https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=277 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17467 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17467 İlkay ABAZAOĞLU Practitioners in the world of education policy, education services that make a significant, education services initiator, developer and practitioner of teacher education system is one of the basic elements indispensable. The success of the education system, this system will operate depending on the qualifications of teachers and other education personnel is. No training model, that model can not produce services will operate on the qualifications of the personnel. Therefore, in almost every part of the world policy-makers on the basis of the reforms implemented in the education system has placed teachers. These reforms as the basis for teacher training, employment, career advancement and professional development consists of a series of such arrangements. This article applied in various countries of the world system of teacher training, teacher training institutions of teacher candidates to the selection, training, appointment and professional development for teachers to practice policies are examined. Analyzed in the study of the countries of teacher training and selection systems, different teacher training models together is adopted, prospective teachers into schools and teaching programs in the selection of national exams next teacher assesses the skills of writing, interview and performance examinations has been employed. In addition, the practice of pre-service training of the country in general equilibrium established in the practical and theoretical training which provides an intense practice of teacher education practices have been identified. At the same time in these countries in the work of in-service and professional development training has been found to be important. The data obtained at the end of the study, in light of “Teacher Training and Development System" on the model is proposed.results. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17391 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17391 Halil AKMAN Black Sea region, which has a strategic location, next to the security of economic opportunities, is of great importance in terms of being energy and transport corridor. Black Sea as the location today, EU, USA, Turkey and Russia into the area of the intersection of major Eurasian powers and is the transition area between Central Asia and Europe. At the same time, an important transit route for Caspian energy imports carries position. the Crimea which is in the central location on this route, has a special significance. This region is given to Ukraine by Khrushchev in 1958, then was accepted as an error by Russian nationalists, has been criticized. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the Crimea, Ukraine has remained in the territory. It emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union, one of the major issues, has been the Black Sea fleet in Crimea. Current fleet in the Black Sea between Russia and Ukraine apportionment process, has created serious tensions between the two countries. Because of this tension also has taken a long time to resolve the issue of sharing. The tension between the two countries between 1992-1997, this dispute has considerably increased, the blood pressure lowering and formal interviews were conducted to obtain results. Sharing and the Crimea Black Sea fleet on the status of these negotiations an agreement was reached in 1997. The whole problem finishing this deal, as the Russian military presence in Crimea and Crimean, conjuncture changed at any moment when a new crisis between the two countries could potentially challenge continues. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17408 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17408 Ali ALTIKULAÇ, A. Kürşat GÖKKAYA In this study, it is aimed to develop the students’ historical empathy skills via using memoirs in History lesson. Scope of this research, it was firstly examined memoir works that are subject the period of The National Struggle and citations were made from their sections appropriate to the unit gains. A total of 37 memoirs belonging to different authors' works were used that were considered appropriate by researchers. The citations were used preparing activities for use in implementation. Some reading strategies and graphic organizers were used to analyze and better understanding of the memoir texts of study group students. This research was conducted with the secondary school senior class (8th Grade) students in Turkish Republic Revolution History and Kemalism Lesson holding qualitative research method that was used in the form of action research. The gains of students who participated in implementation were examined using descriptive analysis. The research was carried out during 15 hours (7,5 weeks) in a public schools (n=35) in central county in Ankara city. The implementation of research was done in the teaching process of “Either Freedom or Death” unit of the lesson. Teaching activities which had been developed using memoirs were applied to the study group and the status of historical empathy skill levels of students were analyzed at the end of the process. Looking at the findings of descriptive analysis related to historical empathy skill levels of study group students who performed the experimental implementation of the research, it was observed that the use of memoirs in teaching of the Turkish Republic Revolution History and Kemalism lesson has positive effects on students' historical empathy skills. It was observed that students use their own fiction in their narratives, independently put forward the events that might arise, by putting themselves in the place of historical characters. According to the findings of the study that memoirs are suitable teaching material can be used in history teaching. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17334 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17334 Nursel ASLANTÜRK Hittites who had lived in Anatolia and established a great civilization applied their own language through cuneiform on thousands of clay tablets. The scribes were the ones to carve the Hittite cuneiform on such tablets which were classified as King annuals, political treaties, legal texts, regulations on directive texts, religious texts: prayer texts, rituals, texts narrating the feast ceremonies, texts of the auguries and sorceries. In ?attuša, the capital city of Hittites, fifty scribes, thirty two of which were wooden tablet scribes, were assigned. The scribes were being trained in scribe schools. Since it was difficult to learn the Hittite cuneiform which had 375 figures in total, the training was being given in childhood. It’s known that the scribes, after completing their training, had to copy hundreds of tablets for being archived in the capital city archive or for being circulated to several places. The profession was being handed down from father to son. It was being selected by exclusive families of the Hittite society. Credibility in the profession was very important since the scribes were recording the correspondences with the kings of the Asia Minor states and vassals, kingdom decrees, grant land and verdicts of the cases. The names of the Hittite scribes and sometimes their pedigrees and inspectors were being acquainted from the tablet colophons. The name of Ukki?a city which we know from Hittite cuneiform tablets can be seen only in three text of “colophon”. From these “colophons”, the name of Lili-?al?a who is the scribe of Kizzu?atna King Pilli?a’s ritual, was the scribe of Pi?a-mu?a who can only be seen in “colophon” and was ?al?aziti who is the scribe of Bronze tablet, and it was learnt that the name of the father was Lupakki. It can be thought that this city was important center for educating scribe since of the name of city only related with scribe. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17251 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17251 Talip AYAR Idjâza is a term used to describe a principal's approval of its agent to transmit what he has learnt from his principle to others. This practice dates back to IXth century A.D. and is of a historical depth. It was first used in the field of hadith. Later, together with the more systematic process of sciences, it had been used in other disciplines as well as hadith. This tradition, unique to Islamic education system, was defined as “idjâzet-nâme” in the geographical regions where Persian and Ottoman Turkish were used. Compared to the practices in other regions, the idjâzet-nâmes in the Ottoman period, had a more systematic structure in terms of the form, the content and the followed principles during the ceremony. Within the frame of all of these things mentioned above, idjâzet-nâmes, in terms of the resource value, are historical documents. An Idjâzet-nâme proves that the holder itself was authorized to be able to join the training and teaching activities with an effective identity. Moreover, idjâzet-nâmes are of vital importance because of the fact that they are not only enlighten the period of the relevant term in terms of content, the scientific and cultural life and educational activities, but also enlighten even the history of the cities from the point of being a science and education center and so many issues like these. By the virtue of this importance, in the article, the status of idjâzet-nâme of Şerefeddin Şaban Efendi, who lived in the late period of Ottoman and worked as a muderris, will be determined within the idjâzet-nâme corpus. During this process, shape and content analysis of the idjâzet-nâme will be done and in what aspects the idjâzet-nâme matches or differentiates from the point of conventional idjâzet-nâme forms will be tried to be found out. What’s more, by means of idjâzet-nâme, we will try to do our best not only to establish a sound basis for the efforts to make up a firm link with the past, but also to set forth its value as a historical resource. Finally, for the sake of understanding the period when the idjâzet-nâme was granted, the procedure of this practice in the Ottoman Educational System will be studied predominantly. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17423 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17423 Hüseyin BAL There are three major conceptions regarding to concept of freedom (or liberty) which is one of the most important topics of political philosophy. One can juxtapose these conceptions in the following way: 1- Negative Freedom as “the absence of intervention” or “freedom from”, 2- Positive Freedom as “rational autonomy” or “freedom to” and 3- Republican Freedom as “the absence of a domineering force” or “freedom as non-domination”. The systematic distinction of negative - positive freedom owes its origin to T. H. Green. The concept of republican freedom has been developed as “a third way”, according to one of its advocates, Philip Pettit. The negative concept of freedom known as a conception favored and defended by classical liberal worldview. The positive concept of freedom stands out as the conception of freedom which is owned by Marxist, socialist and communitarian standpoints. The republican concept of freedom on the other hand is a notion of freedom whose roots are embedded in the Republicanism which has an important place in the history of political thoughts. Accordingly, it is a notion of freedom which is reinforced by approaches like ‘participatory democracy’, ‘deliberative democracy’ and ‘citizen initiative’ and ‘new social movements’. In this article, after the mentioning the basic assumptions of these three conceptions briefly, I will try to explain why positive freedom is intrinsically (therefore necessarily) a paternalistic concept, conception or notion. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17275 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17275 Shota BEKADZE The XVI Century for Ottoman Geography meant a period of expansion and change of population and economy. The State Recordings are the most important resources that reveal the administrative, economic and social structure of the Ottoman Cities of that period. The administrative, economic and social situation of many Anatolian cities has been studied according to the State Recordings of Ottoman State, but some part of Georgian cities that ruled by Ottoman’s was the exception. Considering the lack of this situation, I concentrated on the examination of the socio-economic status of Aspindza city in the XVI Century. Nowadays, Aspindza city is the centre of Aspindza Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti region of the Republic of Georgia. Aspindza was situated inside the territory of Samtskhe Atabey’s for 312 years (1266- 1578) and 250 years inside the Childir Province of Ottoman Empire (1578-1928) and after the war of Childir, on 9th August, 1578 Ottoman’s gains control over it. According to the administrative arrangements of Ottoman State, Aspindza was the centre of Ahiska Sanjak of Aspindza Province of Childir Beylerbeyi. The main purpose of our study is to give information about the etymology, geographic location, brief history, population, people’s religious affiliation of Aspindza and afterwards, we analyse and evaluate the socio-economic life of the city based on the Ottoman State Recordings "Defter-i Mufassal Vilâyet-i Gürcistân" that was dated 1595. In the last 50 years a big attention was given to the State Recordings of Ottoman State, but the "Defter-i Mufassal Vilâyet-i Gurcistân" dated 1595 that is very valuable treasure containing a wealth information about language, history, geography, onomastics, was one of the exception. The research that we did based on the State Recordings gives us a general knowledge not only of Aspindza but also the whole cities of Childir Province at the end of XVI Century. Besides, we for the first time translated informations about Aspindza in modern Turkish and attached it at the end of our research. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17323 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17323 İsmail CERAN First Ottoman French relations begins in 1353 by Suleyman Pasha moving to Europe and settling in Çimpe (Tzympe) Castle, Gallipoli. This situation excites the Christian world and forces the Pope to organize a crusade against the Ottoman’s. Savua kontu Amédée accepts the crusade invitaion by the pope and joins the capture of Gallipoli, even if it was for a short period. This does not stop the progress of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. In this case the Pope endavours to form an alliance with the Christian states in Europe. At the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, six thousand French soldiers battle with the Turks, and prominent French noblemen prisoners are released through ransom. The conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Turks in 1453 and advancement into Europe is perceived as a threat to both Europe and against the existence of Christianity. Duke of Burgundy, Philippe-le-Bon, attempts to organize a crusade that he has been planning for some time. The Ottoman Empire’s entrance into Otranto in 1480 shocks Europe, however the death of Sultan Fatih in 1481 relaxes Europe. King of France VIII. Charles (1483-1498) tries to take advantage of the capture of Cem Sultan in Europe by pursuing his great ambitions to resurrect Byzantine and recapture Istanbul and Jerusalem. This project fails after the Pope hands Cem Sultan over to him and he dies some time later. Cem Sultan’s capture by the Christians causes the European states to interfere in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire and stops the Ottoman conquest towards the west for a while. Due to this, sour relations remain until the year 1525 between the Ottoman’s and the French. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17361 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17361 Ercan ÇAĞLAYAN In the nation-states, the education is used for providing political unity, social cohesion and loyalty to the state and also as a “ideological apparatus” and tool of indoctrination. In this context, Republic of Turkey firstly was founded as a nation state, and it’s education policies has a duty to imbued the regime’s ideology to the masses, therefore the nation unity will provided. At the same time, to improve the rural population in the villages, to reduce the rural-urban gap, in a short time to provide the country development and transform the rural population from the religious-based subjects to the modern citizenship which based on the secular nation subjects. Republic, to accomplish these goals established schools at the remotest villages, besides gave importance to the Turkish Hearth, National Schools, People’s Houses, People Rooms and Village Reading Room’s work. By the year 1940 a large part of Turkey’s population is still rural population therefore to educate the rural population the Village Institute was founded. Village Institutes, to taught reading and writing and also by providing training in the modern farming techniques, carpentry, health, music and sports areas thus the development of the village and the villagers were aimed to train teachers. To accomplish these objectives, the one of the opened Village Institute was Dicle Village Institute. Between the years of 1944-1954, during ten years Dicle Village Institute located in Ergani which is a district of Diyarbakir, provided services primarily to the Diyarbakir region and then near province's children. In 1954, with the closure of the Village Institutes also Dicle Village Institute closed and transformed as the Dicle Primary School. In this study, we will focus on the Republic era Village Institutes and Dicle Village Institute’s importance in the history of the Republic education. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17250 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17250 Cemal ÇETİN When the records of religious court records belonging to the 17th and 18th centuries are analyzed, it is observed that some people smeared tar over the exterior door of particular people secretly in the dead of night. Smearing tar on doors was generally on account of defilement of house residents. The fact that incidents of adultery are extremely difficult to be proved, led people who preferred not to be indifferent to this to reveal this sin through the way of smearing tar over the exterior doors which are regarded as the border between the “social” and “private” lives. The tradition of smearing tar on doors which was in society’s memory associated with a reaction to adultery turned out to be, in time, a way of “slandering” and “blackwash” one's reputation by some sinister people. For that matter, a letter was sent to the teacher of an infants’ school saying that he has to quit his job or else one will smear tar on the school’s door and if he does not take this into consideration, there will be tar smeared on his house door too, which means he will lose face. Upon this threat, the teacher proved how serious he regarded the threat by trying to prevent the action and find the perpetrator by laying an ambush with his two friends. Even if perpetrators are not known in many cases, it was seen that even those who were regarded as respected and reliable people were amongst the ones who took these smear campaigns. It is observed that residents definitely informed the court about the incident regardless of the reason why tar was smeared, and faced the slander attributed to them in accordance with the statements of people living in the neighborhood. The course of court was mainly formed according to statements of neighborhood/village residents in which the incident occurred. This study that tries to present juridical, cultural and social aspects of smearing tar on doors is mainly formed via 1645-1750 Konya Religious Courts Records. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17199 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17199 Sevim ERDEM ÇİÇEK, İbrahim YILMAZÇELİK Interregional trade indicated a significant change in the modern times. As a result of the demand in agricultural products by steadily improving industry, their transferring to foreign trade led to an important change in terms of product flow relations and ways. This process brought in with its own system. Railway which was a new transportation technology was introduced to the Ottoman under these conditions. When Sultan Abdulhamid II succeeded to the throne of Ottoman Empire, state budget had been exhausted because of political, military and economical conditions until that day. Therefore, despite restraints in some expenses, it was impossible to follow developments in terrestrial and naval fields by means of this kind of economical conditions. Moreover, there was an increase in needs and deficiencies day by day. Then, it was supposed to answer such questions as how to improve the Ottoman citizens and how to prosper the state. One of the most important problems in this period was that transit transport was carried out in hard conditions. The products, commodities of the public would be sold in quays in 3-4-5, even many more times expensive than the place it was bought. Village would have much more Money by means of momentum given to transport, thus, it would improve trade and agriculture much more. In this study, it will be mentioned that various mine concessions such as copper, silver, carborundum, chrome, antimony worked out along railway routes of Salonica-Bitola and Salonica-Istanbul, and 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17180 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17180 Mithat ESER During the reign of the Caliph Umar, one of the conquered cities by the Muslims was Mush. Until the arrival of the Seljuks, the Muslims domination on the Mush region was partially achieved. Because, the settlement of the Muslims and the Islamization have been less in the city and counties. However, Muslim Arabs can be seen particularly inhabited in Manzikert in the ninth century. This situation changed with the Seljuks. Mush was conquered in 440/1048 the first time and Manzikert was conquered in 462/1070 by Great Seljuks. Battle of Manzikert achieved a victory by Great Seljuk Sultan Alparslan in 463/1071 has been a turning point. Along with the war of Manzikert which is a county of Mush, the city has become an Islamic place with Muslim Turks and Kurds. After the war of Manzikert, Turkmens mostly inhabited in Mush and its arounds. Mush and its arounds was given Sundukoğulları, Marwanids and Sökmens as iqta. After Sökmens Eyyübis dominated Mush and its arounds and Harzemshahs dominated there short term. Anatolia Seljuks dominated them in 629/1232. However, this dominance didn’t take long. Because, after Mongols invaded Erzurum in 640/1242 and defeated Anatolia Seljuks in Kösedağ in 641/1243, Mongols had control over Mush and its arounds. Esenlik Village Mosque (1325) and Hacı Seref Mosque (1343) are the buildings which belong to the period. Abdurrahman Pasha Bridge and Murat Bridge have been evaluated as Seljuk buildings because of their architectural characteristic even though there haven’t been any inscriptions on them. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17330 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17330 Mustafa GÜÇLÜ Elementary journal was a magazine that had been published between 1393 and 1966 by the Ministry of National Education. The journal, which had been published for 26 years, had a total of 540 issues which were gathered in 31 volumes. There were 3848 articles and writings in the journal. Besides the writings in various fields of education, there were articles, writings, essays, travel writings, observation writings, and stories in the journal in which descriptive analysis was used. In this research, the place and significance of the journal in Turkish education history is evaluated in terms of formal and content features. The goal of the journal was described as “improving communication and cooperation between teachers” by Hasan Ali Yücel; it can be seen that most of the writers in the journal are school principals, teachers, elementary education inspectors, principals of training institutes, provincial directors of national education and personnel in the Ministry of National Education. Besides that, there were writings of the President of the Republic, Prime Minister and Ministers of National education of the period besides the writings and articles of significant educators such as İsmayıl Hakkı Baltacıoğlu, Hıfzırrahman Raşit Öymen, İsmail Hakkı Tonguç, M. Fuat Gündüzalp, Hasip Ahmet Aytuna and M. Rauf İnan. It is seen that genres of articles and writings published in the periodicals varied according to years. It is also known that this difference is resulted from developments in the fields of politics, economiy, society and education. Between 1939 and 1950, writings were mainly about village education and education policy besides the writings, articles, essays, memoirs, travel writings and stories about education; between 1950 and 1960, there were writings and articles about education’s psychological bases, profession of teaching and comparative education; it is obvious that there was a significant amount of increase in writings and articles about program developing and teaching between 1960 and 1966. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17331 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17331 Yakup KARATAŞ It is known that social bases of east and southeast Anatolia consisted of nomadic tribes in the period of Ottoman Empire. These tribes were fighting each other along the years because of some controversies on land. Ottoman State had tried to make peace among these tribes towards the ends of Nineteenth Century as before. The state had aimed to stop the fights and establish the peace by charging some special commissions and effective people whom are well-regarded and well-known in the region. Respecting and considering the traditions of tribes had been remarkable precaution for the survival peace in this process. It seems like a practice of an alternative law beside essential Ottoman legal system. This application had occurred as the result of social and cultural dynamics of mentioned region. Actually this kind of effort forms an important example for our world and Turkey in terms of regarding the local values. Original Ottoman records provide us to see lots of examples on pleasure among the members of tribes owing to this administrative and judicial approach. We can see classic Ottoman tolerance on these kinds of measures. Members of tribes had requested from the State for the cases to be solved by their own manners and methods in most examples. Especially dissolving the conflicts those occurred between unsettled tribes with such a practical and quick forms had appeared as a remarkable solution process. Thus serious legal responsibilities had removed like judicial chases of hundreds of people. On the other hand dissolving the cases with the tribal manners had provided the members of tribes to be convinced. By this way Ottoman State had gained to take the tendencies of tribes on herself. Additionally this approach made possible for tribes to preserve their cultural structure and specific historical deposits. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17368 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17368 Mehmet Fatih KAYA, Mehmet DEĞERLİYURT , Yasir AYDOĞMUŞ , Recep AKSU , Ercan TÜRKMEN Stemming from either external or internal factors, stress which often leads tension and depression and is considered as a 'modern society disease' has a significant effect on i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17345 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17345 Davut KILIÇ ABSTRACT The brigadier general Mayewski, an assistant in Russian Foreign Ministry over six years, in the provinces of Van and Erzurum he has worked as consulate of Russia, he presented to the Russian General Staff what he saw by analyzing and by reporting through his observation. The report in question, for being submitted to managers as confidential for political and military reasons has been turned into in small amounts in Petersburg Military Printing book. Then this work had been translated from Russian to Ottoman Turkish by Sir Cavalry Major Mehmet Sadık in “karargâh-ı” public intelligence branch in year R.1330/H.1332/1914 , published in Istanbul in the military printing (Matbaa-i Askeriyede). Mayewski’s work is at an entity of 395 pages and it was written in Ottoman Turkish and it is composed of four parts. This work contains in general important informations about Van and Bitlis provinces’ geography, population, administrative, social, economic, ethnic and religious structure, but in particular very important informations have been written with a neutral eye about Eastern Anatolia and the Armenian Question. This work which consisted by an official report, has been presented to the Russian General Staff, is highly increasing the reality and credibility ot the events told . Starting from this source work, we will evaluate the social and religious life of the Armenians, the development of Armenian issue and the effect of this development of the Turkish-Kurdish-Armenian relations in our work. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17269 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17269 Murat KOCAASLAN, H. Ahmet ARSLANTÜRK The construction project of the Edirne Palace (Saray-ı Cedid-i Âmire) was started north of the city Edirne and west of Tunca River upon the order of Sultan Murad the IInd. But, the following year Sultan Murad the IInd passed away and thus he was not able to see the completion of the project. The construction of the palace finished and it was in use during the reign of his son Sultan Mehmed the IInd. The palace was enlarged various times and it was used until the renovation realised in 1828 which coincided with the reign of Sultan Mahmud the IInd. The same year the palace was pillaged by Russians who entered Edirne. This article focuses on the monthly maintenance works carried out in the Edirne Palace in the reign of Mustafa II. Built by Murad II, there have been many restorations and renovations on a grandiose scale undertaken in this palace in centuries. Our intention is not to analyse the changes in architecture of the palace throughout history, but rather to review the monthly repairs and particular renovations in this time period by reference to a series of registers kept at the Ottoman Archives, Istanbul. This study reveals the costs and sites of the maintenance works as well as the types of construction materials and professions employed at the undertaking. The registers utilized in this study include data about the repairs done in the Harem section. Most of the maintenance focused on the interiors of Harem chambers and the sewage. Nevertheless, they also provide precious information on the goods and services required by the daily consumption of the Harem populace. Finally, this article suggests that monthly renovations exhibit a similar pattern in terms of the costs involved. While the Edirne Palace was maintained regularly by routine repairs on a monthly basis, no ambitious renovation was attempted 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17196 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17196 Nur Ahmet KURBAN One of the important events that occurred in the recent history of East Turkestan is setting up of Republic of Islamic Eastern Turkestan. This government, which founded according to modernism, is also expected first government experience of community after long time. Many scientists had active role in foundation of the government. Sabit Damolla is the most important scientist in this area. Sabit Damolla, who began his education at early age in Kasgar and Bukhara science department in a good degree, spent his whole time for the independent country. For this purpose first of all he made observation in various regions of Eastern Turkestan. After then, he made case study in various city of Middle Asia, Istanbul, Cairo, Hedjaz and India. As a result of dense political struggle after returning home, he founded Republic of Eastern Turkestan. Unfortunately, long after this republic was demolished by foreign power. However, this struggle, which leaded by Sabit Damolla and his team, is an inspiration to community of Eastern Turkestan. As we have mentioned at the end of this paper, Sabit Damolla conducted research and published on Islamic science, history and literatures. He is also called people to Islam as he was an eloquent orator. He participated in political works at the end of his life and this solidified his identity as a statesman. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17189 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17189 Sümeyra KURT, Himmet HAYBAT The relationship between geomorphological units in Yalova province located in the southeast of the Sea of Marmara and the distribution of population was examined in this study. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques, color digital orthophotos and data from TSI (Turkey Statistical Institute) were used in order to perform the study. The current areas of settlement in the study were grouped by identifying the geomorphological units which they have been established upon. Population data (1965-2012) obtained from TSI (Turkey Statistical Institute) were arranged by comparing them with geological and geomorphological maps. According to this, 86% (183689) of the present population of Yalova province was determined to live in the flat valley bases, while 11% (23496) of it was determined to live in plateau areas. However, some geomorphological problems (earthquakes, floods etc.) can also be encountered although plateaus and valley bases may seem to be appropriate places for human activities. As seen in the recent past, the effects of these problems continue to be felt today from time to time. Therefore, it is necessary to perform detailed studies on the natural risk factors and their effects that influence province areas and to reveal the soil properties of the new residential areas to be opened for settlement in comprehensive studies. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17156 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17156 Savaş MARAŞLI One of the important emperial images from antic ages till to the middle ages is probably the virtual usage of the “Mounted Troops”. The image of “Mounted Troops” or the hero as a representation of power has probably emerged from the idea of ruling which is realized with having war horses and in turn having military, commercial and political power. It is known that the Alp image in early Turkish Art has also been carried out in Anatolia after the migration to the West. This Turkish Alp taradition, which has been symbolized with heroic characteristics before the acceptance of Islam, has been transformed into Muslim-Turk and Alp-Gazi in accordance with the Islamic understandings of Cihad and Gaza. This image have also taken the form of Warrior-Derviş with the acceptance various Sufi Sects by the society. This study aims to show the reflections of Turkish Alp Tradition to the Anatolia of Middle Ages after the acceptance of Islam. The “Mounted Troops” of Middle Ages in Anatolia is the product of deep-rooted past which emerges from Turkish Culture before Islam and also continues with Islam. These images, either religious or not, has also been used as tools for sustaining psychological pressure on viewers in the chaotic time periods after Turks come to Anatolia. Of course, since the Middle Age Anatolia people are familiar with the image of “Mounted Troops”, this image has been chosen for sustaining the psychological pressure. So, “Mounted Troops (heroic)” images have been transformed to a virtual richness in various Art products with various materials which appeal to the image world of Anatolian people in middle Age. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17319 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17319 Rafet METİN Having been an important trade center due to it's location which is at the westmost endpoint of the Silk Road, Bursa was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire for eighty years after it was founded. It developed so much in social and economical aspects when it was the capital, and it reached a point that will allow the city to evoke it's impact for centuries. Bursa has been constructed especially by statespeople and philantropists who had many mosques, madrasahs, mausoleums, inns, and bathhouses built. Buildings which have been constructed by statespeople and philantropists, considerably reflect Bursa’s social and cultural structure. The city has showed an enlargement to mountain which has appropriote slope, it has also spreaded to lowland. Buildings were designed as appropriote to this geographical position. Houses generally have two floors. There are warm and conservative places like born, cellar, warehouse on ground floor. Moreover, cool and wide areas are upstairs which have appropriote features for summerly use.It is understandable that used things in Bursa are same as other parts of Anatolia, in terms of kitchen things, living room things, bedroom things, clothes, exhibition property in 18th century. However, if we learn validity existing things in Ottoman culture, this study will shed light on us. Benefiting basically from the şeriyye registers, this study attempts to give an account of the physical features of the houses of Bursa in the 18th century, as well as the prices of the houses and the commodities in them. Thus, it is intended to contribute somewhat to the social and economical history of Bursa. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17249 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17249 Hüseyin MUŞMAL, İbrahim KUNT , Mustafa ÇETİNASLAN Beyşehir and around of it was the center of Eşrefoğulları Principality upon collapsing Anatolian Selçuklu. After Eşrefoğulları Principality, ıt was dominiated by Mongolian Emir Halil Aga-zade Ismail Aga. Ismail Aga reigned in Beyşehir approximately 44 years (1335-1379) and got some artifacts built in the centre of Beyşehir or villages. Some of these artifacts that he allocated from, were Kalenderhane, Çilledar Sultan and Afşar Bey zawiyahs and any of them haven’t reached today. But today there are five sarcophagus’ from Mongolian Emir Ismail Aga and two of them are in Vuslat Park in centre of Beyşehir, two of them are in Sevgi Island and one of them is in Emir Turbe in Eşrefoğlu Külliye (complex). In this study 5 different sarcophagus’ which dated to Mongolian Emir Ismail Aga period have been investigated, in terms of history, art history and language properties. It ıs possible to date these sarcophagus’ to second half of XIV. century with referance to information on the head and foot stones. The informations about dead person’s name and date of death on head and foot Stones of sarcophagus were written in Arabic; all the texts on right and left side of sarcophagus were written in Persian. İn the researchs on sarcophagus’ ıt has been determinated that the first place of two sarcophagus is Çilledar Sultan Zawiyah which was built by Ismail Aga. Other 3 sarcophagus belong to Kalenderhane and Afşar Bey Zawiyahs in terms of history, art history and language properties likely. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17380 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17380 Mustafa MÜJDECİ Hakimiyet-i Milliye newspaper is one of the newspapers having great importance during the period of National Struggle. Newspaper, which started publishing on January 10, 1920 were founded by Mustafa Kemal Pasha himself. Hakimiyet-i Milliye published in order to disseminate intellectual foundations based on the National Struggle movement, opinions and decisions to the public. The historical value of the newspaper also stems from this point. In terms of its aims and principles, Hakimiyet-i Milliye can be taken into account a sequel of journal of İrade-i Milliye, previously issued on a weekly basis by Mustafa Kemal in Sivas. Hakimiyet-i Milliye, also in terms of being a spokesman for the national struggle, has been the interpreter of Anatolia’s national conscience by being accepted the semi-official organ of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. From February 6 1921, journal that began to publish on a daily basis, has spread to big cities and the whole of Anatolia in a short time. Intellectuals like Ağaoğlu Ahmet, Ziya Gevher, Ruşen Eşref, Ziya Gökalp, Adnan Adıvar, İzzet Ulvi, Mahmut Esat, Tevfik Rüştü and Yusuf Akçura, who provided important services in the process of establishing a new state took part in the newspaper staff writer of Journal of Hakimiyet-i Milliye, where Recep Zühdü (Soyak) is known as the first franchise owner and manager. Hakimiyet-i Milliye also has been announcing to the world the Republic that is the new regime of the new government of Turkey. This Journal became the publication agency of Grand National Assembly of Turkey and personnel who established the Republic. In this paper, the August-September 1922 period will be evaluated by relying on the news and comments in the National Sovereignty. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17332 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17332 Gülser OĞUZ Of probate records held by Müslim judges, the deceased person's assets are cast. These documents all of the assets of the deceased and given that the borrowed amounts are recorded. For example, an old pair of socks, even recording at an amount taken into yarn and pricing of these documents describes how sophisticated it is. Of probate records the consumption habits of society, livelihoods, economic situation and allows the examination of many more topics. Of probate data records contain such a rich, due to political developments outside the Ottoman society has attracted the attention of researchers studying. To this day, many studies have been made based on estates and maintained. At this point, while studies of the reliability of probate records should be questioned. This study aims to question the credibility of probate recor. For this book has been used in two separate probate. In our study on the subject of probate has emerged that there are some discrepancies in the records. What could be the causes of inconsistency has been questioned. At this point, the inconsistency is thought to be for two reasons. One of them is the carelessness of the person holding the record, the other from the heritage of the people smuggling purposes. Many mistakes made by Müslim judge, Müslim judges give the impression that this work is done consciously. As it seems, that keeps track of probate judges or assistants, they also generate an income from this account they have errors. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17216 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17216 Abdullah ÖZDAĞ Armenians ,who lived under Ottoman rule for centuries, formed an important part of Ottoman society. Armenians, known as “Loyal Citizens”, engaged in architecture, literature and trade, and became a significant minority that prospered gradually in the 18th and 19th centuries. Armenians, like other factors in Ottoman society, were affected by the nationalist movements. In addition to this, they began to rebel against the current authority with the incentives of Russia, Britain and France. The Armenian Question was moved to the international agenda for the first time with the Berlin Congress of 1878.Armenians, who were mentioned in the Article 61st of the treaty signed at the Berlin Congress, became an important issue for the Ottoman Empire. So, following the Congress of Berlin, Armenians established some associations and did some acts that violated the public order in various regions of the Ottoman Empire. The Sanjak of Tokat was one of the regions in which Armenians began to rebel. Armenians attacked the built-Islam people in the Sanjak of Tokat and its townships, and the conflicts were tried to prevent by Bab-ı Ali. Even after the reign of II. Abdul Hamid, through which the Ottoman Empire passed a difficult period, Armenian events that intensified at the end of the 19th century increased with the intervention of the Western powers. This study focused on the causes of the Armenian events and the politics that the Western States performed over the Ottoman Empire. It also sought to analyze the Armenian events that occured in Tokat, a sanjak of Sivas, between the years of 1890 and 1900. In addition, this study aimed to contribute to analyze the Armenian events as a whole that occured in many points of the Ottoman Empire from the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17426 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17426 Mehmet PINAR Turkey With the end of World War II had begun a multiparty life. With the establishment of the Democratic Party's one-party rule had left the place a pluralistic structure. With the establishment of the Democratic Party of important developments took place in Eastern Anatolia, especially significant changes in pain were recorded.Ağrı in the organization of elections in 1946 has not completed the work exactly the CHP won the elections. 1950 Elections completed its organizational structure and the opposition have entered into serious competition with the CHP, the Ağrı is a serious win the elections with the start of a new era in Turkish politics had changed balances. 1954 elections to increase their investments in Ağrı DP, unlike many cities in Eastern Anatolia had continued to rise in elections. This, rather than continue to rise Party Organization and Deputy Minister Celal Yardımcı Naqshbandi Kührevi family that they create in the region of the personal efforts and has developed a strong penetration structure. In particular, Deputy Minister Celal Yardımcı with the effect of participation in the government had signed to major investments Ağrı. The Democratic Party lost votes in many cities in Eastern Anatolia in 1954, Ağrı is a different situation emerged in the Democratic Party, the CHP had continued to rise across the street. With the approach of the 1957 elections.CHP to break these structures in Ağrı provinces have started working seriously traditionally followed wandering from village to village centers instead of solving the problem by making face to face interviews with voters had exhibited a different profile. Despite losing the vote in 1957 elections had ended with the victory of the DP. Fatherland Front, especially after 1957 with the establishment of contention between the two parties had increased in Ağrı 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17242 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17242 Serdar SAKİN The Cyprus Question is a problem of Turkey that continued for years. Cyprus is one of the dominions of the Great Britain after the Lozan Treaty of Peace. After this Turkey did not think to interfered to Cyprus. The Great Britain change her policy after the World War II. And she started to go out her dominion territories slowly. Therefore the influence war beginned on Cyprus between Turkey and Greece. Turkey is not go into struggle on Cyprus that the Great Britain remains her control. Turkey thinks that if England wants to go out from Cyprus then has a right to say on Cyprus. Because Cyprus is very close to Turkey for geographical and historical. At this moment there was a serious and heavy competition on Cyprus between Turkey and Greece. Turkey’s aim was not to persecuting the Cyprus Turks’ from other states. If England went out from Cyprus it was not thought a solution without Turkey. And so Turkey began to take a step on this policy. But Turkey never followed complicate comprehension. Şhe followed genial policy. And the Menderes-Boyd meeting was due to that genial policy. At the Menderes-Boyd meeting, Turkey and England studied not to injure each other. Boyd, studied to do Menderes’ demands. Menderes also studied not to reduce Boyd’s position. Turkey’s began to encourage 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17313 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17313 Sevinç SEYİDOVA After the Ottoman Empire signed the Mondrus Armistice Treaty, she was forced to withdraw from the South Caucasus and Baku according to the agreement. Instead of the Ottoman army troops Allied Powers invaded the South Caucasus and Baku. Allied Powers General Tomson, the commander of South Caucasus gave the four-fifth of the Zenzegur district belonging to the Azerbaycan territory to Andronik, Armenian gang leader Andronik called the territories such as Zengezur, Karabakh and the Gence province situated in the North of Nagorno-Karabakh as "Little Armenia". His aim was to make some terror organizations to the people of Azerbaycan and wanted to add these territories by cleaning these lands from Muslims and Turkish people to his opinion. Andornik, making these lands as his heartquarter, started to massacres in South Caucasia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The massacre that such gand heads included in as Andronik, Balasan Ayrapetov, Arutyun Loğmanov, Usub Xaçıyev casued only in Zengezur distrct of Karabakh 115 villages to be burned and destroyed, dead of 3,257 men, 2,276 women, 2.196 children, the injury of 1.060.men, 794 women 845 children and it also caused more than 50.000 people are led to a be in fugitive status. More than fifty thousand people became refugee and were obliged to seek refuge different villages of Azerbaycan. In the Zengezur region these atrocities and massacres were made as a result of the organizations of the Andronik and the gangs under his commands. These massacres were known to be done by the leaders of the daschnakzoutıoun terrorist organization Andronik, his assistants Şamil Şahnazorov, Amazasp, Ağa Bey Melik Oqancanov, monks Ter-David, Terminasov and some others. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17201 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17201 Halil SÖZLÜ At the beginning of the 18th Burhaniye started having characteristic Turkish-Islamic city and so the part of the Ottoman Art and Architecture. Burhaniye along with centers in villages, reflecting the characteristics of Ottoman architectural works is located the recent period. These works are from the beginning of the mosque without a doubt. Ağacık Village Mosque discussed, the late Ottoman architectural decoration is an important building in terms of reflecting. Baroque, rococo, neo-classical and empire decorations are seen together. These decorations,are seen as having made of plaster and wall paintings. Mosque, the plan is not effective in terms of Westernization the period. Furthermore, other mosques in Burhaniye has the property the same plan. Architectural structures protecting the authenticity in terms of features, and Şahinler in Burhaniye Hasan Aga and Şahinler Village Mosque is similar to. This mosques, in every village and neighborhood a mosque is made with the idea that it should be. These characteristics show close to each other. Some of them was built with understanding of the masjid. The mosque which is built in Agacık Village of Burhaniye in Balıkesir province is famous for its wall paintings and decoration more than its architectural style. Baroque ornaments belong to XVIII and XIX th century are practiced with a view of late Ottoman style. The use of the ornament repertoire belong to Ottoman westernization period in a out of capital city, in this small village mosque is a amazing case. The mosque which is studied in this article is widely described with its plan, wall paintings and compared with the similar Anatolian contemporary mosques and highlighted the importance of this mosque. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17239 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17239 Özcan ŞABUDAK Located at the historical peninsula of Istanbul, the District of Inns is the center of architectural structures known as inns that focus on economic activities. Although it has gone through various changes from the Ottomans to the present, the region has preserved its place in the city economy. This study examines the architectural and economic changes in the District and shows how it kept its economic significance through time. First, we tell the story of how the District emerged as an urban area and define the inns as the most important feature of the region. Second, we examine the industrialization process that began in the 19th century and had adverse effects on the District. The results of industrialization were felt in Haliç, which had an important historical role in the industrialization of İstanbul and therefore determined the transformation of economic activities in the District. We focus on the distribution of economic activities, the results of the use of electricity and telephone, and the workforce profile of the region. Additionally, we examine small scale production in the District, which is an important result of the transformation process and has been one of the leading elements of the economic identity of the District. In order to protect and revitalize traditional commercial activities in the district, a specific model should be determined.We suggest some general proposals in the conclusion for revitalizing the traditional trade that has become extinct in the region in recent years. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17360 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17360 Mustafa ŞAHİN In studies so far, relations between Turkey and the Balkan countries have always been viewed from the point of political affairs; nevertheless, there is no study that directly addresses educational relations between Turkey and the Balkan countries during Atatürk Era. On the other hand, beginning in the late 1920s, as a requirement of cultural exchange between Turkey and the Balkan countries, academicians, teachers and students from different levels started to come to Turkey; at the same time academicians, instructors and students started to go to various Balkan countries. In this research, from the Balkans to Turkey for various reasons have come from Turkey and the different Balkan countries who have gone students, teachers and faculty members' arrival and departure purposes, what country they come from, what country they go by year are discussed. In this study literature search technique is used, so educational relations between Turkey and the Balkan countries have been considered in the light of newspapers, Akşam, Anadolu, Cumhuriyet, İkdam, Milliyet, Tan, Ulus, Vakit and Yeni Asır, that were published in Turkey. Turkey, following the steps taken in the Balkan countries in the newspapers, increased the emphasis on the educational relations- which started in the late 1920s- in the early 1930s. From the Balkan countries, mainly from Greece, Bulgaria and Romania, students from different levels, instructors, inspectors and academicians started visiting Turkey. The most intensive educational communication was established with Romania among the other Balkan countries. During the Easter holidays in April visits to Turkey increased and visitors- students, teachers, academicians or high rank officials- were met by their counterparts. National Turkish Student Union played a significant role in meeting the incoming students groups. Most of the visitors paid a visit to İstanbul and were welcomed by their counterparts and offered tea besides feasts. The Mayor of İstanbul and some of the members of the parliament attended these feasts from time to time. The visitors expressed their gratitude when they were departing from Turkey. Fewer number of news about trips from Turkey to the Balkan countries were found throughout the research. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17413 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17413 Şerife TALİ Human beings have long been making talisman according to their beliefs and traditions for some purposes such as; protecting themselves against evil eye, illnesses or harm, as well as meeting their expectations or wishes. Talismans, written or drawn on an object, are believed to have positive effects and empower the people. Although talismans have been changed in terms of preparation and application throughout the history, they are always referred and rooted to religion. In the Ottoman Empire, some important talismans were engraved as a seal for healing purpose by a group of craftsman who engraves silver based seals (Esnaf-ı Mühürkünân-ı Sim Heykel). There are some prayers respecting certain period of time and some vefks (charms) on these seals by which an abstract talisman is formalized by a scientific art in order to seek solutions to physical and mental problems of people. Vefks on these seals have equal number of lines and columns, and the vertical and horizontal sum of the numbers in the lines and columns are also equal. With the craftsmanship on the single side of various mines, engraved talisman seals are important style and ornament artifacts for History of Art. Seven-Sleepers, four big angels and four caliphates are the names most widely used on the border frames of the talisman seals and on the corners of vefks. In this study, 14 talisman seals in Giresun Museum are investigated which belongs to Ottoman period (11), non-Muslims (2) and Egypt hieroglyph characters. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17289 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17289 Soyalp TAMÇELİK In this research, the economic structure and characteristics of the federation desired to be established in Cyprus according to the settlement plans of the UN will be addressed. Based on this, the main purpose of the research is to discuss the efficiency and transparency of the economic structure of a federal state during the talks held between the parties in Cyprus and what the sustainable development models must be. According to this, it will be examined whether the economic structure of the federal state desired to be established in Cyprus is based on maintaining ‘economic integrity’ and creating the most reasonable and appropriate economic public order of the two founding partners. However, it will be necessary to eliminate the economic differences of the parties and implement economic activities which are beneficial to both sides. Therefore, it will be required to develop a new ‘social project’ and to launch a new ‘development model’ in Cyprus. Actually, the sustainable development strategy in Cyprus will be shaped between i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17438 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17438 Coşkun TOPAL Since the end of the 19th century, national awakening had initially emerged among Turks in Tsarist Russia and one of the most effective regions of this awakening was of Azerbaijan. Economic and social prosperity which started with the discovery of oil, and Westerners who came to the region had initiated a new modernization movement in Baku and Gence. On the other hand, Russsian Revolution is one of the very important political events of the Twentith Century. After the revolution the Russian civil war (1917-1922) had begun between White Russians that opposed the Bolsheviks and Red Army in the country and resulted establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922. In this period, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia had declared their respectively independent states in May 1918. The main apparatus of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan which was temporarily located in Gence was moved to Baku in September 1918 as soon as the Caucasus Islamic Army seized the city. However, after that the political balances in the region for Turks started off changing effectively. Under these conditions, Caucasian Union Party was established secretly in the Caucasus in the vicinity of Gokcay, and second its activities seem to have taken place on 30 January 1918. The Programme of the Caucasian Union Party, which was printed and presented to Governor of Gokçay on August 15. The title of the programme may be claimed fully interesting and important. It was a reflection of the Turkish political structure upon Azerbaijan. In this paper, we have generally used articles quoted from Ittihad newspaper which was printed by Ittihad Party. This paper basically examines Caucasian Union Party and Its foundation in the early 20th century in Azerbaijan. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17168 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17168 Cafer ULU Starting to be carried out in the 19th century, the occidental reforms also caused Ottoman society to be westernized and get impressed from the West. Even though it was Europe that is mentioned while talking about this effect, France is the primary state that had influence on Ottoman society with regards to education, state organization, art and other areas. After a while, the demand for receiving education in western style turned into an effort of living, dressing and speaking like them. As it was seen as ignorantness this attitude of the government and the community, the efforts for raising children as if they are native Europeans could not be prevented. And for providing this, people with financial power hired European and especially French nannies or governesses for their children by their tender ages. Governesses educated the children who are ready to learn anything, in accordance with their beliefs and notions, and taught their own languages to these children perfectly. Not seeming as if a problem at first; with this, the families and especially the children started to be alienated from the social values. Considering the social structure of that era, this resulted in some social deteriorations and disengagements. The intelligentsia of the period treated this either in their books or in their novels and stories and they criticized the governesses when appropriate. Government handled the subject of governesses and followed them closely with regards to harms they gave and their undependability. Moreover, the government did not even give permission for them to change their places in the country with only some exceptions. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17317 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17317 Ramazan USLU Armenian Daschnakzoutioun Party came to an agreement with Union and Progress Party. According to this agreement Daschnaks gave up the struggle for independence in order not to breakdown of the Ottoman Empire. helding its annual meeting in Geneva in September-October of 1913, Daschnakzoutioun would agree the following decisions: Armenians’ safety and recruitment in the Ottoman lands in the judicial system, In the six provinces of the Ottoman Empire (Vilayet-i Sitte) granting of new rights to Armenians, Regarding "Hinchak” to create their own self-defense in the Ottoman Empire lands, No words to be said and no acts against Russia should be made, All the Armenian militants in the Caucasus was to send to the Ottoman Empire. Armenian Daschnakzoutioun Party firtstly gave up the agreement with Union and Progress Party signed in 1909, in their congress held in Erzurum, 1914. Armenians betrayed the Ottoman Empire when Ottoman entered the war. Before the WW1, Armenian Dashnaks began to build voluntary troops. Operating in the Ottoman Empire "Hunchack terrorist organization" concurring with Dasnak stated that 15.000 Armenian voluntary soldiers were preparing to join Russian Army. Gathering “Daschnakzoutioun” party council they appointed the ones that would organize activities of the West and East bureaus. Armenians rebelled in the February of 1915 in Haksef, Siranun ve Mus. The governor of Van stated that there were 2.000 Armenian rebels in the city on the 20th of March. The governor of Sivas reported that on the 22nd of April there were 30.000 Armenians to bear arms from 15.000 of these joined the Russian army, the rest of them were preparing to stab in the back of Ottoman army. In August 1914, Armenian Catholics of Echmiadzin addressing the General Vorontsov-Dashkov who is responsible for the Caucasus region wrote that: According to information received from the İstanbul Patriarch and Armenian National Council he stated that the reforms to be made by Ottoman Government were not based on sound principles. He also requested to inform the emperor that he and all of the Armenian coreligionists in Russia and the Armenians in Ottoman were loyal to him and defense of the Ottoman Armenians. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17151 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17151 Hasan YAŞAROĞLU Sıffîn war, occurred between Caliph Hz. Ali and Mu'awiyah Governer of Şam, constitutes one of the crucial turning points in the history of Islam. As a result of deepening conflicts started during the last years of the caliphate of Hz. Uthman eventhough wherein caliph was killed by rebels and following that the election of Hz Ali as new caliph provided stillness for a short time, opposing action of two prominent Sahabies (Companion of Prophet Muhammed) Talha b. Ubeydullah and Zübeyir b. Avvam against Hz Ali distrupt this tranquality and after that stability in muslim society never be achieved. The riot of two Sahabies mentioned above dragged the society an internal conflict, and though somehow this first conflict was handled but then second and bigger internal conflict could not be prevented to happen. This conflict known as Sıffîn War in history opened deep wounds on Islamic society, left deep traces in it. This bloody conflict which lasted long time and caused many losses from both sides failed to produce tangible results. The parties never claimed victory over each other, as a result of tactical attact of Damascus, decided to silence weapons by going to arbitration. While Iraqi side was in superb condition in the field of battle, this arbitration tactic increasingly put Damascus into more advantageous position. Therefore Hz Ali decided to go over Damascus again, but he could not succeed to perform his thought. Following this arbitration the parties could not get a result from standing regional conflicts between them. This turmoil has given an opportunity to Byzantine, which was waiting in ambush, to mobilize her forces to get back lost territories by seizing again. Due to the inefficiency of protracted conflicts and also the mobilization of the Byzantine Empire, lurking in the north, to Syria has led Damascus as cyclical to take a step towards peace. Upon acceptance of Mu'awiyah’s proposal by Hz. Ali, a truce between Iraq and Damascus and after that the peace agreement was signed. This surprisable armistice somehow has been lost within the dusty shelves of history. Except a single source work, other Islamic history source studies never mention abot this truce and peace agreement. Indeed this is an interesting situation. While the peace between Hz Hasan and Mu'awiyah was mentioned in almost all sources, not to mention of the peace agreement of Hz Ali-Mu’awiyah in question, the sources even did not made any reference to this. Eventhough Taberî, a prominent Islamic historian, stands alone in this subject it is understood that the narration is to be authentic. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17176 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17176 Doğan YÖRÜK Wheat is always the most important nutrition source for mortality. For its consumption as bread on boards, it had to be converted to flour. Hence different mills were used. This using changed according to climate or geography. Mills can work with human, animal, water, wind and electricity. And they have evolved technologicaly. Before the modern times, they could be added as small industry installations. In Ottoman Empire they were 2026-07-16