https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=265 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16093 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16093 Zekeriya AKMAN Yusuf Ziya Yörükan was born in 1887 in Salonika. He lived in late Ottoman and early Republican era and graduated from Faculty of Literature of Istanbul University. Besides, he attended special courses on religion from the lecturers of the era. He continued his academic studies while working as a teacher of literature in several Anatolian cities. Later, he lectured in Istanbul and Ankara Universities on the subjects of history of Islam, history of madhaps and philosophy.He served as a lecturer until his death on 5th of June, 1954. Yusuf Ziya Yörükan, studied on many aspects of Islamic thought. He wrote many articles and books on Philosophy, Kelam, History of Turks, History of Islam, History of religions, History of Madhabs, Hadith and replied to controversial claims within these areas. Particularly his studies on Alevism, Bektashism and faith of ancient Turks became prominent. Yusuf Ziya Yörükan’s major was not Islamic History. Some of his books included the information concerning several aspects of Islamic sciences. In his books named “History of Islam” and “Our Prophet”Yusuf Ziya Yörükan explained the life of Hazrat Prophet. He dealt with and evaluated topics differently from Historians of Islam. While recounting the events occurred in the history of Islam, he included in his books religious and legal issues that might be associated with them. His works that were written in a didactic style were studied as textbooks in schools. In this article we tried to introduce his books which explain life of Hazrat Muhammad and evaluate his historiography of Islam. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16087 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16087 Hamza ALTIN That we are not fully acknowledged enough information about Sabri Cemil, he was the school principal of the Darulmuallîn-i Rüşdî (The Scholl for Training Secondary School Teachers) at the time of the Second Constittional Period. After the Balkan Wars, he worked in Bursa and Damascus. The most well-known work of Sabri Cemil is Amelî Fenn-i Tedris that was published in the city of Skopje in the year of 1326. According to what Sabri Cemil says, teaching is crucial to humans as we are supposed to have daily necessities such as bread, water and air. There is not any locks that cannot be opened by “education”. İn his opinion, the trustable way of teaching is that all the learners should gain the enthusiasm for learning. The other most important point is that not only learners/students should pursue their reading/writing skills; but also they should learn how to inquire, criticize and research their field of interest, besides this, they should be moral during education. Moreover, education should make learners gain a personality. Sabri Cemil who opposed to only the theoretical knowledge in teaching thought that only theoretical knowledge is not enough besides theoretical knowledge, there must be pratical teaching at education. Besides, Sabri Cemil opposed to the haste in teaching-learning process and was in favour of treating kids according to their age. Defending the importance of homeworks in education, Sabri Cemil claimed that written homeworks were beneficial with regards to enhance their knowledge. According to what Sabri Cemil says, There is a great contribution of teachers at the rise or collapse of the state in the hometown. According to him, there must be two basic characteristics that teachers are supposed to have. The teachers first of all must have strict education, and secondly they should feel free to make self sacrifice to their citizens in teaching and learning. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16235 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16235 Salih BAYRAM This article provides a parallel reading of Lutfi Paşa’s Asafname and Hasan Kafi’s Usul al-Hikam, both 16th century Ottoman siyasetnames. These books, the former penned by a prominent member of the bureaucracy and the latter by a middle ranking scholar, were compared in terms of the religious references they make, and the justifications they provide for specific recommendations. It was found, as was expected, that Usul uses religious references and religious justification more frequently than Asafname does. However, formal/rule-based justification, a larger ethical category encompassing the religious as well as traditional and legal justification and defined in opposition to utilitarian/consequentialist justification, was used more frequently by Asafname. Despite its heavily religious language and the religious background of its author, Usul used utilitarian arguments more frequently than formal ones when making recommendations. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16099 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16099 Haktan BİRSELOlcay Özkaya DUMAN Sanjak of İskenderun, Turkey, Turkish culture, struggle for independence, and later all iltihakın in the direction of the activities conducted by a cadre of intellectual fulfillment. This is the same as the process for coordinating the conduct of struggles and after Joining the intellectual staff play an important role within the people's House, this time in Andhra Pradesh. Hatay Public House, Anavatana in the region of Sanjak of participation in the activities of the Turkish culture settlement can occur both in the context of the work of other groups have continued to embrace the culture of Turkey. In this framework, published by the people's House in Hatay, a magazine, and a merger under the common culture of the Turkish culture Hataylıların adoption has been an important means. Hatay magazine published a year or so and then unpublished. But that is a short publication for new and important information throughouthislife. Hatay Province Hatay Community Center Magazine, Modern Turkey was accepted as a carrier of all the revolutions and movements player. The mission of Hatay, joining almost every area of life, re-configured to work with the training arm of the new era, culture has been a school. Journal of Community Center intellectuals constitute an important field of Hatay, which the writings of contemporary and modern life, public awareness and training activities carried out in the direction of. The original Kemalist ideology and Atatürk's reforms of Hatay moves will take place in the historical background and social fabric Community Center publishes the Journal of Hatay Hatay, Turkey and the Misak-ı Milli voice and conscience has committed itself to the point of identity and belonging. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16068 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16068 Doğan DUMAN One of the main strategies for political parties is to use education as a means to achieve their aims. The founders of the Republic were involved in the educational activities and changes and endeavored to increase the number of school, staff and students. The main concern was teacher education and national education system as teaching profession was one of the most significant indicators of modernity. Even during the independence war, there were remarkable efforts to persuade teachers and to get their support the Turkish Grand National Assembly. This priority prevailed in the first years of the Republic and the steps were taken to ameliorate their salaries and enhance their standing in the society. Teachers were seen as representatives of the regime in the schools and society as their mission was to spread the values of the republic to every strata of the society. Teachers managed to achieve this mission successfully and played a significant role in establishing the revolutions and foundation of the republic. Education was considered as the most influential transformative power in the society in the first decade of the Republic, hence the need arose to strengthen the stance of teachers. During the term when Mustafa Necati served as a minister of education, the profession kept its dignity and attempts were thwarted to ruin the image of teaching profession. This study aims at evaluating and assessing discipline punishments and educational policy of Turkey revolving around the case study of a disrespectful attitude of students towards their Arabic teacher in Istanbul Boys' School in 1925. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15984 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15984 H. Hande DUYMUŞ FLORIOTI,Elvan ESER In all of the Ancient Near East civilization written sources, the fact of a dream was perceived, as the omen and connection means between human and gods by this socities. It had the same meaning in The Holy Books and the Ancient Near East mythological sources. Hittite civilization that established strong and an important state in Central Anatolia, were influenced by the Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations about dream’s meaning and perception. It was understood that dreams were accepted as the omen means. Because it could be quided regarding the future. Ancient civilizations tried to find some clues about the future from their gods in their dreams. When they saw bad dreams, they communly accepted it as a bad future. We have the same perception about this, nowadays. It is worth to state that the Ancient Near East civilizations’s people who wondered the future and tried to get clues for it, firstly had a purification ritual and then they spent the night (slept) in temples or cities of the important cult centers. They expected to see the dream about their questions from gods at that night. Islam traditions has the same practise and it is called “asking for 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15982 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15982 Murat HANİLÇE Settlement names having an important place in the cultural treatures of societies keep alive the memories of their own societies and play an important role in the transfering of the culture from the past to the future. Languistic, historical and geografical characteristics of a nation are enlivened in these names. In this article, settlement names of the district of Zile are examined according to archive documents between 1455 and 1575. Firstly, a short history of the district of Zile was given and the present-day places of the sub-districts attached to the district were determined. After the examination of the name of Zile (Zela), the settlement places in the district were classified according to the charateristics corcerned with environment and people in the framework of the methods of toponimy science. The aim of the article is to determine the settlement places of Zile and provide contribution with the origines of the settlement names of the provinces of Tokat, Yozgat and Çorum. The framework of the study is drawen to a great degree as being based on the the XV and XVIth century detailed tahrir registers. During the the XV and XVIth centuries, there are a total of 557 settlement places recorded in detailed tehrir registers in the district of Zile and 7 sub-districts attached to this district. This total consists of 13 quarters attached to the center of the district, 188 villages, 339 hamlets, 1 fortress, 8 sheltered places, 1 mountain pasture, 6 centers and 1 group of hamlets. One of the 6 centers is belonged to 1 group of hamlets, the other 5 centers are the sub-district centers. In reality, there are 3 fortresses in the district of Zile. These are Ağcakale fortress in the sub-district of Halka-I Hass, Karahisar-ı Behramşah fortress in the sub-district of Karahisar-ı Behramşah and Danişmend-i Bahşayiş fortress together with the hamlet of Karadiğin. Although hamlets, mountain pastures and sheltered places are counted as temporary or seasonal settlement places in general, some of these hamlets is determined to have population in the year of 1575. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16247 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16247 Oktay KIZILKAYA, Tolga AKAY Russia invaded the Caucasian region completely in the second half of 19th century. The Muslim nations of the Caucasia, who rejected the domination of Russia, decided to emigrate Ottoman empire. The oppression and the cruelty that Russia carried out had an important role in the decision of emigration. The first refugees, who came form Caucasia, were settled in Anatolia, Rumelia and partly Syria province. The Ottoman empire lost war at the result of 1877–1878 Ottoman-Russia war. As the result of the war, Ottoman empire lost a great deal of land in Balkan geography. Therefore, the Caucasian refugees, who were settled in Balkans before, became refugee again. Syria province was approved as the new settlement region both for Caucasian and Rumelian refeugees. These refugees, who had been sent to Syria province, encountered, great problems. They experienced the problem of adapting to natural conditions of Syria such as water and air. Besides, when the epidemic ilnesses, which caused due to squalor, were added nearly half of the refugees died. Apart from that, the refugees faced troubles with Druse and Bedouins in social aspect, thus, they encountered great problems. Ottoman empire mobilized all its opportunities fort he settlement of refugees. However, it could not prevent the unwanted events. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15997 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15997 Nurgün KOÇ Sheikh Said rebellion is the first large-scale rebellion that emerged soon after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. It is understood that the rebellion was based on multiple reasons. It can be said to emerge with the effects of religious, nationalist and exterior provocations. After the Treaty of Lausanne was signed on 24 July 1923, the regime of the new country was determined and republic was proclaimed. The reforms in politics which were already launched, and the abolition of the sultanate, and that of the caliphate accelerated the process to the republican administration. This fast reformation process might not be adopted by some parts of the public, particularly by the Kurds. It is understood that in particular the applications for secularism, and the abolition of the caliphate were not responded positively among the Kurds. Under these circumstances, Ali Fethi (Okyar), the Prime Minister of the term, tried to take the required measures in order to suppress the rebellion by putting the military units immediately in action. However, especially because of the severe conditions in winter, the military units sometimes remained insufficient and the rebellion started to expand. This situation caused anxiety and Ali Fethi faced with severe criticism from his own government. Ali Fethi, who rejected to take extraordinary measures to suppress the rebellion, resigned as a result of the insistence on this matter and İsmet Pasha (Inönü) who stood up for strict measures formed government. The first action of the government was to enact Law on the Maintenance Order which was martial law. In compliance with this law, Independence Courts were founded and the caught insurgents were imposed the required penalties. The rebellions till today, especially the ones staged by the Kurds show that the measures taken during and after the Sheikh Said rebellion had important insufficiencies with regard to the solution of the problem. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16124 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16124 Uğur KURTARAN This research, which deals with the reform attempts and the development activities during the period Sultan Mahmud I who was one of the most important padishahs of the 18th century and ruled for 24 years from 1730 to 1754, is aimed at shedding light on an important stage of modernization of a society in a general sense. In this context, the Ottoman Empire which maintained its traditional structure and dominated Europe until the 18th century did not feel the need of a change. However, when European states that made progress in political, cultural and technical fields started to gain martial victories over the Ottomans in the said century, the state started to question their current situation. Especially the approach of acknowledging the superiority of the west which had been raised as of the Tulip Period was maintained during the period of Sultan Mahmud I and Western-style reforms were made, mainly in martial field. The state made a significant recovery by virtue of the reform attempts made by Sultan Mahmud I during his reign of 24 years and important martial successes were achieved during his period. Furthermore, the city was made prosperous with architectural activities performed in the period of Sultan Mahmud I who attached a specific importance to development of Istanbul. For all the aforementioned reasons, to understand the period of Sultan Mahmud I who made his mark in an important period of the Ottoman history, it is not enough to know the military and political events only. Along with then, it is required to know the reform and change attempts as well as development activities throughout the period. This study is prepared for these purposes. The study focuses on the reasons and the general characteristics of the reforms as well as the development activities conducted during the period and their general characteristics. The main object is to identify the impacts of those activities on the Ottoman Empire and determine their effects on subsequent reformers. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16114 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16114 Gülperi MEZKİT History is the knowledge of the time which behind the moment. Human tried to different methods to reach this information and convey the moments information to next generation. Based on the 6,000 years of the invention of the handwriting, There is the possibility of knowing the date of the post but when transmitted by word of mouth from generations of owners. The history which to write with invention of handwriting is the history of heroes, effective and powerfull attitude of managers, the effected events of in the lives of the communities and states and political peoples. When compare with them big and shocking events has been less influenced the remaining events has been retained in the memory of oral history. This article will focus on the event which occured in Ankara Battle in 1402. Behind the event of which deep influence on the folk to be captured Beyazid’s is hiding the verbal memory by the local people and the story preserved by passing from some body to some one. İn addition to this, in this article will be discussed building the village and tellings about Kılıç Dede whom located in Bayezid’s army and falled down. At the and of this article the study will be on the the history of villages which shaped by the tellings of Kılıç Dede and his around. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15884 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15884 Celal MUTLUER When historical development of history teaching is analyzed, it is seen that one of the reasons for the emergence of this field is to train good citizens. In a period of gobal developments, the definition of traditional citizenship is not enough. Instead, a new concept of global citizenship has come up. The global citizen is the responsible citizen of both his own country and the global world. Changes in the world have necessitated the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16167 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16167 Emin ÖZDEMİR Medresah where lessons were given, was the most important educational institution of Islamic World. These institutions had an important role for the Islamic civilisation to reach its peak point. With the begining of 19th century Medresah began to be regarded as the cause of recession of Islamic World against the Western Civilization and it started to be questioned. The Medresah instutions lost its popularity with the establishment of western style educational institutions in the Ottoman State after the declaration of Tanzimat. Various solution proposals were put forth within the framework of developing movements of thoughts in the late Ottoman Life. Against the westernized and secularist intellectuals’ wing which was claiming that the Medresah has lost its function, Islamic intellectuals were in the opinion of making reforms on the Medresah in order to carry it out to the standards of the modern education. Medresah institutions has also been effected by the by the deep progressive movements which mainly evolved around the idea of westernization at the Republican Turkey. Medresah institutions were shut down by the legislation of “Tevhid-i Tedrisat” (unification of education) which is announced at 11th March of 1924 by Vasıf Bey who was the minister of education at the time. Islamist circles have concerned and been led to backlash developments after the closure of Medresahs. Some of these developments were portion of the lecturers remain unemployed with the closure of Medresahs, worries about the improper use of the property of Medresah by renting or sailing and also concerning about the programs of the Vocational Religious High Schools and Faculties of Theology founded immediately after closing Medresahs could not meet the expectations and therefore inert at the religious education. In this study, we are going to examine the opposition of the Islamic circles and the negative improvements that appeared by abolishment of Medresahs in the example of the “Sebilürreşad” magazine. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16092 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16092 Ali ÖZKAN You will see three historical monument together wherever you look from the centre square of the capital city, Tirana, Albania. These three historical monuments which became the symbol of Albania are Ethem Beg Mosque, Clock Tower and Skenderbeg Statue. Inherited from the Ottoman State, Ethem Beg Mosque and Clock Tower were agreed to be the symbol of Islam and Turk wherease Skenderbeg Statue, made in the period of Enver Hoxha(1968) was usually accepted to be the symbol of Chiristianity. On one hand the unity of socalled historical monument may be interpreted as figural image of Islam and Christianity conflict, on the other hand the three symbol historical monuments, all together in the same square may show a meaningful indicator among the two religions for the sake of peace and tolerence. It was Turks who always have behaved in tolerence to the nations of which she lived together throughout history. In recent days, all efforts concering the city cross-stitching religious missionary activities and making intensive effort in order to increase the rate of Christianity in Albania of which %70 percent are still Muslim provide a foundation for a sphere of conflict. Nobody gives full guarantee on this case . For that reason the most direct rod map on preventing conflict is tolerence. Tolerence makes people closer to eachother in all conditions.That people love eachother and protect common values of humanity is only possible to have a great tolerence among themselves. After September 11 Events in America, all people in the world understood how much religious tolerence they need. In this concern, these three symbols must be accepted in all activities such as conference and meeting and supported continuously. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16082 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16082 Ali Efdal ÖZKUL Cyprus has a very important strategic geographic position in the Mediterranean and especially in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Because of this position, Cyprus has attracted an important part of the Mediterranean trade in the course of history, and the states in charge of trade in the Mediterranean Sea, held Cyprus for their different aims. Therefore, nearly all the states that were trading in the lands of the Ottoman Empire had merchants on the island. The states which had embassies in Istanbul used to appoint the consuls, who were their representatives on the island, to deal with the foreign merchants and their problems on the island. These consuls were given power by the Ottoman state to enliven the trade. These consuls were given great deal of authority to liven up the trade. In the beginning, the Ottoman Empire only let these consuls stay in Tuzla district of Cyprus (Larnaca). However, towards the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th Century, the states that had consulates in Cyprus started having consulate representatives in Limassol, Famagusta, Paphos and even in Nicosia. The most dominant countries, such as England, France and Holland had consuls and consuls’ interpreters in Cyprus. In this study, data will be presented involving details on the identities and activities of the consuls and their interpreters as well as the dates they started and ended their posts. Trade in the Mediterranean Sea involving Cyprus was deeply affecting the Cypriot community and the socio-economic structure in Cyprus. This study will focus on the influential port cities in the Mediterranean and discuss the dimension of trade in Cyprus. Trading conflicts’ and contraband activities in the Mediterranean due to the rivalry among Western countries such as France, Holland and England is also discussed. In addition, different measures taken not to pay the Ottomans tariffs and the harm given to the Ottoman economy by the contraband activities are highlighted. This study focuses on consulate activities in Cyprus during the Ottoman period including consuls, their interpreters, and the trade carried out by the traders and their trading products. This study has been supported by the data gained from Cyprus Nicosia judicial record (Şer-i Sicil) registers and from the diary entries of the consuls, vice-consuls of the other countries and those of European travellers. The findings of the study aims to demonstrate and reach conclusions on the importance of Cyprus in terms of trade in the Mediterranean Sea, the influence of such trade on Cypriot citizens, the positive effects and negative effects of the consuls and their interpreters on the socio-economic structure in Cyprus. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16140 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16140 Yusuf SAĞIR Huseyin Paşa was born in Yenişehir- a town of Bursa. After he left Bursa, he went to İstanbul and joined to the woodcutters/baltacılar in the Ottoman Palace. Then he was praised by Murat the fourth thanks to his extreme skill in archery, so he started to rise in the palace. While he was the mirahur, he became the admiral/kaptanıderya having the rank of prime minister/sadrazam. After he had served in many departmants, he was appointed as the adviser/nedim of Murat the fourth. After a while, he was appointed as Anatolian governor in 1638 and as vice prime minister/sadaret kaymakamı in 1639. After Murat the fourth passed away, in addition to many different areas he served Sultan Ibrahim as his nedim. But he showed his real success in the conquest of Crete island as the headcommander/serdar. He captured Resmo and some other castles in the island. Although he surrounded the castle Kandiye three times, he couldn’t reach his real aim, but he did preparation for the conquest by building the castle İnadiye. After he was fired from his duty, he was appointed as kaptanıderya(1658) and governor of Rumeli(1658) but because of some claims about him, he was killed in Rebilülahir 1069/December-January 1658-1659 in Istanbul as a result of Koprulu Mehmet Paşa’s attempt. While he was trying to conquer the Crete island, on the other hand he constructed the island. In this context, he built an eating house/imaret and a scholl/muallimhane in Resmo, and a mosque in Kisamo. At the same time he had a mosque repaired in Resmo and converted a masjid into the mosque. He devoted many villages that were given him for the salaries of the staff and refurbishment of the foundations with their revenue. Then he arranged a vakfiye to maintain all these foundations in a right way in 10 Rebiülahir 1068/ 15 January 1658. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16153 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16153 Muammer ULUTÜRK Anıt (Monument) is a culture and history journal published, but irregular intervals, by “Konya and Nearby Vicinity Old Arts Lovers Association” from February 1949 until March 1964. Anıt Journal possesses the features which worth to be examined with regard to the fact that it will shed light to the history of Konya and its vicinity especially with its manuscripts comprising many fields such as history, historical geography, foundation certificates, architecture, places of worship, bibliographies, ethnography, archaeology, folklore, philosophy, city history, Mevlana and Mesnevi. Anıt Journal was published 31 volumes in total in irregular intervals from February 1949 until March 1964. The journal, which published its 19th volume in July 1950, was able to publish the 20th volume in April 1957 after a long interval, and put the final point to its publication life with last volume in March 1964. The journal filled an important gap by means of authors and manuscripts providing significant contributions for cultural heritage especially in Konya and its vicinity. Not only did the association published the journal but also materialized the restorations of real estate cultural assets in Konya city centre as stated in its regulations with financial and spiritual support of helpful Konya people. Restorations of the lead covers of Selimye and Kapı Mosques, repair of tombs of Sems-i Tebrizi, Emir Ishak and Sheikh Aleman, saving Abdulaziz, Zenburi, Beyhekim and Tercuman small mosques, repair of mosque extension roof and the yard Wall of Sahip Ata complex are only some of these contributions. When looked from today’s perspective, we believe that the content and index of the journal that conveys to be a historical document will provide great contributions for those who carry out studies in the field of social sciences. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16223 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16223 H. Neşe ERİM, Aslıhan NAKİBOĞLU However,there is no exact information when the tobacco farming in the Ottoman Empire had began, it is considered that the tobacco seeds had been brought by the Rumelian merchants from Europe and the tobacco farming took place around Xanthi and Giannitsa for the very first time. Furthermore, the spread of the tobacco consumption in the Ottoman Empire caused several arguments. From 1688 onwards the tobacco had been applied taxes which also indicates not only the production and the consumption of the tobacca had been officialized but also the tobacco becoming a trade good. Tobacco production first had started at the cities, then located to the counties. Since the consumption of the tobacco increased day by day, more traditional Ottoman manufacturer involved with tobacco. At first the tobacco growing started as a household production and this established the grounds for tobacco farming which later constituted a exclusive group of tobacco farmers. The study aims to explore the tobacco regulations of Ottoman Empire at the the 19th century which were put into action for regulating the tobacco production and manufacturing. After Tanzimat, financial policy and its bureucracy had been through some drastic reforms and legal regulations. These regulations and reforms replaced the traditional structure of the Empire for governing the country and also its economy. These tobacco regulations after Tanzimat was one of the outcome of this reform process. The study firstly aims to categorize the tobacco regulations which were widely spread while keeping its details in tact. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16233 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=16233 Filiz ÇOLAK As the economic activities take the first place in the social and economic development of a country, public works take the second place. Transportation (“münakâle”) has an important place in the area of public works. Transportation system and services provided by this system are important determiners of development levels of countries, because transportation system, not only fulfils the needs of people, but also substantially affects the economic activities from their production to their consumption. Since its foundation, the Turkish Republic, even in the periods of economic depression, has placed particular importance to the development of transportation system. An inadequate and underdeveloped transportation system was taken over from the Ottoman State. This inadequate and underdeveloped transportation network could not withstand the destructive effects of long wars. Furthermore, majority of the railroads and land roads that the Ottoman State had built with great sacrifices were in the lands lost in the Balkan Wars and the First World War. The Turkish Republic gave priority to railroads in their transportation policy, because during the Ottoman era, the foreign investors were effective in the construction and management of the railroads in Anatolia and Rumelia and primary intention of the founders of the Republic, who aspired a national state, was to nationalize the railroads belonged to foreign investors and to construct new railways. The transportation policy of Turkey did not consist only of railroads. Despite its limited means, the Republic tried to develop the land, maritime and airline transportation. In this study, activities in these areas during the Atatürk Era will be discussed. 2026-07-16