second World War II was over, both countries urgently needed each other’s support. During the period called “Cold War”, the threat posed by Russia has forced the two countries to come closer. Afghanistan needed the support of Türkiye for the two issues when Adnan Menderes was in power. One of these issues is the “ Pestunistan” issue, which Afghanistan had with Pakistan, which Türkiye has had a warm and close relationship. The other one is the policies followed by America towards Afghanistan. The Prime Minister Davut has requested Adnan Mendered to give support to Afghanistan for these two issues during his visit to Türkiye. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17807 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17807 Şahin KÖKTÜRK Aşık Veysel who had been blind since seven years old, had got the favorable environment to improve poesy ability that he had already have in his nature, in Cem rite and minstrel-poet meetings in Şarkışla locality. Aşık Veysel whose artist personality was shaped in Alawite- Bektahsi tradition is based upon Central Asia, Ahmet Yesevi association, meditated upon metaphysic world and put in to words sufistic, mystic inspirations clearly in Turkish. He was illiterate like the prophet Muhammed and Yunus Emre. Treating in poetry by confidence and properly the subjects like sufism and unity of existence cause heated debates by an illiterate minstrel, is the evidence of his artist personality as well as having comprehensive knowledge of the subject. Also it is the sign of interaction and communication between minstrel and community about continuation of sufistic perception and tradition. Researchers are indicated that the root of Aşık Veysel's poem tree is based on metaphysic (beyond physics), mysticism, this tree's trunk is composed of love poems, this tree's branches are composed of social titled poems. In this article, ıt is focused on mysticism which is the worth of the root in his poems, this accumulation of the minstrel was obtained from which resources, in which environment and especially his poems that reflect on "unity of existence" approach in mysticsm. Mysticism in Asık Veysel's poems shows up itself both showing respect of Sufi elders like Mevlana and Hacı Bektas Veli and in his poems that stating the idea of "the uniqueness of existence". "Ne sen var ne ben var bir tane Gaffar" is the most typical poem in these poems. The theory of manifestation and this insight that mentioned 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17703 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17703 Uğur KURTARAN Şehzades who were rightful heirs of throne were sons of sultans in Ottoman state and they were the only persons who could put a claim on the throne according to inheritance understanding. Accordingly, they ascended after sultans and there had been different implementation since foundation years. In Ottoman state which had a rather centralist understanding of administration, princeship institution was respected and accepted as the most privileged class of the dynasty. This situation made necessary şehzades to be grown as the sultans of the future and to get a good education. The education process started early years of şehzades and firstly in palaces. The ways of grown of şehzades who were sent to sancaks to get administration experience until the end of 16th century, was completely changed with the new ekberiyet system which started since the end of 17th century and the related kafes implementation. This system was implemented until the collapse of the state although there were some changes and it caused sultan without administration experience to ascend. Similarly, although ascending prosedures depended a centralist understanding, process was always changed and the situation reflected to the implementations after enthronement. All these situations show that princeship institution to which was paid attention in every periods of Ottoman history was regulated according the conditions of each period. These regulations were about the implementations and rituals regarding şehzades since their birth to ascending process and it's discussed in this study that when, how and why these regulations were implemented. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17618 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17618 Meral KUZGUN This study aims to investigate the Armenian question, which has been on the international agenda since Ottoman times, as well as General Harbourd’s impressions of Anatolia contained in the report on mandate drawn up by the same. As known, the 93 War also known as Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Balkan Wars, and the First World War caused tremendous losses and chaos in Anatolia. Besides the years-lasting socioeconomic destruction, imperialist states’ provoking influence on the Armenian triggered the Armenian rebellion originating from the eastern Anatolia. As a consequence of the chaotic atmosphere at that time, the Ottoman State put into force the Deportation Law also including the Armenian in 1915. All developments that emerged in Anatolia after the Armenian deportation were shaped in the world’s public opinion in line with the perception of imperialist states. Accordingly, the objective was to present the Armenians as innocent regardless of their cooperation with the Russians and their crimes committed against the Ottoman State. For this purpose, the press both in Europe and USA started its releases that would defame the Ottoman State for a continual propaganda. Defeated in the First World War, the Ottoman State always confronted the Armenian question as its weak part. The Allied Powers proposed strengthening of the Armenian State under mandate of the USA when they convened in Paris to promote the world peace. General Harbourd commission, among others, was set up to investigate the issue. Whereas there were widespread pro-Armenian propagandas in the world’s public opinion, the Harbourd Commission reveals the unfair side of the issue for Anatolian people. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17696 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17696 Beşir MUSTAFAYEV March 31, 1918 tens of thousands of Muslims were killed in Baku and other provinces. The main focus was to occupy Baku and the oil industry no doubt. Muslims migrated from Baku to the south and they sought help and refuge from the Ottomans. Thanks to Caucasian Islamic Army and its upbringing Commander Nuri Pasha arriving on time, the people of Northern Azerbaijan survived the invasion and atrocities. In this article we will discuss the activities of the Armenians mainly based on archival documentation of and their supporters in this land. There are too many documents showing all the activities of the Armenian Dashnak forces that were supported by Russia, especially outside forces. During our study we tried to use a part of these documents. The majority of documents are in Russian. Armenian rebels implemented the atrocities not only to the people of Anatolia, but also to those living in Azerbaijan. Either in Turkish archives or in Azerbaijan archives the documents show that the Armenian terrorist organizations such as the Tashnak, Ramgavar and Hinchak allied with the Russian army during the First World War, and they engaged in the wide-scale destruction in Baku, Nakhchivan, Cuba, Ganja, Karabakh and Zengezur. So we need to be study again the Muslim Turks of genocide. We think with our research will contribute to a one-sided public awareness of the Armenians, especially regarding their activities in Baku in 1918. I believe as the number of such studies based on new documents and resources increase, prejudices, legal and political approaches will be changed in a positive sense. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17544 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17544 Mustafa MÜJDECİ, Cem KARAKILIÇ Following the war of independence, in a need to struggle to arrange and guide social life, raising a generation with high feeling of nation and homeland, adopting the principles of Turkish revolution, aware of personal and social responsibilities and form a citizen type both physically and mentally through education was one of the basic missions of Turkish revolution and the education system of the time. One of the pedagogical means of creating a citizen symmetrical to the ideology of republic itself was of course reading books. Written to improve the identity and virtue of republican children, these books had a great impact on making children raise and adopt a great many values idealized concepts, starting with republicanism, nationalism and secularism. The current work will focus on the place and significance of the books taught as reading books at primary and secondary schools between the years 1923 and 1938 in the speculation of citizenship 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17707 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17707 Aslıhan NAKİBOĞLU Several social scientists have been presenting studies regarding to the history and the future of civilizations. In these studies generally, an inconsistency in the structure of the definitions about the civilizations are seen due to the context of the authours whom are consulted as sources. The reason behind that lies within the preventive understanding based on the so-called progressiveness of western civilization and also under-development of eastern civilizations. The main theme of the 44th conference of the International Society For The Comparative Study Of Civilization which will take place June 2014; is “Can Collective Wisdom Save Civilization?”. The head of the same society J.Rosner determined a sub-theme for the conference that questions whether Analyses should focus on particular civilizations and/or comparative studies of civilizations. Above all, comperative studies are important alternative to Euro-centric analysis. Hence, comparetive analysis method has become an important aspect to define civilizations as a whole. This study seeks to evaluate the civilizations based on Braudel’s classification of civilizations by using a comparative analysis method through economics. To conclude; the changing conditions of demography, economy and ecology of the world suddenly, caused series of interrelated investments relevant and very profitable In the processes of production in which the machines are used to increase the production while diminishing the labour and also increasing the profit of the capital of the overall output. This process leads the world economy slide to a more euro centric approach in which europeans struggle for political and economic power and how it world be shared. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17471 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17471 Fatih ÖZÇELİK, Sabit DOKUYAN People Houses tried to realize the ideals of the republice between 1932-1951 and they were one of the most important institutes during the single-party regime. The main subject of our study is Bolu People House. It gained right to be a cultural center by opening branches like other people houses and had an significant place for Bolu because it helped Bolu to have a social, cultural and economical identity. Previously, many studies were done about Bolu People House, yet the archive was never used or was used restrictedly in those studies. For this reason, our study is different in terms of using the rate of archive comparing the other studies. This study which is based on archival resources about the establishment of Bolu People House and its functions includes the history of the institute and determines its contribution to the development of Bolu. Also it provides important contributions to the history of Bolu as well as Bolu People House activities. Bolu People House has worked in order to make people adopt the principles of the republic and to build a new society in the light of its purpose of establishment. There are three parts in our study to crystallize this process. Bolu People House's purpose of establishment, its chairmen, financial resources and its functions are included in the first part. In the second part, Bolu People House's role in the national holidays and in the local events is examined and in the last part, the activities of the branches of People House are addressed. Bolu People House's branches and their activities have helped Bolu to develop culturally, socially and economically. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17668 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17668 Muhammet ÖZDEMİR In this study, it is comprehensively examined the editing of the history of philosophy which has been belonged to Abu Nasr al-Fârâbî and Avicenna and investigated the identity of philosophy in Islamic civilization. Firstly, it is opened to debate the meaning of philosophy on which has been agreed for the last two centuries and the academic findings in modern studies which are related to Islamic philosophy. Secondly, the naming of “Islamic philosophy” is reconstructed with its historical and anthropological grounds. Thirdly, it is described the historiography of philosophy which has firstly developed in the history by al-Fârâbî and given the gradual developing in the emergence of language and sciences and philosophy and religion in it. This philosopher means only Islam with the religion and Islam means civil life which the people have reached. He imagines the historiography of philosophy as a kind of philosophy of history and sets about something like expression of the history of the human and the world. It is accepted the emergence of language and sciences and philosophy and Islam as an apodictic position of the progressive history. Al-Fârâbî approves of only Aristotle in the especially of Ancient Greek philosophy and it seems that he has placed himself a higher position. Al-Fârâbî’s philosophical analysis looks like modern philosophy of history and modern analysis of language and critical ontology which called by Michel Foucault. Avicenna approves of the idea of the history of philosophy which has created by him and helps to progress. We see Avicenna thinks that Aristotle’s philosophy is not sufficient. Fourthly, following this philosophical analysis, we see the philosophy in Islam as a systematical reason which includes the sciences. Then this systematical reason has taken consciously and made currently. Also Islam which the philosophy is carrying out seems like the reality. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17731 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17731 Sevda ÖZKAYA SOFU In order to have an accurate evaluation of the history of Islamic societies, it is necessary to have a clear idea of what their concept of law is. The concept of law which regulates the social life in many ways has developed differently in the Islamic civilization from that in the Christian Europe. The Europeanization Movement of the 19th century which established itself in administrative, political and social fields also came into prominence in the field of law; and the system law which was regarded as an obstacle to the modernization of the Islamic society was sought to be transformed, thus making a significant stride for the Islamic society toward interacting with the dynamic European society. In the 19th century, that is, a period of modernization for the Islamic society, several economic and politico-social reasons necessitated the aforementioned interaction. The increase in the trade between Ottoman Empire and the Europe gave rise to the intercultural relations. Therefore, within a short period of time, non-Muslims began to settle in the Muslim coastal towns. These non-Muslim settlers, despite being subject to their own laws as a privilege, had also many rights in many fields through capitulations and sometimes exploited them. In consequence of the sharp increase in the trade relations between Egyptian society and the European society from 1841 onwards, readjustments in the Egyptian judiciary became obligatory primarily for settling the commercial-economic issues. One of the significant moves of modernization efforts in Egypt under Ottoman rule was the one in the field of law, and within this context, the question of mixed-tribunals must be examined with a critical point of view 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17683 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17683 Murat ÖZTÜRK Horse is the one of the most valuable good as a military instrument and economic good for the classical societies before industrial revolution. Horse has some properties that some other animals like mule and camel don’t have. Horse that hosts speed and endurance at the same time can be grown on large meadows. But just nomadic societies can have such large meadows. Because settled societies use these meadows as agricultural lands. From an economic perspective horse is used in some economic activities. Transportation is the one of the most important economic activity for these societies. Transportation animals are valuable for nomadic societies. However horse has an other economic value. This is best breeding horses are sold to neighboors and brings income to nomadic societies. With these two aspects, horse is a valuable good for Asian Huns. Although there were societies like Mongols and Yue-chihs breeding horse, because of standing between China and these states, Asia Huns has become the state that controlled the horse trade. Besides the economic value horse is an important military instrument. This is the most important strenght of Hun military. Another factor that brings out this power is horse riding ability of Hun soldiers. When this ability and producing large numbers of horse are coupled, an army that is fast and strong and difficult to stop came out. Huns have done looting attacks, won victories against China and other enemies owing to these army that is unlike Chinese army. Because of being monopoly in producing horse, Asian Huns won military victories and had economic success. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17739 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17739 Mustafa ÖZTÜRK In the classical period with the needs of society, education, health, civil and religious- charitable services, the state’s general revenue in national law in accordance with the foundations were fulfilled. Its foundations were quite common in the classical era. However, all of the foundations is not to say that there are entirely charitable foundations. On the contrary, the vast majority of foundations, family foundations have minimum levels are devoted to charitable service. However, personal property saved from the contemplation of the state of the property being referred from the family from generation to generation is ensured. According to the Foundation law, the determination of the terms of the foundation was allowed to fully get to grips with, it did not matter any state intervention. However, records are audited each year of foundation and certified by the accounting books are kept and used to be about. In this study the books foundations of Aleppo in the years 1861-1865 were examined. Accordingly, the foundation’s accounting has been seen 137 of Aleppo. This figure does not include all Aleppo foundations. There are a total of 710 foundations in Aleppo. We examine the foundations are foundations of the 1861-1865 accounting period. This foundation is a penny 1.150437,5 income in this period. All of the foundation’s charitable foundations to be examined, it confirms our view. Because this book has no foundation in the adoptive and step families. So, we have mentioned the accounting books, the books in Aleppo is a charitable foundation. As can be seen from the example of Aleppo Foundation, the foundation is an important source of employment. Who worked in the mosque imam, preacher, muezzin, a teacher, janitor, trustee, as trustee of many officers are employed. So if you thought that was the foundation of the village, the villagers assessment of the crops, which are understood to be of concern market. Aleppo, the largest share of foundation is seen as belonging to the Haramain. From the prior period in the understanding of the Ottoman Empire itself as well as the rights and savings were being accepted and registered. In the same way in the pre-Ottoman period foundations has been registered. In this context, many foundations belonging to Seljuk and Mamluk periods to carry on presence in this period. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17772 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17772 Volkan PAYASLI, Olcay Özkaya DUMAN With the identity of the opponents of the period of National Struggle fore Tariq Mumtaz, Damad Ferid's aide has done, writing articles for various newspapers, Ankara has come against the Government and the National Struggle. After the War of Independence contained in the list of 150, Mumtaz, was exiled to the French Mandate. Mumtaz log transfer their impressions here, this region of the French us important clues about why they are interested serves. Found during press-release activities in the region also expressed opinions on various topics. The Ankara Government to support the work of mass media has been able to see that continue. In this respect, “Hacivat-Karagöz” newspaper issued in terms of understanding the mood of the period will provide valuable information to us. Because of the period of import and export center in Aleppo and around is important. Mandate of providing information about economic restructuring wealth, the exploitation of the region are discussed in the diary. Especially after 1933, leaving the identity of the opposition, National Struggle on the activities of the French in the name of supporting the logging is remarkable. Again, Mumtaz, area with several tables to get information on the socio-economic life has to offer us. In this study, the old Turkish penned in Aleppo "Lines and Information" in the period from the tone of the blog has tried to be analyzed. Based on the information obtained Mumtaz come against the French mandate in 1933, after the opposition National Struggle how changing the attitude has been found to support. In this connection it has been found to hold asm.c though this log. Thus, monographic and a biographical study aimed to contribute to the literature. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17745 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17745 İsmail PIRLANTA The trivet which was based on the important fundamentals of the economy was with trade agriculture and livestock in the Khurasan region as well as the towns of medieval Islam. This reality naturally continued along dominance of the Great Saljuqids Empire in the region. During this period Iktâ system came into force. İkta refers to both systematic cultivation and management of land that is an indispensable raw material of agriculture in Khurasan. Besides, Great Saljuqids rulers had protected irrigation channels which were built by the administrations before them on behalf of development of agriculture. They also had maintained this irrigation channels and in case of necessary they had opened new irrigation channels. As Saljuqids had attached importance to each type of trade including trading of agricultural and livestock products They had been built signal towers on trade routes and the deserts that are places where there are high probabilities of losing passengers' way in Khurasan. On the other hand, ponds and wells had been built especially on the trade routes passing through desert; mail stations, caravanserais, police stations had been established. Obtained agricultural and livestock products as a result of Activities within the framework of the ongoing positive effects of agriculture and livestock were exported to other regions as they were consumed by local people. Therefore, the region's economy was improving. In addition to offer both these products to the domestic market and foreign markets through export also was providing The viability of large in commercial life. In this study we aim to examine every aspect of agriculture and livestock sector which are located on so important for the economy of Khurasan. In this context, We aim to provide information about the region's climate, landform, forms of land cultivation and watering conditions, agricultural products, livestock status, marketing methods and locations of both the agriculture and animal products. We hope that our work is a useful reference for researchers who are interested in this topic. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17631 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17631 Hava SELÇUK Slavery is an institution that has existed since ancient times. Slavery is a man’s acquiring a man as a property. An integral part of the social organization of the ancient periods, slavery have existed in all the states where wars have been made. However, no international treaty had been available with respect to the legal status of slavery. Although uncommon in the Ottoman Empire during the establishment period, with increasing number of wars, and in connection with the number of captives, the institution of slavery was formed. However, from the second half of the XV century, the vast majority of the slaves were either serving their masters, or working in workshops in the cities or in small work places. Taking place among the contrabands of war of the war veterans, the slaves were sold in the slave markets. Even though those slaves have converted to Muslim, their slavery status have continued. They have been in the service of their masters until they have been freed. Pursuant to Svisthov Treaty that has been signed with Austria in 1791, a new arrangement has been made with respect to status of the prisoners of war. According to the seventh article of the agreement in question, with the exception of those who have converted while in the status of captive (converted to Christianity while Muslim, and converted to Christianity while Muslim), all persons would be sent to their respective countries. Accordingly, as a result of the war with Austria, of those who were captured by the Ottoman soldiers and sold in the slave markets should also stay with their masters if converted to Islam. Those who maintained their lives as Christian should be bought from their masters and sent back to their countries. Slaves who have been sold in various regions, and being in the service of a person have been repurchased by the Ottoman Empire and delivered to Nemçe (Austria). In this study, people who were enslaved, their ages, genders and conversions, their new names and fates have been analyzed. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17525 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17525 Savaş SERTEL In this study, conducted in 1927 by the province of Bitlis, Turkey's first general census of the population characteristics are discussed. First, before the year 1927 is considered the administrative structure of Bitlis . The census population of Bitlis in the Ottoman period were identified. Then, according to the 1927 census the population of Bitlis and districts ; population as gender , literacy , marital status, place of birth , age, disabilities, are discussed in terms of economic activity . This counting of European experts under the supervision of a census has been compliance with European standards . In this census focused on the nature of the population . This is very important. Thus, not only about the amount of population, the nature and needs of the population in the future , what would be identified and the related measures and decisions could be taken on . All of these needs with limited resources are used in accordance enables . In addition, the population 's social attributes about data is provided ( the country's children, adults and the elderly population , marriage and 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17737 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17737 Sevinç SEYİDOVA Azerbaijan declared its independence in 1991. Azerbaijan aimed to become a member of international organizations from the first day that gained its independence. For the solution of global problems to cooperate with other states was important for Azerbaijan.In the period that increased aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan by pulling international organizations’ attention tried to create an objective opinion in global media. 15 June 1993, Heydar Aliyev came to power for the second time and went to drastic changes in the foreign policy of Azerbaijan. Heydar Aliyev, the president , had 485 meetings with 68 states’ president and Nagorno-Karabakh conflict were discussed during these meetings. Haydar Aliyev arranged meetings with UN Secretary General, OSCE, NATO, CIS, at the summit of the OIC and other international organizations and brought up the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh. To take part in these institutions was important to provide international publics positive opinion in favor of Azerbaijan. The article features the Armenian - Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and legal aspects of international organizations location of the foreign policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan were considered , as well as factors that contribute to cooperation with international organizations in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno- Karabakh conflict was studied in detail the need for the participation in international organizations .To resolve the conflict in the exact position in the formation of international organizations in accordance with the norms and principles of international law for the protection of Azerbaijan's fair position clear to the international organizations could help settle the conflict. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17637 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17637 İnci Yelda ŞAFAKCI While Bukhara 19th the current state of the study devoted to the 19th century, the reasons for the layout and add information to stay back and madrassah. During the training, the first thing that comes to mind as a number when it is in fact the effect of madrassah, Bukhara with this feature. We are giving the reasons for this situation because the conditions under which non-bad madrassah tried to promise. In this case, the Russian Government is, how much of the clergy tried to explain how he looks at this situation. In this respect, given the information about the General features of the madrassah, courses, holidays, training stages. Introduction to the contents of the courses given lessons about religion as knowledge that belongs to this document. Religion consists of off-axis madrassah education and other sciences of the age was the most important factor in being left behind. The main problem of the clergy if they are not comfortable with this situation, unlike the complainant and those who want to take a step towards reforms are ahead of them. According to them, the current situation is ideal for maintaining the Russian had eaten themselves. If you are faced with the Russian education system reform of madrasas and lose their identity through education and will cause this. In accordance with these opinions in the madrassah statement sounds. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17623 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17623 Arzu ŞAHİN On the one hand it is possible to fallow the relationship between the city centre and the provinces of Ottoman State, on the other hand it is also possible to fallow its mobility within the country by way of researching shari'ah register which is one of the most important archives resources of the Ottoman history. Shari'ah Registers which are the primary sources in monographic studies related to Ottoman city history include significant information about the daily life to which they belong, clothing and food prices, market and bazaar places, religious and social buildings such as mosque, masjid, madrasah, population dispersion according to Muslim and non-Muslim and their relationship to each other. In the documents of Kadi, there are documents such as the writings with state centre, public wishes, edict, patent, court degree, argument, to be ordered, correspondence, constant price, commercial paper, taxation, presentation, missive document etc. The documents related to the local cases mainly include the subjects such as exchange, buying-selling, dept, entrust, marriage, 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17523 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17523 Gülreyhan ŞUTANRIKULU Derbent is a second historical city of Dagistan in Russian Federation. The history of Derbent City in Dagistan has been studied by several authors. Derbent, where lives a significant amount of Turkish Population, is a transit passage area between Eurasia and middle east. Therefore, It has been inhabited by several nations. For these reasons, It witnessed to bloody wars, conflict, fall and rise. Derbent became unique city of South Dagistan during centries, and played important role in the life of East Caucasia. It had become an import port at Caspian Sea and become a transit commercial passage on South East Europe Way. Furthermore, After Arabic conquest, It became important Islamic center of Muslims for long time. Moreover, Derbent had always maintained its role as a great craft center of Dagıstan. Dagistan history has been studied by several authors. However, this history has not been introduced to Turkish World yet. In this work, Derbent History was studied in terms of the First Age, Roman, Sasani, Islamic and Soviet periods. On the other hand, Terekeme’s are being most important people of the region. Despite presence of several studies made by geographers and authors lived in antique period, the history of Terekeme Villages has not been introduced to Turkish World, too. This work presents the history of Derbent and Terekeme region to Turkish World. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17516 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17516 Seyit TAŞER Historic Ottoman Committee was founded under the chairmanship of historiographer Abdurrahman Şeref as a result of importance attached to science of history in the last stages of Ottoman Empire. The foundation of committee was one year after the II. Proclamation of Constitutional Monarchy in 1908. One of the most reasons to establish the committee was the lack of a detailed study about the engraving Ottoman history. The committee was arranged with three regulations about the body, interior, and branches. In this study we will focus on Historic Ottoman Committee branches’ regulations and their implications. In this study, we stand on issues , the regulations of branch of Historic Ottoman Committee and subsequent developments will be related to these instructions. Committee , the central organization of the plant from one side , while on the other hand had plans to open branches in various centers . Starting from this point , as a priority , and it opened a branch in Bursa branch of the committee. This branch’s studies have tried to be helpful to centre of committee . When two years after the establishment of the Central Organization, Historic Ottoman Committee Bursa Branch was instituted in 1911 . Other than that, only a few centers could be have a Historic Ottoman Committee Branchs. Konya is one of them. In this study examined the process of the establishment of branches and what was the aim of this branch is evaluated. This branch had been established to support local sense of the study of history subjects. But it couldn’t product significantly. Furthermore, such studies very importance so that historic studies could be more scientific. And such historic research increases sensitivity in field of history. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17570 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17570 İbrahim TELLİOĞLU Samsun is a place where several communities have come and setteled down throughout the history. One of these communities is the Turks. The historical and archeological records show that they have been in this reigon since the 7th century B.C . The first phase of the settlement of the Turks in Samsun last up to the the end of 11th century. During the last period of the Byzantine domination the remains of some Turkish groups were assimilated in the pot of Orthodox identity. The second phase of the Turkish settlement start with the Seljhuks who entered the Anatolia. From the last quarter of the 11th century on, Danishmends, Türkiye Seljuks, Eretna, Canik Principality and Ottomans started to dominate the region. The third phase came out as a result of the Turks who settled down in Samsun during the Republic period. Along with the ones that came through the exchange, by means of the new investments made soon after the Republic was founded it became an important tarde and industrial center within the short time of 25 years , also developed due to the people coming from different parts of Turkey and became the most outstanding place in the region 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17605 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17605 Özen TOK The Foundation has a characteristic which generates revenue through the system it has constituted, as well as economic activities it has carried on, and by virtue of such generated revenues producing services in miscellaneous areas for the benefit of the society and the state. In this context, it has a self-contained structure. Financial expenditures for the building of mosques, masajid (small mosques), madrassas, hospitals, etc. have usually been absorbed by the men of influence such as sovereigns, viziers, emirs, gentries, and again the costs such maintenance, repair, material supply, attendants’ payments have been covered by the revenues obtained from devised movable and immovable properties. According to the existing relevant epigraphs, the mosque in Kayseri, which is referred to as the Hacı Kılıç Mosque, has been built by Seljuk Emir Ebü'l-Kâsım b. Ali et-Tûsîin the hegira year of 647 (AD 1249-50) by the command of Kaykaus II. During the Ottoman era, and this mosque that has been ruined over time has been thoroughly repaired by Hüseyin Bey, Brigadier of Aksaray, and incomes of various real properties have been devised to the mosque. Book of accounts registered under TSMA, D.1678, D.1760, and D.3980, which contain the revenues and expenditures of the Foundation of Hüseyin Bey that have been allocated to Kayseri Hacı Kılıç Mosque, for the Hegira years 1080 – 1090 (AD 1670 – 1680) constitute the basis of this work. In this study, subject matters in the areas of the foundation's management, auditing, and accounting of revenues and expenses that have been reflected on kadi registers of the respective period have also been mentioned. Furthermore, accounting record for the hegira year 1080 has been analyzed. Accordingly, the Foundation's income constituted of rental incomes gained from gardens, shops, hammams, and tanneries, as well as crop incomes acquired from the villages and hamlets. Among spending items of the Foundation are salaries and allocations of the officials of the mosque and the foundation, and the costs that have arisen from the maintenance and repair of the Foundation’s real properties. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17770 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17770 Muhammet Nuri TUNÇ The governments in which administration belongs to a family’s members, one of the spoiling components of the government’s peace and regime is the existence of dynasty members who try to get or have the possibility of getting the government’s power. Monarchs of the Dynasty administration, which was seen in the history of China, Turk, Russian, Persian, Byzantium and Arabian governments, preferred to assassinate the dynasty members who were seen as direct threats or possible threats to their government’s power many times. As in many governments, the Ottoman monarchs applied the same precaution many times and events of massacre into the dynasty were happened as a result of the desire of preservation of the government’s power or taking it, the wish of protection of regulation, the effects of the exterior focuses on the dynasty’s members, palace intrigues, army’s influence… The main affect which revealed these reasons is that the system of Ottoman Sultanate inheritance isn’t tied to a certain base. But in the course of time, the changes which happened in the inheritance system and the reaction of some classes to the massacre into the dynasty supplied this application to come an end. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17640 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17640 Filiz YILDIRIM Salt mine is a natural strategic resource forthe states in terms of theregi on which they were obtained. In this regards, having a rich geography, the Ottoman State has had wide salts both in Anatolia and Rumelia. Salt, one of the basic consumer goods, occupies a significiant place in human life. From past to present, from the protection of food stuff to almost as many in the industry, the salt has been exploited in the area. It has been a commodity in lots of are as such as the protection of food stuffs, industry from the past to the present. The Ottoman State, kept under control by the laws of the salt the food and the commerce clause as well as the marketing and transportation. Salts after removal from Wallachia, Transylvania, Moldavia and Hungary was sent to İstanbul with the Danube basin and is tried to resolve the needs of the area. Even the salt used in the palace in İstanbul has been supplied from the territory of Wallachia. Voivodeship’s one of the lesding sources of income, the salt is also one the most significant gains of Danube quay. State put into practice some of the tax law with particular attention to salt or salts. In order to gain unregistered traffickers smuggling of legal regulations for the prevention of these activities have been a deterrent. The Ottoman State has taken salt areas in which are remevoed the precious metal as well as in other areas on the status of demense. State monopoly in salt production which is regulated to protect the salt was forbidden. The law banning salt which is in the hand of state monopoly has been arranged in order to protect salt production. The area which have been focused on comprising the production of salt in the Dunabe basin, its transportation, trade, taxes, it forbiddenig, salt law, the use of salt etc. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17628 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17628 Taner YILDIRIM, Ahmet ALTUNGÖK The existence of the city of Ubulla goes back to the 4 th century BC. The city which Greeks gave a high importance during the invasion of Alexander the Great maintained this situation in the later periods in terms of providing the conduct between the far East and the Near East. This port city which had a growing commercial importance during the Parthians reached its brightest period after the foundation of the Sassanids. The city, which has also a big importance during the Islamic conquests, had astonishing wealth after the conquest of it by Muslims. Prophet Mohammed also drew the attention of Muslims tothis city by his hadiths. There fore, Muslims did important works in order to improvea gri culturein the city in addition to the commercial activities. Ubulla port city which started to loose its importance against Basra city after thees tablishment of it maintain edits commercial existence until the Abbasids period. However The City Ubulla, mentioned as built-up place by the river with its mansions, bazaars, mosques, caravanserais and spoken of its beauty astonishingly, lost its former commercial importance after the fifth Hijri century (i.e eleventh Gregorian). “While the Ubulla city used to be a huge commercial city in advance of the Persian and Indo traders, now It has been a Village in which ruined palace and a village-like structures can be seen."says Ibn Batuta who visited the Ubulla in the fourteenth century. At the industry, The Ubulla, The last stop of the merchant ships coming from Indian Ocean to Persian Gulf has been abandoned completely after the seventh Hijri century and so, It had to withdraw from the scene of history. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17463 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17463 Erinç Erdal YILDIRIM During the years following the death of Atatürk, a relatively mobility has begun in Turkish intellectual life. Especially the post 1945 period was years which serious reactions towards Republican modernization understanding and its implications were increased. These opponent intellectuals expressed themselves through various channels, specifically the journals. In this study, different approaches of Republican conservative intellectuals towards history were analyzed in light of Çığır, Hareket and Büyük Doğu; prominent journals of the İnönü Era. One of the core claims of this study is that the historical understanding of conservative intellectuals constituted the basis for the Turkish-Islamic Synthesis which would be the official ideology and historiography of 1980s. Generally speaking, Republican conservatives were against the “top-down” modernization perception of the ruling cadre which was based on a clear break from the recent past. In this sense, they aimed to reveal the genuine historical and cultural values of Turkish nation which was ignored by then. Historical understanding of the conservative intellectuals was largely shaped by their modernization approach. Since they defended evolution within continuity, the past they internalized was Seljuk and Ottoman history which Republic overlooked. The primary political and intellectual resources of the Turkish right through 1950s and 60s were the works of prominent conservatives of the period as Yahya Kemal, Peyami Safa, Mehmet Akif, Necip Fazıl, Nurettin Topçu. Sociological and historical perception of these conservative intellectuals would have a significant impact on the formation of Turkish Islamic Synthesis which would be officialized in 1980s. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17514 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17514 Zemzem YÜCETÜRK In the Seljuks, Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire, particularly the endowed decision and the kept minutes by kadis chronologically was recorded the book called kadi records. This books is called as the registers of şer’iyye, the court books, the record of the event registers or record book. One of our most important historical sources are registers of şer’iyye. This registers have gained importance, according to the ever-expanding authority and service areas of the kadis. The registers of şer’iyye include important information about Ottoman Empire in lots of fields, such as military, legal, economical, religious and administrative. The registers of şer’iyye are one of the most important resources of Ottoman Empire, in terms of determining Turkish culture and history from middle of 15th century to the first quarter of 20th century. These registers are important with regard to containing official writings between kadi and central management, besides historical, social, cultural, economical, religious, legal and administrative progresses of related places. The registers comprise old accommodation units; nicknames, which are given to that place’s people; commercial relationships, social lives, economical conditions and legal relationships between people who live there. In addition, they include important information about sherry court. The registers of şer’iyye is the primary source of history of cities resulting recently and science research belonging the local life in various regions of the country. Not only of the land located within the borders of Turkey, but also be able to writed real history of the land seperated from the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, in order to clarify Ottoman history, these documents need to been translated into Turkish and analyzed attentively. The microfilms of 98th/3 numbered Gaziantep register of Şer’iyye are in Millî Kütüphane in Ankara. In its have seventy-four documents. In this study, we examined Gaziantep's social and legal situation during the years 1742-1743 and the place names in the mantioned city at this period according to the 98/3 numbered Gaziantep Ser'iye Sicili. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17813 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17813 Erdal AÇIKSES, Ayhan CANKUT The origin of the Cyprus problem is based on the first “Megali Idea” map, showing the Cyprus in “Great Greece” borders. Enosis, by the Greek Cypriots, is used to refer the linkage of Cyprus to Greece as of the Megali Idea objectives. The Cyprus problem has reached today becoming increasingly complex as a result of Enosis policy followed by the Greek Cypriot-Greek coalition. In June 4, 1878, Greek Cypriots accumulated Enosis. activities after the transfer of governance to the Great Britain while taking the advantage of the tolerance for Cypriots in the British government. Cyprus, in the hands of an enemy country, puts at risk the security and closure of supply routes. Therefore Turkey has to take necessary precautions against the danger of Enosis. The main reason for Cyprus problem, having an international aspect, is the desire of dominant countries to have a word on the island, for its strategic location to control rich oil resources in the Middle East and the trade lines in Mediterranean Sea. Greek Cypriots dissolved 1960 Treaties (Zurıch and London) and eliminated the Republic of Cyprus, unilaterally in January, 1st 1964. Greeks do disturbed the peace and the destroyed the republic. Despite that fact, the great powers having ambitions on the region put fort a Greek Cypriots-Greek coalition biased attitude in solving the Cyprus problem. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17444 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17444 Kürşat ÇELİK Hafiz Mustafa Pasha was the governor of Erzurum, Şam, Konya, Diyarbakır and Bağdat also he was Keban and Ergani Ma’aden Certainty between 1760-1778. Besides, he was known for his charity because of the waqf, he founded with his own name. When Hafız Mustafa Pasha was Keban and Ergani Ma’aden Certainty he provided different services to the places where he worked and also to Istanbul and Şam. Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Waqf had been in variety of services such as education , economy and social. In this study, the services, the incomes and expenses, the staff ,and also the special requirements of that waqf are examined. 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17763 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17763 Handan HAYKIR 2024-08-29 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17762 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17762 Yavuz HAYKIR 2024-08-29