https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=sayi_detay&sayi_id=261 Turkish Studies - International en 2026-07-16 <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Ankara Bilim &Uuml;niversitesi</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Kamp&uuml;s&uuml;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;">Maltepe Mahallesi Şehit G&ouml;nen&ccedil; Caddesi No: 5 &Ccedil;ankaya, Ankara, T&Uuml;RKİYE</p> <p style="margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Web: </strong><a href="https://ankarabilim.edu.tr">https://ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>Telefon:</strong> <a href="tel:4442228">444 22 28</a></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;"><strong>E-mail:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="mailto:info@ankarabilim.edu.tr">info@ankarabilim.edu.tr</a></p> https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15842 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15842 Mehmet Korkut ÇEÇEN, Abdulmuttalip İPEK 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15685 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15685 Xhemile ABDIU Actually, an important feature of Turkish syntax, is the usage of participle and gerund in sentences. This shows interest in the meaning, but the usage of gerund with different functions reflects different meanings. According to linguists unlike the Indo-European languages, where in general the main sentence is connected to subordinate sentences with conjunctions or conjunctional pronouns, in the Turkish, the sentences are connected by participle or by gerund. With this structure without the need of pronoun or conjunctions is performed an embedding. It is known that in the agglutinative languages to the root of a name or verb is added different morphemes. These morphemes carry out all kinds of conjunction or derivations. In this case, in Turkish, the morphemes carry out very important functions in terms of semantics. Such as encountered in Western Languages, Albanian is the language of second-order transfers. These transfers are emerging to compound sentences and the entire sentence is transfered to another node that is attached to it and gives it a function. -(y)ıp, -ip, -up, -üp morpheme has interesting morphological characteristics. -ip is one of the most frequently used adverb-verb suffixes. This morpheme connects the verb to the second one. Sometimes this morpheme connects the main predicate of the sentence to the side of the predıcate of the second sentence. The construction with -arak, -erek explains the way in which the action is done. The basic sentence, linking with the subordinate sentence at the same time allows the grammatical transformation of adverbalization. The aim of this work is to describe these types of clauses and to address emerging problems. In particular in translating from Albanian to Turkish and viceversa from Turkish to Albanian we will try to emphasize the difficulty encountered by foreign students. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15785 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15785 Abdullah Mesut AĞIR, Mehmet Emin ŞEN Between the years 232-234/847-945 of Abbasids period, the period was called as “Turkish Influence” era since it was the period when Turks possessed the military power and they were successful in military command. Abbassids, came to the power after the Umayyads and stayed away from the mevali policy especially enabled the Turks to show theirselves in the historical area. In this way Islamic world testified emerging of the dignified commanders whom had loyalty to their masters and religon. It is remarkable that some of them among these commanders gained influence as much as preposessing the caliphate during its weak terms and even setting up their seperate states. As notorious begs such as Afşin, Boğa el-Kebîr, Boğa es-Sagîr, Vasîf, Eşnas, İnak et-Türk; Boga es-Sagir was also very important lord like the others. The main sources agree with that Boga, who was also known as es-Sagir et-Turki, eş-Şerabi, was turkish man. He was called by Arabs as es-Sagir to distinguish himself from his big brother Boga el-Kebir. Boga is turkish word and is coincided to its different spelling such as “buka”, “buga”. In this manuscript, the activities that this commander performed will be studied. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15762 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15762 Durmuş AKALIN,Cemil ÇELİK East Mediterranean is an important and strategic region at the intersection of Asia, Africa and Europe. Many states and societies have been inhabiting in Eastern Mediterranean. Ottoman Empire was the most significant country in this area in 19th century and before. There was peace and comfort in Eastern Mediterranean with Ottoman rule which the most prominant power in the region. But political tussle started up because of European (especially British and French) power’s interest on the area. At the same time, the recession of Ottoman Empire accelerated this course. British and French were two of the most important actors in Europe in 19th century. These two powers were interested in Asia and Africa because of Indian Road and colonialism. Especially, Eastern Mediterranean was at the key point here. Hereinafter, these two powers battled on Cyprus, Egypt, and all East Mediterranean coasts and this struggle effected Ottoman Empire and its policies. The British-French rivalry which affected Ottoman Empire focused on particular aspects. One of the most important rivalry areas was the concern about being the superior on seas. Being superior on seas which was considered as one of the most important measure of being a great government became a subject of rivalry between two governments. Another rivalry subject was to be able to be influential on Ottoman Empire’s lands. The land around Middle east and East Mediterranean coasts which was increasing in value and where the Ottoman government was in difficulty about management became more valuable. The rivalry was not limited at this region but also became a subject in the agenda and discussion of Europe. While Ottoman Empire was in endeavor of survive which was the most important problem of it, the ownership rivalry of British and French even other Europan Powers on East Mediterranean is very striking. Although Ottoman Empire was very weak in military and financial aspects, it continued to compete. The British-French rivalry on East Mediterranean which stucked between the rivalry of great states among themselves and on Ottoman Empire and survival politics of Ottoman Empire was investigated in this study. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15748 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15748 Talat AKASLAN This work examines the verb units –Iyor and –mAktA in the concept of their running in daily language dialogues and monologs and in academicals texts-speeches with a enunciative approach. These two parts are the markers of the two different qualities of forming the statement by linguistic subject, two different enunciation’s modes (enunciation’s states): The enunciator uses –Iyor when forming an unfinished statement in which he/she does not keep aloof (in enunciation style) with both content and adressee, when forming an unfinished statement in which he/she keeps aloof the enunciator uses –mAktA. In Turkish –Iyor is the unfinished unit without aloofness and –mAktA is the unfinished unit with aloofness. These two parts are opposed as the markers of the two different enunciation modes (enunciation states) and the opposition between them is enunciative. Using –Iyor means “speaking for yourself” and expressing a personal content, attributing the content to yourself, “incident” narration, having a relationship of “me”-“you”; direct address etc.; using –mAktA means attributing the content to another, “speaking for another” and expressing a non-personal content, topic narration (informing by transfer) and not having a relationship of “me”-“you”; reported speech etc. The enunciator is an “internal eye”; a narrator; a person (an inv 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15811 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15811 Neval AKÇA BERK The concept of reenactment is used in different disciplines so these disciplines are expressed different definitions. Reenactment is also 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15793 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15793 Ayşegül AKDEMİR “Slothful” is a word which we come across its negative concept from past to present. Therefore, the aforementioned a word finds its place as a “contrast” point in life and language. In the first place that the negative associations “slothful” word, a different viewpoint than the one that would allow a positive nature appears to be perceived and evaluated. This difference in understanding, however, pointed out that the word “inactivity/ stasis” with regards to which one aspect of physical or mental condition of people is very closely related. The physical aspect of fact, when seen in relation to a negative value with a “slothful” word, is the psychological aspects of peeling off a positive value when negative value is loaded. But in the Poetry of Yunus Emre, though we come across the word, “slothful” with its literal meaning, it goes beyond of this and exceeds its meaning indeed. The aforementioned word comes up to another dimension as its meaning and value with these kinds of usages. In this work, the underlying meaning and value of the word, “slothful” which has negative connotation values when it's considered superficially are questioned. While doing this, we base on the poems of Yunus Emre, who often characterizes himself as “slothful” in his poems, and put emphasis on possible relevance and relations between his real and mystical identity and the aforementioned word. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15713 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15713 Yaşar AKDEMİR,Hasan KAVRUK Yunus Emre,is one of the greatest poets who struggled much fort he Turkish language to maintain its existence and to develop as a top language of culture and literature. This work aims to establish his literatture’s contrıbutıons to the Turkish language and historical process of it. The work focuses on analysing the sound, form and sentence structure and assessing Yunus Emre’s work of art. İn conclusion, it is established that Yunus Emre made great contributions to the Turkish language and literatureThis recording, Yunus Emre, H. 648 / M. Born on 1240–1, after a life of 82 years H, 720 / M. He died on 1320–1. H. VIII. Or the heads of the century H. 730–735 / M. 1329/1334 as the date of death of the poet to accept the years. Yunus Emre's most important work, "Divan" and could. This book, written in the form of prosodic measure, and lyric poems are also available. But the most beautiful poems syllable, had said in quatrains. Rhyming poetry, usually people and the lodge. Tradition of folk poetry usually lodge in rhyme and assonance, and redif used more than obeying. Except for a short prose section Risaletü'n-Nushiyye mesnevi didactic work written form and measure of prosody. XIII, the work is a mystical nasihatname. and XIV. century. The first and most beautiful examples of Turkish literature. 600 together with a brief introduction to prose couplet 13 couplets composed of a baseline. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15666 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15666 Sibel AKGÜN Cyprus has been occupying the agenda of international relations since the mid-20th Century, and it still remains among the unsolved problems in the world. The island has a political history that is defined by contrasting interests and political demands in the Eastern Mediterranean. Apart from global and local balances, the main problem in Cyprus is the idea of nationalism that emerged mostly in 1878 and has crystallized in the process of ethnic differentiation between the two major ethnic and religious communities living in the island. This idea has been consolidated by the policies pursued by the British colonial administration and by the influences of local elites; and thus two conflicting identities emerged. How these two identities, whose objectives and methods are different from one another, firstly emerged in a serious manner is of importance in political-cultural-sociocultural terms. The factors that triggered these processes and helped them get institutionalized constitute an important issue that needs to be addressed as much as their origins. It was the 1940s when those organizations firstly formed, which would serve as social carriers in the fields of media and political and professional organization. This process, which was triggered by international developments, will be addressed by examining each of the organizations such as KATAK and Halkın Sesi. While addressing this process, whose institutional foundations were Enosis, British colonial administration policies and Cypriot Turkish nationalism; the developments of the time will also be taken into consideration. The main subject of the study, on the other hand, will be the dynamics and development of these foundations in the 1940s in terms of organization for the Cypriot Turkish community. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15665 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15665 Eyüp AKMAN Ashik Seyrani lived between the years1800 and 1866. He was originally from Develi, Kayseri. He saw three thrones in this whole life. These are; III. Selim, II.Mahmut and Abdulmecit. His teenage and adulthood ages were in last two ones. Seyrani, expressed the emotions of the society against the innovation and westernization movements which were developed in II.Mahmut era and formalized with political reforms in Abdulmecit era. Moreover, he didn’t hesitate to depict faults and irregularities that he saw in the society without any fear from the sultan. Seyrani is considerably successful in the literary genre which is called “irony” in the classical literature and “satire” in the folk literature. This is somewhat related to his nature and character. Having come to Istanbul to pursue his profession, Seyrani, like his contemporaries, had a yearning for joining the poet-singers of the court. But, his desire did not come true. That was most probably the reason why he severely satirized the court officials, particularly the grand viziers. Another reason why Seyrani had such a firm stand against the court was the disbandment of the Janissaries. Like the other Bektashi poets, Seyrani who had a tendency towards Bektashism could not accept the disbandment of the Janissaries, and therefore took a negative stand against the court. Social and economic life of the nineteenth century is likely to be seen in the poems of Seyrani. The situation of the country after the Reform movements, extravagant spendings of the court, people’s failure in keeping up with the newnesses, Sultans’ personally adopting a Western way of living, and corruption of the judiciary due to judge’s involvement in bribery were particularly satirized in the poems of Seyrani. In this study, Reform movements and how these movements reflected on the society will be put into words with reference to poems of Seyrani and the era will be evaluated. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15607 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15607 Erol AKSOY Communication is a tool that human beings cannot do without. So the mankind created systems which are useful to transfer information about their experiences, culture and tradition, as a transition from the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15763 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15763 Gizem AKYOL The new political power, in the first years of republic, made use of social and cultural instutitions to be able to build a community. Especially the years between 1923-1950 was a period when reforms were being able to be kept alive and established with its instutitions. It is seen that most of the novels, which were written during this period, are in hormony with the political power's statements and literature performed a function which had a social change power. In other words, the first term republican novelists, who approach literature as an art that have an impressive role on society, rather than aesthetic pleasure, take on social engineering task with their works. Ideological restructuring of the republic, especially in the 1940's, was effective on the novels until the transition to the multi-party system and fairly paved the way for canon literature. In this canonical formation, a considerable part of novelists took part in that structure remotely or closley. In fact, it is also possible to evaluate this structure as a general atmosphere of single party periods. The breakage in the area of civilisation with the republic, resulted in questioning of the recent past for long years. In this regard, from 1923 to 1950, yet the fresh memory of the society- Ottoman with its social, cultural and political instutitions, is the basic material of the Turkish novel. In the first years of the republic the novelists who were out of general literature statement handled Ottoman literature suitably because of the fact that they had at peace with Ottoman on several issues. However, the novels, in which Ottoman literature was questioned, the republican novelists were in the belief that literature in that period-especially the period of Divan and Servet-i Fünun was insufficent of preparing an awakening atmosphere that would make society change and transform. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15703 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15703 Mustafa ALKAN Poetry takes the most important place in literature. It is very important both for the poet and the poetry reader to have the knowledge of poetry and know the poetical terms and rules. That’s why, especially in the books for school children, it is possible to come across information on poetry. However, in these books which are written to give language and literature education to children, it is observed that instead of giving detailed information, short and practical information is prefered. The periodical number 2727 in the National Library is also a verse dictionary periodical including 3 of the verse dictionaries (Sübha-i Sıbyân, Tuhfe-i Şâhidî, Tuhfe-i Vehbî) written for the primary school children to teach them the prosodic rules together with the Arabic and Persian words. However, in this periodical, there are short literary works apart from these verse dictionaries. One of these works is the “Prosody Pamphlet”. As it is known, pamphlets are short texts written on any subject. This pamphlet is, too, a short literary work giving information about the measure of prosody, Classical Turkish Literature verse forms and types together with figures of speech. It also exemplifies them. In this literary work, it is observed that, besides some known literary information, some literary terms are explained in a different way that we are not familiar with. Therefore, this pamphlet is of great importance. When it is considered that periodicals are not mostly compiled as books, the introduction of this type of short texts in the periodicals to the world of science can be possible by means of articles. Thus, this study aims at examining and transcribing the aforementioned pamphlet text so that researchers can benefit from it. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15700 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15700 Ahmet ALVER 12 Mart 1971 askeri müdahalesinin öncesi ve sonrasında yaşananları ele alarak, 1980’e kadar olan zaman diliminde, aşırı sağ ve sol görüşlü aktivistlerin birbirleriyle ve devletin güvenlik güçleriyle olan kavgalarını ele alan, 1970’ler Türkiye’sinin bilinmeyen yanlarına edebi bir perspektiften bakıp, bu olaylara etkili bir dille ayna tutmaya çalışan eserlere genel bir ifadeyle ‘12 Mart Romanları’ denmektedir. Çetin Altan’ın ilk romanı olan Büyük Gözaltı, Türkiye’de 12 Mart 1971 askeri müdahelesi sonrası, yazarın kendisi de dahil olmak üzere birçok sol görüşlü entellektüelin tecrübe ettiği döneme dair acı gerçekleri yansıtır. Roman, 1970 yıllar Türkiye’sinde, askeri müdahele sonrasında sol eğilimli yüzlerce, binlerce akademisyen, yazar, gazeteci, siyasetçi, üniversite öğrencisi ve aktivistin mahkum olduğu, zulme ve işkenceye maruz kaldığı bir dönemin kültürel hafızasını kaydetmesi yönüyle önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu makale Büyük Gözaltı romanında, Michael Foucault’un felsefi ve sosyoloji teorileriyle açıkladığı güç ile ceza ilişkisini, totaliter bir yapıya sahip iktidarın aşırı gücünün, romanın tutuklu kahramanı üzerinde oluşturduğu psikolojik etkileri, bu güç karşısındaki direnç girişimi ve bir süre sonra maruz kaldığı bu güce boyun eğmek zorunda kalarak kendi kendisinin sorgulayıcısı ve suçlayıcısı olma sürecinin sürrealist açıdan incelemektedir. Çalışmada, kahramann suçluluk veya masumiyetinin sorgulanmasından ziyade, orantısız güç denkleminde muktedir olanın gücü karşısında kendi zayıf konumuna karşı göstermiş olduğu psikolojik reaksiyonun sürreal sonuçları ve belirtileri ele alınır. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15630 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15630 Akif ARSLAN This study aims to determine various opinions of university students related to the skill of making a speech in front of the public. With this aim 500 university students, attending different departments at Ağrı İbrahim Çecen University, were administered a questionnaire developed by the researcher, and the data of research are gathered. As a result of this study, it is determined that many of the students want to give a speech in front of the public but because of various reasons such as not to have adequacy in Turkish, acquiring Turkish as a second language, the fear of giving wrong or inadequate knowledge, audience’s sarcastic reactions, lack of self-confidence, shy personality, accent problems, worry of not being understood etc. even if they have the chance, they do not speak in front of the public or they avoid the duties required giving speech in front of the public. It is also identified that the students in this study are of the idea that this skill is not improved at educational institutions because of some reasons such as only successful students’ being given the right of the speech, the activities in front of the public’s being limited to some official ceremonies, crowded classroom, students not being given right to speak as required and teachers speaking mostly, fear of students from teacher’s reaction and ignoring speaking skills because of focusing on centrally given examinations. In this study, after the students’ psychological and physical characteristics, getting nervous, sweating, fear of being criticized, forgetting what to say, fear of getting dizzy, and blushing, sweating, trembling, headache, stumbling, trilling, heart beat speeding up, swallowing words respectively are determined it is also mentioned what should be done in order to decrease the level of excitement that occurs in front of public. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15735 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15735 İncinur ATİK GÜRBÜZ It is known in Ottomans that the barbers do not only cut or shave hair, they also carry out works such as circumcising, cupping and dentistry works. The workplace of barbers which is one of the important members of society in this aspect appears in center of social life as places where people from all walks of life enter and exit, share their secrets, make gossips and keep finger on the pulse of society. In this regard, barbers who are important cultural element and bearers of the society they live in become subject of many genres from poems to stories, novels to theater, tales to rhymes in almost every period with the tradition of literary works. The barbers and elements regarding barbers have found a place in the world of metaphors of 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15688 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15688 Ferda ATLI Literature and psychology are disciplines that should be interacting with each other as they regard human and human nature as their fields of study. Beside the contributions of literature to psychology, the contributions of psychology to literature are in great extent. Today, pyschology acts as scrip with respect to forming and analyzing of characters mentioned in literal texts. Psychoanalysis is an important sub-field of literature as it particularly tries to define the human subconscious and the process of creativity in various ways. The fact that psychoanalysis is applied to artists by the creator of it, Sigmund Freud and later to works of art by his followers, has given rise to the collaboration of psychoanalysis and literature. Scientists such as Freud, Adler, Jung and Lacan, who attempt to bring together psychoanalysis and literature, have tried to obtain better results by developing different methods. By means of these methods developed by scientists dealing with psychoanalysis, literature commentators acquired different dimension in the investigaton of literal text by developing the method of Psychoanalytic Literary Review. Based on the life story of artist or referring features of the characters in literal text, these comments gained multi-layered to texts and helped readers to shed light on inner world of literal text and writer. The aim of this study is to give information about the five important representatives of the psychoanalytic literary criticism and to give examples from the Turkish literature. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15725 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15725 Emine ATMACA Talkers of Turkistan accents and Russians had taken words from the other one and given words to the other one as a result of social, political and cultural connexion as from very old periods. XVI. and XVII. It must be due to the locality of words between the two peoples settled centuries shopping relations began to increase rapidly. XVI. and XVII. It must be due to the locality of settlement began to increase rapidly exchange of words between the two countries relations. We learn the considerable quantity of these relations from Maks Fasmer’s (Russian Etimology Dictinoray was prepared by him) work named “Etimologiçeskiy Slovar Ruskogo Yazıka”. Likewise, experts of Kazakh linguistics K. Ahanov by his work “Til Biliminin Negizderi”, A. Hasenov by his work “Til Bilimi” and M. by his work Balakayev “Kazak Til Biliminin Meseleleri” have submitted words taken from Russian under a title as kirme sözder, facts those explain why these words had been taken and the words’ conditions/positions in Kazakh Turkish by using examples. In this article, words in Kazakh Turkish lexicology borrowed from Russian are determined and phonetic events in these words are eloborated. Words in Kazakh Turkish lexicology borrowed from Russian are added spoken and written language directly or indirectly. While a substantially amount of borrowed words in spoken language are adapted to Kazak Turkish’s phonetic structure before Ekim (~Kazan) revolution, after the revolution in borrowed words which are in written language Russian spelling was conserved. Ekim (~ Kazan) until the revolution from Russian into Turkish Kazakh or by Russian the words from other languages especially in the Russian forms are preserved. When the words will be extended attachments Russian quote word root or body are taken from and ınstead of attachment Russian Kazakh Turkish placed their attachment. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15783 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15783 Kıvanç AYCAN Voice education is interdisciplinary i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15608 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15608 Hidayet AYDAR In this article, we discussed about a valuable work having an important place in Ottoman Tafsir culture. The copy of the work in our hand is the copy numbered 435 which is found in Ulu Jami in the city of Bursa. This copy previously was analyzed by some researchers and a few assesments were made about it. In these assesments, it was put forward that this copy numbered 435 in Ulu Jami is the Tafsir of Abu al Layth or a translation of Tafsir-i Hâzin, and its name is Enfes al- Javahir or Tercume-i Tafsir-i Lubab. These assesments probably were influenced from the fact that there aren’t any serious investigations made on naming the copies in our libraries. Unfortunately, while naming those copies, Tafsir of Abu al Layth and translations of some other tafseers were confused with each other. Hence, assesments made looking at those copies would be false. In this article, we’ll look into the book around those assesments and examine the point of that if it’s really Abu al-Layth or al- Hâzin Tafsir. For this, we’ll make comparements between No. 435 copy and some selected parts from other copies. Moreover, making comparements between Bursa No.435 copy and some other tafsirs written before it, we’ll try to understand if there’s any relationships between them and in that way we’ll try to end up with a result. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15673 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15673 Adem AYDEMİR The critical edition of Kutadgu Bilig, which is one of the works of Karahanlı Turkish period, was published by Prof. Dr. Reşit Rahmeti Arat in 1947. The translation of Divanü Lugati’t Türk, which was published by Besim Atalay in 1939/ 1941. In this article, for this purpose we used the Reşid Rahmeti Arat Besim Atalay publications of knowledge for wealth. Kutadgu Bilig and Divanü Lugati’t-Türk is very important works for Turkısh culture. Therefore, Kutadgu Bilig and Divanü Lugati’t Türk which is the first source about the Turkish world’s literature, language, cultural, social situation in the 11th century gives us very important and original knowledge’s for Turcology researching. Written in Karahanlı Turkish by Kâşgarlı Mahmud, the founder of the Turkology, Divanü Lugati’t Türk is one of the main guideline works on Turkish language in many directions. This work has an illuminating significance not only for Karahanlı Turkish period but also for preceding and following periods as Kâşgarlı Mahmud enriched his work, which is primarily a dictionary, with some grammatical elements besides vocabulary. The Kutadgu Bilig and Divanü Lugati’t Türk which is the source about the Turkish world’s literature, language, cultural, social situation in the eleventh century gives us very important and original knowledge’s for Turcology researching. But it has not been analyzed within the detailed context of culture of hair-beard. Therefore, in this article, investigates of culture of hair-beard of Turkish culture according to Kutadgu Bilig and Divanü Lugati’t Türk. This study made by general scanning model. Therefore, firstly scanning Kutadgu Bilig and Divanü Lugati’t Türk line by line, all words, idioms, proverbs, couplets, and written-in-verse components reflecting culture of hair-beard of its age have been indexed and listed in itself. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15633 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15633 Mustafa AYDEMİR Detective novel, formed around an intelligently planned murder and a detective who tries to solve it and find the murderer, shows a significant improvement with the influence of Postmodernism, which rose in the second half of 20th Century. That improvement first shows its face in translation, then writing in Turkish Literature. The history of detective novel, which began to take its place in literary history due to the emergence of crime and along with urbanization, is as old as the concept of crime history. Having a particular history, it can be claimed that it prepared the ground for the emergence of novel. However, two major war, which happened in the 20th century, has led to a rapid development of the detective novel, the best way to tell the story of the crimes. Ahmet Ümit’s novel İstanbul Hatırası is important as it shows the change of detective novel in Turkish novel. A real – up to date and an unreal – historical, two different engaging fictions are being narrated in that detective novel. Beginning with the murder, a journey to the historical sites of Istanbul is made. In addition, the importances of these sites, which are close to be destroyed, are pointed out. In this study, after mentioning how detective novel emerged in West and Turkish Literature and its historic development, Ahmet Ümit’s İstanbul Hatırası has been analyzed and postmodern features in this novel has been emphasized. With this method, postmodern characteristics of the novel has been taken care in terms of plot, time, place, characters and the classical elements of the novel has been evaluated with a postmodernist approach. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15575 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15575 Abdulhalim AYDIN As is known, the Tanzimat movement is the restructuring period during which Turkish society turned its face towards the West for the need of modernization and renewal. And the Tanzimat literature has formed the literary side of this process. It is known that the influence of Romanticism and especially Hugo, just like on the other authors, on N. Kemal, one of the greatest literary figures of the period, is of great extent. Besides reading the poems of Hugo, N. Kemal was fond of the plays and novels of his master and this fondness immediately shows itself. In his works, the result of his great admiration for Hugo, the influence of Romanticism and his master is in fact not limited to now commonly known "Hernani-Poor Child" and "Cromwell Foreword-Jalaluddin Foreword". But in this study, what we actually want to concentrate on is the nature of the influence or the contribution of Romanticism and Hugo on N. Kemal’s perception of the art and artist. Hugo, through the romantic school which was a revolution against rationality, prescriptivism and elitism in the discourse adopted by classical school, perceived the literature both as expansion of the literature to a broad perspective, and as the defence of a thesis (litterature engagee), and on this basis how effective was Hugo’s influence and/or direction on our author will be the main question to which our study will try to find an answer. As is well emphasized in this research, there was a large agreement between the expectations of Kemal of literature and art and between Hugo’s style of literature. After all, like Hugo, Kemal was also persuaded to the great role of literature in the creation of a new society. In this context, "Had he turned to Realism and its representatives, would we today find the same Kemal? How should we reconcile the popular full-toned sound of Kemal with his romantic i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15645 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15645 İlker AYDIN In this study, the short stories titled “Nerede İnsan Varsa Orada Umut Vardır, Kedi Ağaca Çıktı and Hazır Olun Fırtına Geliyor” reviewed within the context of emotions, in the Turkish textbooks of the eighth grade of primary education, were studied with a linguistic point of view. Determination of the main topic and sub-topics of the text; revealing of the deep structure of the text, that is its background as well as the visible and understood part of the text, that is its surface structure all are possible by a textlinguistic approach. In this context, firstly, the grammatical and lexical cohesive devices such as anaphora, cataphora, ellipse, reiteration, junctions and collocation defined as grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion which constitute the microstructure of the text were examined afterwards, the subject was explained with samples from the stories. In terms of the macrostructure of the text, the short stories named “Hazır Olun Fırtına Geliyor” type of moment, “Nerede İnsan Varsa Orada Umut Vardır” type of trial and “Kedi Ağaca Çıktı” type of humor were commented and it was tried to reach the semantic macrostructure by virtue of collocation and cohesion formed through the words in the same concept area. The microstructure stones forming the macrostructure of the text make the text meaningful by realizing the pattern of the text with its other elements. In the text analysis, it is tried to reach from microstructure to macrostructure from this to the categories of superstructures. The aim of textlinguistics is to reveal the structures of the texts, that is the forms of grammatical and contextual fiction and to demonstrate it with the practical samples. This study represents the reality of texts is not the series of the sentences but a coherent and continuous whole in terms of structure and theme, by means of short stories. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15421 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15421 Timuçin AYKANAT When doing a scientific study, several methods are used to get usefull data. This methods become theoretical due to their capacity to answer the needs and their practicality. One of important theories at sicience is comparative literature. Comparative literature science, becouse of its being systemic, proved its efficacy to give right results and be practical to many field. Theory of comparative literarture, in almost every branch of science within the scientific discipline can be used without going discrimination. On the other hand, large-scale interdisciplinary study of geological researches that allow them to think and is an approach that makes the vast perspective. For his reason, this theory can be used in classical literature as it is used at modern literature. In this article, first, comparative literature is introduced. Then, introductory in formation about the composers of text that will be compared is given. As a third step, frequently used images in text such as twillight, night and sleep examined according to how they are perceived in the context of mythology, traditional culture, mysticism, religion and literature. In the light of all these, 13 poems-that have common elements-of 6 poets from diffirent centuries but at the same road, are comparatively examined according to their from and content. In the context of all these the result of this article is that, the commonality of tradition, perception and sensation is beyond time periods, and even reaches after centuries. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15796 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15796 İsrafil BABACAN Bâkî gibi kudretli bir şairin üslubunu anlamak ve açıklamak hiç de kolay değildir. Onun ses, tasvir ve ibdâ bakımından zengin bir anlatıma sahip olduğu gerçeği, güçlü ve ayrıntılı örneklerle gösterilmelidir. Biz bu monografik çalışmamızda, Bâkî’nin gazellerini esas alarak en yaratıcı edebî sanat olan hüsn-i ta‛lîli nasıl kullandığını ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Çalışmamızda sadece Bâkî’nin, bu sanatı nasıl ve hangi türlerde icra ettiği göstermedik; aynı zamanda onun gazellerinden hareketle, hüsn-i ta‛lîl sanatının daha önce denenmeyen bir sınıflandırmasına gittik. Böylece bu sanatın, daha kolay tanınmasını sağlamaya çalıştık. İncelememize göre Bâkî, gazellerinde hüsn-i ta‘lîl sanatını bir yandan geleneğe uygun biçimde oluştururken diğer yandan bu sanatın malzemesi ve teşkili konusunda yeni arayışlarda bulunmuştur. Bunda hayal gücüne olan kuvvetli inancı önemli bir rol oynar. Ayrıca bu durum, onun nispeten sade-dolaysız anlatımına da uygundur. Onun hüsn-i ta‛lîllerinde, hayalî kurgulara hayalî nedenler bulma yolu, hakikî vaka ve durumlara hayalî nedenler bulma yolundan daha fazladır. Çünkü o, çok katmanlı, zengin ve hayal esaslı bir sanat anlayışını esas almıştır. Bâkî teşkil bakımından hüsn-i ta‘lîli en fazla teşhîs ve teşbîh sanatlarıyla birlikte kullanır. Bu sanatta içerik bakımından ise, her türlü tabiat ve sosyal olay malzemelerine yer verir. Dolayısıyla Bâkî, hüsn-i ta‛lîl sanatını oldukça başarılı kullanması sayesinde hem yaratıcı gücünü kuvvetle ortaya koymuş, hem de şiirini türlü hayaller ve çeşitli malzemeler bakımından son derece zenginleştirmiştir. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15110 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15110 Muhammet BAHADIR In this study the changes in the level and volume of Kovada Lake which is located within the boundaries of Isparta province in the Mediterranean Region of our country and the correlation of the climate element changes have been examined. The research area is located within the Mediterranean Climate impact zone. However, as a result of the impact of the Taurus Mountains, the impact of the continental climate is also observed. In order to manifest the impact of climate change in a regional sense the study of water surface changes in addition to climate elements carries major significance. In the long term period (1975-2010) an increase in temperature and evaporation in Kovada Lake and its watershed and a decrease in precipitation have been discovered. This change in the climate elements has been reflected as a loss to the lake level and volume; during the same period the lake level and volume decreased. An increase of 0.7 °C in temperature and an increase of 120 mm in evaporation have taken place in the study area. A decrease of 20 mm in precipitation has occurred in the same area. When the affiliation of the climate elements and lake level and volume changes were studied, a significant medium level negative directional relationship between the changes in temperature and level (-0.502) and volume (-0. 473) were discovered. On the other hand, a strong significant level positive directional relationship between precipitation and lake level (0.758) and volume (0.751) changes and a significant medium level negative directional relationship between evaporation and lake level (-0.476) and volume (-0.426) were determined. As a result of analysis carried out it was concluded that the changes in Kovada Lake level and volume were due to changes in precipitation rather than changes in the temperature and evaporation. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15552 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15552 Ali BALALAN Nef’i is one of the most powerful ode and satirical poet of Divan literature. He had used all the details of hyperbolisim in his poems. He had used the hyperbolisim by using the power of poetry but at the same time he had not disturb the imagination of the readers while using the hyperbolisim. In order to lighten the mood of hyperbole he always left some doors open. Greatness of sultans are explained in the hyperbolisim related to the parise of the sultans. Love towards the horses is not an ordinary bare love. He uses horse as an image by giving different meanings. In his satires he criticizes in a strong way just the opposite of his praisings. The explanation of cosmic universe gives chance to explain the ideas in an indirect way. In the odes of Nef-i the realities are explained in degrees. In order to understand the meaning of his words, these degrees should be analised in detailes. He had resembled his words as an closed magazine. This feature also shows the walue of his works. In this ode Nef-i tries to Express the importance of the meaning of the words rather than the structures of the sentences. The poet sometimes sees himself as an 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15782 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15782 Elif Emine BALTA,Şener DEMİREL In this study, whether the Waldman Model, which is used in text education, is effective in building reading comprehension and critical thinking skills was tried to be determined. Study group of this research conducted for this goal, consists of 8th grade students of Fevzi Paşa Elementary School in Sivas Merkez in fall semester of 2010-2011 academic year. While in experimental group Turkish lessons were conducted through the instrument of text education with Waldmann model activities, the control group was given a traditional education. Experimental study lasted for 11 weeks including pre-test and post-test weeks. “Test of Inference Ability in Reading Comprehension”, “Cornell Critical Thinking Skills Tests Level X” used as data collection instrument. To analyze the data, paired samples and independent samples t-test were used. In the study, significance level was accepted as 0.05. When average of reading comprehension post-test scores of the students in the experimental group and average of post-test scores of the students in the control group are compared, it was observed that reading comprehension skills of the students in the experimental group improved in significant level. When average of critical thinking post-test scores of the students in the experimental group and average of post-test scores of the students in the control group are compared, it was observed that critical thinking skills of students in the experimental group improved in significant level. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15815 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15815 Ramazan BARDAKÇI Divans, the leading ones to hold light onto the understandings of art of the 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15627 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15627 Gökhan BAŞ,Cemil ŞAHİN The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between elementary students’ reading attitudes, writing dispositions and academic success in Turkish course and to determine to what extent students’ reading attitudes and writing dispositions predict their academic success in Turkish course. The problem statement of the research was posed as “Is there a significant correlation between elementary students’ reading attitudes, writing dispositions and their academic success in Turkish course?” 474 students from seven elementary schools in Nigde province, Turkey participated in the study. Students were chosen randomly in the research. In this study, the Reading Attitudes (Ünal, 2006) and Writing Dispositions (Piazza and Siebert, 2008) scales were used in order to collect data to answer the research questions. The correlative investigation model was adopted in the research. The Pearson moment’s correlation coefficient analysis showed that there was a positive significant correlation between students’ reading attitudes, writing dispositions and academic success in Turkish course. It was also found that students’ reading attitudes and writing dispositions were significant predictors of their academic success in Turkish course. It was seen that 45% of the total variance for students’ academic success in Turkish course was explained by their reading attitudes and 41% of the total variance of academic success was explained by their writing dispositions. It was also understood that 66% of the total variance for students’ writing dispositions were explained by their reading attitudes in the research. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15672 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15672 Uğur BAŞARAN Folk narratives are kinds which structure to shelter cultural codes of societies. In our country, a lot of studies has done on narratives which emerged as firstly myth, later seriatim legend, tale, saga, narrative, folktale, romance and joke but big part of this studies had been text-based works. For to understand rightly, interpret and analyze folk narratives, requiring to approach with context-based to this products. So that, reached to the target of envision the future by analyzing the people and materials of the people that main purpose of the social sciences starting from special of folk narratives. Nothing on the world is not permanent. Even now, a second later, the moment is giving place to a new moment. Starting from this information, folktales which is literary product exposed by the folk, time and ground changes, namely context changes -so that remain constant of context is not thinkable- are going to find itself in different appearance according to speed of change like the everything on the world. The observation and analysis of this change will give leading information about new kinds which is going to emerge in the future and help a little bit for the envision of future. The folktales which qualified “is a pruduct of the transition from saga to novel” by Pertev Naili Boratav are narratives that emerged by getting weak of the tradition of saga telling in Anatolia. By the time, at the end of changing context, folktales which is classical sense entered into different edifices by affected from this change. In this study, worked for identifying and analyzing the changes and transformations of folktales based on a folktale which named Âşık İsmetî ile Kapı Güzeli. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15622 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15622 Zekerya BATUR,Ayşe Nur SIR,Hafız BEK Nasreddin Hodja can be a regarded as a socialist due to his perspective of society and society`s values, as a psychologist due to his interpretation to deepness of spirit, and as a humour due to the fact that he successfully blend it with elaborateness and sensation. What makes him still alive even today’s world is the fact that his jokes are widely known all around the world but not just in Turkish culture. In his anecdotes the main issues which are considered about human nature are mainly its cynical sides, mistakes, attitudes towards reformation, weaknesses and human relationships. Those issues are addressed based on the respect and love towards the people, society and the environment The aim of his short stories is written with the objective of making people think while they burst into laugh. This point of view has to be initial point for evaluating short stories. Contrary to the structure in his stories is based on an ironical basis, he aimed to make people realized their own mistakes by witty remarks for people to become proficient at understanding their mistakes so that they can improve themselves. To have a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of his stories one should also be aware of the places mentioned, the personalities of the characters, lifestyles and the value judgements made by those characters. Evaluating his jokes shows that these short stories are based on social cultural perspective which is transmitted instead of didactic and theoretical information with the reality of life. In the anecdotes, the values of social life have provided the cross sections. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15766 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15766 Fatih BERK Renewed Social Studies course curriculum gives place to a different assessment and evaluation tools. The aim of the study is to develop an attitude scale for the tasks which are used as assessment tools in the recent social studies syllabus depending on constructivism. Through this test, being tried to develop, it is aimed to assess the tasks given in the 6th and 7th grades in terms of students’ views. The test contains four-level Likert items. This test has been given to 249 students studying in the 6th and 7th grades. There are 129 students are female, 124 students are male. To test the construct validity of the test, an exploratory factor analysis is applied. According to the analysis results, the reliability coefficient is (Cronbach Alfa) .93. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the following is determined; (RMSEA) is 0.059; (RMR) is 0.059; goodness of fit index (GFI) is 0.80; the adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) is0.78; normed fit index (NFI) is 0.93; comparative fit index (CFI) is 0.97 and non-normed fit index (NNFI) is as 0.96. To conclude, it may be said that the attitude scale which is designed for the tasks given in 6th and 7th grades’ social studies classes can be used to identify students’ positive or negative views. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15640 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15640 Hasan Güner BERKANT,Ayşegül AVŞAR TUNCAY The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the adequacy levels of primary school first stage classroom teachers’ guidance services. The research is a descriptive study with survey model. The sample of the research consists of 461 primary school teachers working in the city center and villages of Kahramanmaraş city. “The Questionnaire for Evaluating the Adequacy Levels of Classroom Teachers’ Guidance Services” questionnaire prepared by the researchers was used in the research. The questionnaire is conducted as five different forms based on total of seven guidance services in five grades and the forms consist of the objects that should be earned by students in each grade. Number of the items in questionnaire ranges from 69 to 84, and reliability coefficients range from .93 to .96. Independent samples t-test, one way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis H-test were used during the data analysis to determine the differences between the classroom teachers’ guidance services. Based on the results, no meaningful differences are found between the adequacy levels of teachers’ guidance services in terms of their genders and seniorities. In addition, there are meaningful differences based on their class grades in which they work. The teachers working in fourth grade are more adequate in three guidance services of total of seven services than the teachers of other grades. Average points show the inadequacy of teachers’ guidance services. Based on the results, proposals towards the in-service education of teachers and the structural and functional properties of guidance program may be put forward. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15704 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15704 Hür Kamil BİÇİCİ The Iznik Museum is across from the mosque. One of Iznik's nicest historical buildings, the museum is housed in the Kitchen of Lady Nilüfer. The imaret (kitchen) was set up in 1388 by the wife of Ottoman ruler Orhan Gazi, as a hospice for wandering dervishes. Visitors enter through a spacious five-domed portico, which leads to a central domed area flanked by two more domed rooms. The museum's collection consists mainly of Roman antiquities and glass, supplemented with some recently-discovered Seljuk, Ottoman tiles and grave stones. İznik Museum gravestones 11 of oil lamps, 5 of candlestick motif. In inscriptions of gravestones have 9 sample. The others missed, cracked and worn except from one of stone. In all gravestones were used as the material marble. Most of the double chain and double handles oil lamp designs with stones. With all of the grave stones, rumi, on the sides of the top of the front palmette motifs are floral. Gravestones, length 125 cm. up to 46 cm., beam 54 cm. thickness of 15 cm. with 25 cm., with a 6 cm. All gravestones they all made with engraving. The technique of scraping and carving decoration technique was implemented in 13 grave stone. On inscriptions and decorates are covered in most of the relief. Examples of floral, geometric, analyze the gravestones and post objectively decorated. Thirteen tombstone decorated with concentric circles, nine of them in the article, seven floral in geometric decorated, fourteen of them objectively decorated. Floral embellishments; Wildflower, a curved branch, palmette, palm leaves, rosettes, rumi, the stones are discussed on a few. Geometric embellishments can be perceived a medallion, sawtooth, star. We as most lamps, candlestick objectively embellishments. Lighting instruments used by the people of the Ottoman period, shapes, types, properties and decorations can be seen on gravestones. Iznik in terms of the traces of the history of the Turkish people to reflect and inform the gravestones in the Museum of lamps and candelabra motifs is important. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15227 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15227 Ali BUDAK The beginning of the history of journalism in the Ottoman Empire is generally accepted to have occured with the publication of Takvim-i Vekayi, a journal of official character, in 1831. Actually, the first mass communication medium which can be called a newspaper is “Takvim”. However, like social events, social phenomena do not emerge instantly either. They is always a preparatory stage involved. From this point of view, it is noted that actually Takvim was also the continuation link of a fairly long chain of events by Ottomans. We can in fact mention two important turning points experienced by the Ottomans prior to the emergence of this official gazette. One of these experiences suffered in İstanbul and another one is in İzmir. The first steps in İstanbul was composed of three bulletins issued by French Ambassy in French language. These bulletins which was aiming to spread the ideas of French Revolution entitled as “Le Bulletin de Nouvelles”, "La Gazette Française de Constantinople" and "Mercure Oriental". The journalism attempts is İzmir also provided by the French people. However the target in this time was to inform the French traders in the city from the world news and protect their rights in the Empire. The publication language of the “Le Smyrnéen”, “Le Spectateur Oriental” and “Le Courrier de Smyrne” was naturally French. Our study aims to reassess the emergence of journalism in the Ottoman Empire together with these aforementioned preliminary periods. Thus, in this manner, we hope that it will be possible to trace both the sort of conception the ultimate purpose with which Takvim-i Vekayi was published and how the foundations of private journalism were cast thereafter, with a much broader perspective. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15578 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15578 Şahap BULAK In this study, it is aimed to define the suffix +sA- which makes verb from noun and means “want, desire” and to contribute for identifying the properties of that suffix. For this purpose, firstly the views of Turkologists and Altayist about suffix +sA which makes verb from nouns to discuss views on the subject has been given. By using examples of historical texts and historical sources of information to make verb from nouns suffix names the structure and origin of +sA- was determined and it was concluded that this suffix +sA- which is meaning in considering a thing on their own and considering it between their own wishes is a suffix which makes verb from nouns. The historical development of this suffix by using examples of Kokturk Turkish, Old Uigur Turkish, Karahan Turkish, Khwarezm Turkish, Kipchak Turkish, Old Anatolian Turkish and Chagatai Turkish uses was determined and it was stated that suffix is a living suffix. Besides, the uses of +sA- was determined and some examples about it were given. Again the identified extended 12 types of +sA- suffix which makes verb from nouns were illustrated. After giving information about the structure, the origin and historical development of suffix conditional mood -sA-, the relationship with +sA- which make verb from noun and +sA- suffix were examined. And it is identified that these two suffixes different as origin and structure and they are confused to each other in historical period. After giving information about the structure, origin and historical development of +sI- suffix which makes verb from noun the relation with +sA- was determined and it was identified that these two suffixes are different in terms of function and meaning. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15778 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15778 Funda BULUT Every literary text carries meanings waiting to be solved in itself and a reader explores of the literary text from the point of the meanings kingdom. On this exploration, the reader becomes independent to give the meaning and to analyse the text with and without the writer. One of the methods which shows the way to the reader for interpretation and analysis is semiology. Semiology underlying a systematic and conscious reading is located on signifiant and signified and helps the reader to analyse the semantic structure of the text. Semiology, analyzes the meaning, understanding and the way that the meaning was formed by creating a metalanguage in itself. To understand the text true, complete and accurate by bringing out its meaningful units, it is needed to analyse the signifiant and signified relation of the sign. In this paper, Peride Celal’s story named “ Melahat Hanım’s Regular Life” is been studied in terms of semiology. First of all the panaroma of the story was set forth and the narrative program was evaluated according to Greimas' expression scheme of "agreement, competence, performance and sanction". To understand the story, meaning levels of the story need to be seen. The story is intersected both to see the meaning levels and to reach the deep level. After the intersections are constructed, the viewpoint of the teller is tried to be determined by emphasizing the time and the spatial structures of the story. Thus, the overall meaning of the story is been showed on the semiotic square in deep level. In the consideration of this pointview, we can say that the argument of the whole system in the story is, in fact, made up of an image and beyond the disorder theme, there is a “life” theme is tried to be shown. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15650 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15650 Müjgân ÇAKIR Islamic literatures include many texts on the justice and counsels of Sassanian ruler Nûşîrevân. One of these is a work of Persian Literature which recounts the counsels written on his crown and figures with the titles of “Râhatü’l-insân” or “Pend-nâme-i Enûşîrvân” in some sources. Rıza Kulı Han Hidayet states that the text belongs to Bedâyi?-i Belhî; however the identity of the author is disputed. It is also argued that the “Şerîf-i Şair,” whose name appears in the introduction to the text edited by Charles Schefer in his work entitled Chrestomathie Persane, is Ebû Şerîf Muhalledi-yi Gurgânî. Râhatü’l-insân has manuscripts in Turkish libraries. This article treats this work and its Turkish prose translation located at Süleymaniye Library, Fatih Section No. 5385 under the title “Pend-i Nûşîrevân-ı Âdil.” In this translation, the counsels written on the seventeen slices (küngüre) of Nûşîrevân’s crown are given and it is told that this ruler had his crown put up somewhere appropriate every year for the soldiers to read his counsels. The purposes of Nûşîrevân’s counsels are proving a moral education to the public, directing his relations with his people as well as organizing the relations between them. Some of the counsels written on Nûşîrevân’s crown are as follows: “Respect the old and the weak, observe the rights of your parents, consult scholars before you do your business, have a command of your speech, do not betray trust, think before you speak.” The article will also treat some of the differences between the Persian manuscripts of the work and its Turkish translation. The transcription of the Turkish translation will be given. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15462 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15462 Ömer ÇAKIR Şeyh Gâlib (1757-58- 1799) is an important Divan poet. Moreover, he is deemed to be the last great representative of Divan poetry. Mehmet Âkif (1873-1936 ) is one of the most important poets of the modern Turkish poetry. Such that, there are very few poets that are able to incorporate life to poem and poem to life as much as Mehmet Akif. The common feature of Şeyh Gâlib and Mehmet Âkif is that the personality of both poets are impasted with an Islamic sensitivity. However it is well known that the Şeyh Gâlib’s point of view towards the world, is shaped by mevleviyeh while there are not much traces of Islamic mysticism in Mehmet Âkif. The problem of our announcement is how the look of these two poets (whose conception of the worl are basically the same) towards mankind are. Because, in one of his articles, Mehmet Kaplan stated that(Researches on Turkish Literature-2-, Dergah Yay., 2.pbl., Ist., 1994, p.34) there is a content similarity between Şeyh Gâlib’s “Tercî-i Bend” poem concerning mankind and “Human” poem of Mehmet Âkif. In our announcement, we tried to compare the look of two poets towards mankind taking the aforementioned poems as a reference. The result of the comparison is as follows: While Mehmet Âkif shows similarity with Şeyh Galip in their opinions about the value and degree of the mankind coming from its creation circumstance; they are separated regarding their opinions about the status of mankind in the world. Mehmet Âkif significantly dignifies mind and emphasizes the contact of mankind with the world. The epiphanies of this contact on emotion and thought plan are mentioned one by one. Şeyh Gâlib rather emphasizes the inner world of mankind and its contat with the spiritual world. Şeyh Gâlib, thinks the circumstance and power of mankind in a spiritual perspective, while Âkif evaluates this on a material and mundane platform. However the real concern of both poets is that mankind is unaware of its degree whether it is material or spiritual. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15714 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15714 İbrahim ÇANKAYA,Murat BAŞAR,Erol KOÇOĞLU, Ahmet Y. DEMİRKOL The resulting loss of efficiency due to burnout is among the negative cases in educational organizations. Expectations regarding to organization and the environment changes quickly leads to inadequate compliance and burnout for i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15824 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15824 Mehmet Korkut ÇEÇEN The formation of metals is an important subject of alchemy. Metals take thousands years to form. Alchemists aim to accelarate the time naturally required for this formation. In addition, alchemists believed in the fact that materials could be transformed; their special efforts were devoted to transform base metals into gold which is considered to be the most precious metal. On the basis of this transformation thought, there were certain underlying theories. According to the four elements theory, sulfur-mercury theory and elixir theory, transformation of a metal kind to another was possible. Kibrit-i ahmar is one of the materials that was used in this transformation and since ancient civilisations it has been believed to be an invaluable and very rare elixir. Through time, kibrit-i ahmar which was regarded as elixir and some concepts in alchemy have gained figurative, symbolic and mystical meanings that do not stem from their actual value and meaning. In Sufism, alchemy represents reaching maturity and perfection. Due to the fact that Sufism uses the language of alchemy, a concept has evolved in Sufism to refer to state of reaching hapiness: “alchemy of hapiness”. The term of kibrît-i ahmar symbolises rare and valuable beings. As an object of transformation and perfection, kibrît-i ahmar has been adopted in classical Turkish poetry with its mystical meanings. In this piece of work, brief information on alchemy and kibrit-i ahmar has been presented. The beyits in 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15712 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15712 Muhammed Bilal ÇELİK From the sixteenth century, the Manghit tribe, which was one of the prominent political figures of Turkestan, had not established an independent entity; but in the Khanate Bukhara which was under the Shibanids and Astrakhanids, the leaders of this tribe assumed important offices. In 1756, although the leaders of Manghit tribe were not descended from Chinggis Qaghan, they demanded for the power and gained it from the Astrakhanid Dynasty in the Bukharan Khanate and started a period which was called with their own names. In this era, which succeeded ten persons one after another, the Amirate of Bukhara preserved its position as the strongest state of Turkestan. As being in the periods of Shibanids and Astrakhanids, historiography continued in the period of Manghit Dynasty as well. But the main question of historiography in this period, especially in the first chronicles, was the problem of legitimacy of sovereigns. On the one hand the descents of the members of Manghit Dynasty were tried to be correlated with Chinggis Qaghan, on the other hand the descents of the dynasty were tried to be based on the Prophet Muhammad. In the later chronicles, the main focus became the process of the Russian occupation of Central Asia. As some of the chronicles started to the narration from the first human, the others began by the Prophet Muhammad, Chinggis Qaghan or the Manghit Dynasty. Even some of them focus only on one sovereign. In the chronicles, written in Persian and Tajik, the social and economic matters were neglected, and the subject developed mostly around the political events and achievements of the kings. In this study, it will not be handled all of the native and foreign contemporary sources. Rather, by examining the native chronicles of the Manghits period, their key features will be brought out. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15388 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15388 Bekir ÇINAR In this study,18 century Divan poet Bosniac Sabit’s and the famous poet and writer of Tanzimat Literature’s period Ziya Pahsa’s Zafernames were compared. First of all, informatıon about type of Zafername was given. Bosniac Sabit’s, the poet of Divan in 18th century, and Ziya Pahsa’s, the important poet and writer of Tanzimat Literature, Zafernames were examined seperately. The most successful and the most popular of Sabit’s masnavis was the work named Zafername. Sabit parted from his contemporaries and classical stories by his ideas of writing new and local. Sabit intentionally and willingly wanted to make innovation in the subject of his masnavis and considerably became successful in this work. Ziya Pahsa began to write his Zafername in 1867 in Paris, completed in 1840 in Geneva. Work was formed with three parts. Each one of this parts was shown as if ıt was written by different people. Work contained humour and satire opposed to Ali Pahsa. Zafername of Ziya Pasha is the first Zafername that written in the manner of indirect satire. When both of poets were evaluated. They could be seen as artist who forced their period’s tradition. The innovation, that Ziya Pasha made in shape and content and the innovation that Bosniac Sabit wanted to make in the subject of zafernames were shown by choosing examples and explanation from both poets. In this study, Zafername's full text of both poets weren't given but given some samples for comparing. Bosnalı Sabit's Zafername is fitting in classic zafername's tradition on the other hand it is prominent that he is on the way of searching new context. Ziya Pasha's Zafername is different in both shape and context on the aspect of classical zafername's tradition. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15722 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15722 Mehmet Nuri ÇINARCI Sâdıkî-i Efşâr, known also with his pen name as Sâdıkî and maintained the duty of Shah Abbas’ bookdealer, is one of the most prominent figure and follower in Cagatay Literature after Ali Şir Nevayi. Sâdıkî, who has a noteworthy place in our literatüre not only with his poetic identidy and his tezkires’ but also through his skill particularly in miniatures made a name for himself. In Turkish Literature, the most important known work of Sâdıkî, who lived in the era of Safavid, is ‘’Mecma’u’l-havâs’’which is the biography of poets. Yet, apart from Sâdıkî’s biography, there are also his poems written in Turkish and Turkish anthology. He wrote much of his Turkish works with Cagatay Turkish; yet in his Turkish poem he perefered to make use of Cagatay and Azeri Turkish. Turhan Gandjei, who first mentioned the poet’s Turkish poems, confines his research into the lyrical poems (ghazal) which the poet wrote in East and West Turkish. But, in the research that we carried out in Tebriz National Library, we determined that Sâdıkî’s poems are not restricted to the afore-mentioned lyrical poems (ghazals). Apart from his ghazals the poetics treatise includes kaside, kıta’, terkib-i bend and such poetic forms along with a ssakiname. Nonethless, in our country, the studies citing about Sâdıkî’s treatise generally base their data on the work of Muhammed Ali Terbiyet named Dânişmendân-ı Âzerbaycan. Again, ın the same library, it was determined that the treatise, which belong to Sâdıkî, has a more comprehensive work of content than that of the selection that was made by Muhammed Ali Terbiyet. In this study, it is to be mentioned both Sâdıkî’s Turkish poems which have not been puplished till now and parts of his treatise that is not cited. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15759 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15759 Gürhan ÇOPUR The novel ‘Ruh Adam’ by Hüseyin Nihat Atsız which reveals the hidden chaos behind the man’s self handles the inward journey of an i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15628 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15628 Abdullah DAĞTAŞ Writing, telling the size of the Turkish teaching basic skills is one of the two directions has to be both mentally and physically. Students write on the topic given to them through their minds to transfer knowledge to work in pencil on paper. In this process, and the daily lives of students through classes at the school through their writings reflected their knowledge and experiences. Lecturing, writing the transfer of knowledge and experience with students in this way to ensure that the process of writing also depends on the application of methods and techniques they can use their creative skills. Methods and techniques that brings out the creative skills, writing skills of students by contributing to the emergence of products will provide original writing. The purpose of this study, the pool of words and concepts selecting the technique of writing is to determine of effects students’ writing skills. Research studying at school in a village in the district of the province of Kocaeli-Kandıra township was conducted on 15 students in sixth grade. Qualitative research method, qualitatives patterns, action research design was used. The data have been applied to students from three different types of data collection tool. Evaluation of the data collection tools, content analysis, content analysis type used in the categorical analysis. Categorical data were coded before analysis. Then the code that describes the general level categories (themes) were identified. These categories (themes) in determining the achievements of Turkish Education Program and Guide (2006) and data were collected. This-categories were 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15381 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15381 H. İbrahim DELİCE In grammar works term of sentence is defined arround “judgement” concept as considering that it is an order of word or a word group using with a verb declined and it implies a sense, view, adjudication etc. The definition of sentence based on judgement is a correct perspective for sentence. Because a word or a word group can also infer a judgement in sentence according to circumstances. The corner stone which makes we accede an order as a sentences is the predicate. Correspondingly when the sentence is defined in the form “Sentences is the name of syntax format which consists of a predicate and at least one collateral being incidental upon predicate and implies occurrence, making or status”, it will be possible that we see the matter of sentence accourding to structure in a new light which makes we get at the truth. To be accept that a system consisting of two predicate is one sentence is not correct, if the centence composed arround predicate adding collateral parts of sentence isn’t structured part of another predicate. Because analysing parts for either sentence is maked separately. After an occurrence, making or status is to connoted arround a predicate, they could be ordered concatenating with conjunction or punctuation marks or associating a sentences with another sentence thanks to preposition ranking. It is not correct to accept as a compound sentence these systems which consists of apart sentences when it is looked as to structural, altough they complement each other as to mean. As a result it would be counteracted classification of sentence conflicting with sentence defination word of structure namely “to structure” the system formed arround a predicate; adopting word of usage namely “to use” the system formed as apart sentences arround two predicates for an aim or a mean and it would be maked away paradox in sentence classification existing. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15822 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15822 Erdinç DEMİRAY Ahiska or Meskhet Turks definations are geographical denominations, not etnic ones. Ahiska region and Turks living in this region was a natural part of Anatolian Turks as geopraphical and demographic. The precense of the Turks in this region known as Meskhetia in the history is based on ancient times. In the 11th century Seljuk conquests and then in the 12th century settlement of the Kipchak Turks, who came the region at the invitation of the Georgian king David who failed in fighting against Seljuks, enhanced the Turkish population at once. Thus, the Turks effectuated a full domination on the area in terms of the populatin. After a short time, in the middle 13th century Kipchaks declared their independence and founded their state named “Atabekler Devleti”. In history, this land dominated by The Kipchaks is known and displayed as Sa-Atabago (land of Atabegs) by Georgians, too. The Atabegs Principality was captured by Ottoman State towards the end of 16th century and this principality was reorganized as Cildir Shire and Ahiska was done its capital city. In this region people have the same cultural codes with Anatolian Turks living on northeastern provinces of Turkey. Meskhetian Turks were exiled to Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in 1944 when they lived in a province located in the southwest of Georgia and northeast of Turkey, and known as “Samtshe-Cavaheti” under the administrational umbrella of Georgia. Having not been allowed turning back to their hometowns, Meskhetian Turks live mostly in eight countries now and keep the characteristics of their dialect to a great extent which can be regarded as the following of Eastern Anatolian dialects. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15680 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15680 Süleyman DEMİRCİ,Hasan ARSLAN Bandit means an armed thief who is usually a member of a band. Banditry, often by force or otherwise cause a gun raided a trowel cut, rape, defined as a violation of public order and safety. By focusing on the archival sources held in İstanbul. This article intends to examine some tribal, communal and tribal peoples’ banditry activities. Moreover, the politics of the Ottoman Empire against banditry & bandits under the context of central-periphery relations in the Ottoman province of Maras from the late sixteenth to mid- eighteenth centuries will be studied. In the last quarter of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire engaged in long and costly wars on two frontiers, against Safavid Iran in the east (1578-1590), and the Austrian Habsburgs in the west (1593-1606). During this time the Ottoman government faced considerable and unprecedented financial difficulty in meeting the extra expenses of warfare. This coincided with other major developments which adversely affected Ottoman government finances. First, population pressures and large-scale movement among the inhabitants of rural areas disturbed agricultural production, tax collection and local security problems. The aim of this study is to examine the nature of banditry activities that occurred in the province of Maras, c. 1590-1750. The Ottoman central government’s policy and overall approach towards the banditry activities from the point of centre-periphery relations in the Ottoman Empire. Additionally, this study will help us to have some ideas about the Ottoman social and community life during the period studied. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15751 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15751 Şener DEMİREL One of the issues which draw attraction in the studies that have been conducted on Mevlana’s Mesnevi up to now is that quite rich symbolical language was used in Mesnevi. Mevlana was attracted by the smybolical narration included in various religious and literary works which had been written before him – being Koran in the first place - and tried to express many issues, notably narrations, through symbolical language. Symbolical language and narration is the kind of narration which can be found and referred to nearly at all religions and literature. Although such kind of discourse false/lacking understandings; expressing feelings and thoughts implicitly but not directly, in other words conveying them through some symbolical values enables expressions to be more attractiv and readers to think creatively. This paper is basically composed of three sections. In the first section, based on the meanings of terms such as symbol, allegory, metaphore and figure of speeches, their similarities and differences will be discussed; in the second section it will be expressed through examples that symbolical language or similar usages were used in various religious and literary texts before Mesnevi; in the third and last section some of the symbolical elements of the first 18 couplets of Turkish paraphrase of Mesnevi which were especially emphasized and explained by the commentators will be discussed. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15825 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15825 Mutlu DEVECİ Artists of Servet-i Fünun introvert isolated persons who are under the influence of those that are i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15658 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15658 Mehmet Sait DİLEK,Evren KÜÇÜK Between 18-26 April 1920, The Allied Powers came together in San Remo, Italy to impose their demands on the Ottoman Empire. During these negotiations called San Remo Conference, Boghos Nubar Pasha and Avetis Ahoranian representing Armenia went on to put forward territorial claims on the Ottoman Empire. In order to materialise these demands, a mandatory power was needed to defend, develop and finance the Armenian existence. This situation resulted in Britain’s diplomatic manoeuvre. As the Mesopotamia region was also particularly important for Britain, the mandatory role in Anatolia was to be given to the United States of America. In case the USA denied the role, the Turkish-Armenian border was proposed to be resolved under the arbitration of the United States President Wilson. In San Remo, however, presidents of other states enounced that they were troubled with the responsibility of undertaking the mandatory of Armenia and would not be providing any financial or military aid as well. These demographically baseless and impracticable demands could not be expected to be approved by the movement led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Moreover, the military triumphs in the Eastern Front resulted in the failure of Britain’s Armenian policy and by-passed United States President Wilson’s 22 November 1920 dated report about the Turkish-Armenian border, prepared according to 89th clause of the Treaty of Sevres as well. On one hand, this war of survival led to the break up of the Allied Powers in the end and resulted in even Italy and France's backing the national struggle movement. On the other hand, it brought an end to both Lloyd George Government and Ottoman Imperialism. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15624 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15624 Ahmet DOĞAN In all sources he is mentioned, Enderunlu Vasıf, one of the last period figures of Divan literature, is defined as a poet followed in wake that Nedim marked a century ago. Enderunlu Vasıf is regarded as “a simple imitation of Nedim” and said to be mundaneness when he digresses the grace of Nedim-like discourse. In addition, he is said to have presented a hopeless, debauched, bohemian personality in his poems. But Enderunlu Vasıf, is evaluated as “a man at a moderate level who trained with the former discipline” and his work as seen in “above all certificate of disintegration to enjoy”. From time totime we witness that he shelters the peaceful climate of Sufism by expressing the spiritual alienation caused by the sociocultural changes of his era in Sufistic discourse. Enderunlu Vasıf's the attitudes of cynical, reckless and unbuttoned is as well as is seen as one who is equally caring of the life and art. For this reason, he appears as two different mood. This situation creates the impression that the poems were written by two different poets. It is possible to observe this ambivalent structure, seen both in feelings and poems of Enderunlu Vasıf, in “gönlümdeki” rhymed gazelle more distinctly. In the poem, virtual and esoteric “I” perception is revealed; and contrary to expectations, by addressing “esoteric I”, gazelle is presented to attention in sufistic profundity. This situation creates the impression that the poems were written by two different poets. It is possible to observe this ambivalent structure, seen both in feelings and poems of Enderunlu Vasıf, in “gönlümdeki” rhymed gazelle more distinctly. In the poem, virtual and esoteric “I” perception is revealed; and contrary to expectations, by addressing “esoteric I”, gazelle is presented to attention in sufistic profundity. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15734 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15734 Şaban DOĞAN It is obvious that publishing and linguistic analysis conducted on the texts of Old Oghuz Turkish is at a highly developed level. Despite these numerous studies, there many texts on which no study has been done or whose writer could not have been determined in the libraries. There are also many works which were confused with each other because of sameness/resemblance of the titles. On the basis of this fact, it is incontestable that studies on the texts of old Oghuz Turkish must continue incessantly. The focus of the present study is tale of Kadı and Uğrı by Yûsuf-ı Meddâh which is considered to be one of the works whose writer in not known, and which is evaluated with the other prose works with the same title by some researchers. In the present study the epic of Kadı and Uğru has been analyzed, and some information on the verse copy - whose writer is known and which belongs to Old Oghuz Turkish Period- and on the prose copies whose period are not known precisely have been given, and two of the prose copies have been analyzed through comparisons with the verse copy. The aim of the study is to determine the lingusitc features of the verse copy and then to evaluate this copy, which is a work of Old Oghuz Turkish. The primary aim of the study is to make some contributions on the field studies by giving linguistc features of text of Old Oghuz Turkish which have not been published up to now. The texts of prose copies, which have been discussed about whether they belong to Old Oghuz Turkish period or nŝot, have also been presented to the readers for the studies of other fields. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15814 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15814 Hüseyin DOĞRAMACIOĞLU Suda Halkalar (Circles in Water) which the poetry book of Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, has not been translated into the Latin alphabet to the present day. The images of the water and metaphors which used in this work brought new connotations and approaches to the Turkish poetry. The images of the water in the poetry book are used instead of the poet's soul and dreams sometimes. These images are thought with poet’s darling and sometimes are used as a background. The poet formed the images of the water in his poem sadly. There are the poet and his darling in these tables. The images of the water and the dreams of the poet form the background of the poem. The backgrounds in this poem are repeated as a leitmotiv. Visuality and i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15773 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15773 Hüseyin DURGUTER The cities, centres of the public life have been influenced by economic, social and politic factors especially since the end of the 19th century. In today’s knowledge and information age, cities are inadequate for humanbeing. Also they have not met people’s needs and ensured security. It is important for cities to offer a high quality lifestyle to their residents after being taken over from older generation. It is also important that the cities are delivered the new generation usefully. The construction and management of the cities, taking human and environment into consideration, require radical changes and transformation. Present cities are insufficient to meet the daily and social needs of people. In today’s World, everything is designed to let people live a life high in quality. Also the types of the cities have changed a lot. New city models and views have appeared in our changing and developing World. The new city models have been developed according to the needs of the knowledge and information age. Present cities haven’t met the needs or have become worn-out or caused confusion in human life. It is tried to maket he cities lively places for people. The aim is to give people every opportunity in order to meet their needs during their life. In Turkey most of the municipalities are rural and small-scale. It is implied that each municipality cannot be accepted as a city because of its rural features. Municipality managements make urban people to involve in decision-making processthrough Sivil Service. In this way, both the principle of participation becomes reality and people have the chance to maket he right decision. And also to carry out the decision taken, the managements will have the support beforehand. This research examines sustainable urban management so that cities and the developed city models can lead their life like a living organism. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15639 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15639 Elif DÜLGER The Ottoman historiography, starts 100-150 years after the foundation of Beylik Ottoman, had been developed by time and there were many literature works appeared which are so important to Turkish history and Turkish national culture. Histiographers had given information about traditions, customs, habits, legends, proverbs in addition to historical events. Especially on the place names, regarding to the ones that are stil alive, the knowledge given by them are so valuable. Oruç Beg, one of the important historiographer in 15th century, has given historical and valuable knowledge about giving place names of Ottomans that had been going to world ruler empire from a little stereotyped, in the work called Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman made his name alive by centuries. The aim of this study is to bring Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman by Oruç Beg that is the most important resource for researching the reason of living names, to toponomy researches. As the writings analyzed, we see the naming custom gathered under three topics: 1. Naming with a result of an event, 2. Naming with a monarch's Word, 3. Naming with memorial of a person. Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman by historiographer Âşık Paşazâde –lived before Oruç Beg were compared during the study. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15664 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15664 Mesut Bayram DÜZENLİ Named after a 6-century- old literature and harboring many poems of the poets especially the kasîde and the gazel (odes), the 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15767 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15767 Muhittin ELİAÇIK In the Ottoman archival documents which were is a important source of Turkish language and literature is used many the word stereotypes. Most of these words are in Arabic, Persian and Turkish are in use from mixed to very many. At various times and places written in millions of archiving document a common language used and as a result mold was made from a number of words and phrases. Among of these adverbs, adjectives, prepositions and similar words have an important place. In this study utilized as possible from each fund of millions of archive document, and the mold words is shown together with witnesses. Adverbs, adjectives and prepositions which were used frequently in documents and widespread and to reading and listening has provided a narrative for the quick and short way. These words, increased the wealth of multi-language vocabulary of Ottoman Turkish, three, or even further words was established. Each one of these words that many of the past century at least 3-4 are used today in everyday language. Although some of these words are used only the documents, most of them over time, the literary life, and was quick to take its place in society. We each used the word, but took care to choose one's widespread. In our study, mold adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, etc. phrases in alphabetical order, showing works of witnesses and received funds or given in footnotes. Every word was a witness to show that a lot of witnesses. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15739 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15739 Selim EMİROĞLU Turkey Turkish dialects have a rich vocabulary. Many words which reflects the culture of the Turkish nation from the past and not included in the standard Turkish were living and used in the people language. There are hundreds of words in Turkey Turkish dialects names as color, food, body, kinship, disease, animal, units of measure, clothes and so on. The names of precipitation has also important place in there. In this study, the kinds of precipitation in turkey turkish dialects are classified by considering for their various characteristics. The names used for rain and snow of kinds of precipitation has been given by considering such characteristics continuity, quantity and speed of this kinds of precipitations; bigness and smallness of raindrop and snowflake; the time of precipitation falls to earth (seasons, months, days, hours, etc.); the direction of precipitation, the precipitation be synchronous with other natural events (wind, sunlight, fog, etc.). Various comments and assessments have been reached with through the names of precipitation were identified and classified. The study shows turkish people seperated expertly the kinds of precipitation that seemingly thought to have been the same, from each other by looking at the various characteristics of these kinds of precipitation and with different names. In addition to, there is a glossary that containing the meanings of the words identified and classified in terms of their characteristics at the end of the study. The data of study were obtained through scanning the Compiling Dictionary. However, to determine the usage in standard Turkish, it have scanned Great Turkish Dictionary. The data gotten prove the richness of Turkish related to precipitation. These words in dialects related to precipitation must be included in Standard Turkish. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15654 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15654 Abdulkadir ERKAL Divan poetry is tradition of a poem containing every detail about mankind. In this respect, too, gives a special importance to science. Besides mystic science, especially the Sufi mystic poetry, more glaring, and emphasized the necessity of poets have made apparent the importance of science and this accumulation of knowledge emphasizes the importance and necessity of the places in the poems shared with the reader. This is also the Divan poets such tendencies sciences, as well as the quality of his poetry is also raised in consideration of readers. Science scholars to take place in Ottoman society in the poetry of poets put into utterly intertwined. Ahmed Dursun Nâtıkî is one of these poets. Natıkî, who was born in Ardahan, trained in Erzurum and charged with the Office of the Mufti for eleven years in Erzurum is very important caracter as to our district. For many years teaching at madrasas who Natıkî in Erzurum, reflected in the poems of this buildup. Logic, science, especially the works of poets of whom madrasa-trained scholar of science terms and concepts are given, and these images are formed. Nâtıkî, this poem which is a branch of the science of logic and emphasized the ways in syllogism mode. Comparison, more than one proposition, called the premise, the result is called a proposition to establish a relationship between the Logical valid. This article about comparison which is a branch of the science of Logic of Nâtıkî poem examining the comparison with the characteristics of propositions is put forward in all its forms. This article about qiyas which is a branch of the science of Logic of Nâtıkî poem examining the comparison with the characteristics of propositions is put forward in all its forms. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15808 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15808 Erol EROĞLU,Neşe SARICA There are some periods at every life; like birth, marriage and death that are called as transition periods. People prepares theirselves to that transition periods by customs and beliefs. Marriage traditions exist in every society of the world, but differ in aspects like choosing the spouse, quantity of spouses and marriage ceremonies. In this study, the folk dancing, traditions and practices performed in wedding ceremonies -which include religious exercises- of Assyrian community researched. Assyrian people, being discolored part of Midyat, who have a history of five thousand years and succeeded to subsist till today despite many struggles. Firstly, information was given about the ethnic identity of Assyrian community, and then wedding traditions of Assyrian community in Midyat where many people from various religions, races and beliefs and the voices of the azan and church bell sounded at the same time was mentioned. Culture in Midyat locale, religion and language variance provided conclusion of constant a cultural relations. Most distinct feature of township is being “town of religions and languages”, living under the co-existence of people of different religions over the centuries. In this study designed as fieldwork, interview questions were prepared in regard to interview technique, the list of resource people was compiled and the information was provided through predetermined adviser people by using participant and non-participant observation during the fieldwork. For the determination of concrete situation, image and voice were recorded by utilizing recording devices with people's consent and the study was supported by second-degree documents. In short, the folklore of Assyrian people is aimed to study in regard to the interviews and observations in the specified area. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15604 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15604 Ertan EROL A new move of renovation started with the foundation of the Republic of Turkey after the country was freed from enemy invasion. At that time it was the Western nations who made up the modern world and owned the cutting edge science and technology. Consequently the new Turkish republic looked to the Western civilization which represented "the modern". Renovation involved not only the fields of science and technology which were deemed as the catalysts of modernization but also cultural issues. In the aftermath of the foundation of the republic modernization was directed toward cultural issues. Various cultural activities were organized in order to make the public adopt the new regime through and increase public interest in art. Among these cultural activities production and staging on theaters of new plays are remarkable. The aim in this study is to examine the works of theater produced after the proclamation of the Republic, between 1923-1938 from the point of view of Kemalism. In this paper, those theater works which were produced between 1923 and 1938 (the year when M.Kemal Atatürk passed away) are examined. It was observed that the “Mavi Yıldırım/Blue Lightening” by Aka Gündüz “Gavur İmam/Infidel Imam” by Burhan Cahit, “Destan/Legend” by Galip Naşit, “Kahraman/Hero” and “Akın/Raid” by Faruk Nafiz, “On Yılın Destanı/The Legend of the Decade” by Halit Fahri, “Beş Devir/Five Eras” by Yaşar Nabi, “Bayönder/Mr. Leader” by Münir Hayri, “Oğuz Destanı/Oğuz Legend” by Vehbi Cem Aşkun were produced during the aforementioned period. In this study, the question as to what extend these works of theater reflect Kemalist thinking and Kemalism with respect to their themes, characters and the characteristics is examined. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15693 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15693 Sevda GEÇEN One of the leading personalities of modern Turkish poetry, İsmet Özel, has always made an effort to render both the life and the world meaningful and has chosen to manifest these efforts through poetry. Özel adopts the purpose of "making life tangible, attaining authenticity, living a straightforward life in light of personal values" both for himself and his society. He never gives in to the obstacles rising in front of this life purpose. He rebels against anything that diminishes the beauty of life. The rebellion elements in his poetry mostly address oppression, authority, alienation, and the degenerative effects of modernism. Despite its benefits in many fields, such as the improvement of science, society, betterment of living conditions and increased prosperity, along with having brought on the age of enlightenment for the history of humanity; modernism, as it adopts the principles of rationalism, has brought about many problems as well. The negative reflections of modernism on humanity have been distancing mankind from moral values and have resulted in alienation, collectivity, uniformity and driving people to consumerism. In his poems, Özel appears with a discourse based on criticism and rebellion against all these issues. However, rather than choosing an anti-modernist approach, Özel criticizes the mentality which misunderstands modernism and transforms this trend into a background for the loss of values in humankind. He sets aside the positive sides of modernism, yet does not accept capitalism which is one of the detrimental results of modernism, the class disparities caused by capitalism, the formation of the oppressed classes due to these disparities, and the mentality which uses the advantages of modernity against humanity. Instead, he rebels against all of these concepts. Our study focuses on the rebellion elements that have appeared in the poetry of İsmet Özel with the criticism of modernism. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15731 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15731 Mehmet Nuri GÖMLEKSİZ,Elif CÜRO The aim of this quantitative and qualitative study is to determine attitudes and opinions of 11th grade students of Anatolian Teacher High Schools toward Teaching Profession Courses. In this context, we aimed to see if students’ attitudes toward Teaching Profession Courses differed related to gender, study field, having teacher in the family, income level of the family, education level of mother and father. In qualitative part of the study, it was aimed to determine the reasons why students preferred studying Anatolian Teacher High Schools and the efficiency of these schools in preparing the students for teaching profession. Population of the study includes 11th grade students enrolled at eight Anatolian Teacher High Schools in 2010-2011 academic year. All 11th graders were chosen as the sample of the study. Data of the study were collected by using a 32-item Likert type scale and an interview form including four semi-structured questions. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was calculated to be 0.93, Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient was measured to be 0.92, Guttman split-half value was calculated to be 0.88 and these results proved that the scale was both valid and reliable. Independent groups t test, Mann Whitney U test, variance analysis, Kruskall Wallis H and Scheffe tests were used to analyze the data. With the study, it was determined that students’ attitudes were negative towards Teaching Profession Courses. It was also determined that the students did not want to be a teacher in the future and they wanted to perform a different profession. Besides, the students stressed that they did not like Teaching Profession Courses, demanded reducing content and teaching hours of these courses. They also emphasized that they did not enjoy studying these courses; they would not study if they were not compulsory and studied just for passing the class. It was determined that the students did not enjoy searching the subjects dealing with Teaching Profession Courses and found these courses boring as well. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15687 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15687 Hamdi GÜLEÇ Çan is one of the most developed districts of Çanakkale province. The exact date of the district’s foundation has not been determined. Ruins belonging to ancient age have been found in the district and around. Çan region was called Sergis in Roman period. This region was annexed to Ottoman in XIV century. At first, it was a sub-district center dependent to Biga sanjak, and then in 1945 it was separated from Biga and became a district center dependent to Çanakkale. The district land has a rugged terrain. 62% of district square is forest, 32% is agricultural land, and 3% is pasture land and settlement. The ground of Çan district is formed from volcanic and sedimentary. District has a very rich source of metal. Transition climate, between Mediterranean and Black-sea climates, usually dominates the district. It generally rains in fall, winter and spring (Briefing report of Çan administrative district within a province – Türker, 2010). As a result of rapid population, growth depending on industrialization, migrations to the district center have been occurred especially from the neighbor villages and other settlements. As the traditional cultural structure dominates to the district, people have a life style shaped by the religion and social customs. Charity activity of village is carried out in the months of spring and summer in the region. Everybody in the village participates in this organization, which is also called farmers’ holiday (Güleç and Türker 2012, 1334). Native population is called as Manav in district center and villages. And also, the people who immigrated from the Balkans and settled there are called muhajir. Some ethnics groups such as Pomak and Kırcali also exists in the region. People living in mountains and high regions are known as Yoruk (Briefing report of Çan administrative district within a province – Türker, 2010). Çan, the district of Çanakkale, is very rich and productive in Folklore. It has an important place in folk cultural morals. In the Çan villages, which are the farthest settlements of Çan, even today we can see that Folklore works keep their dynamism and survive. Each of the folklore and their elements that are saved today will build up cultural heritage of the future (Güleç and Türker 2002, 1334). From folk songs to lullabies, public beliefs to death traditions, handicrafts to people’s meteorology, folklore searches all the values that direct the folk’s moral and material life. In the modern digital world, there has been a massive effect of electronics on our moral and material lives. Although there are some last remains, cultural elements should be gathered together, protected, and searched scientifically. Folkloric creations will survive today and tomorrow as they survived in the past and they will never die out. In this study, the marriage rituals belonging to the region among the transition periods of Folklore creations in Çan district have been studied through evaluating them. It has been seen that the traditions and beliefs about marriage in Çan district have scarce sings of old Turkish beliefs, but they have been shaped by the affect of Islamic culture. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15809 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15809 Kadir GÜLER,Ersen ERSOY Works such as şehrengiz and bilâdiye are foremost sources of information on our cities during the Ottoman Empire reign. In these works important matters of the city has been addressed and solutions have been exhibited in different styles. Bursa, being the second cultural center of the Ottoman lands with its hundred and fifty six poets, is on the forefront considering the number of written works about itself. Among İstanbul and Edirne, Bursa, being a city with the most number of şenrengiz written about itself, primarily its aqueous qualities has been studied in these works and solutions has been offered. XVI. century poet Sun’î Çelebi, in his prose-poem work Tezyînnâme, provides important information on the artisans of Bursa. Sun’î Çelebi, in this work begin with the importance of Bursa in terms of history of our culture, and after told important artisans, primarily bakers and goldsmiths in a humorous fashion. A kaside on Sultan Süleyman as been included at the end of the work, mentioning the social deformities of the period. In this article, first information on şehrengiz is provided and the cultural landscape of Bursa is explored. After the identity and personality of Sun’î Çelebi is discussed, the manuscript and contents of the work is evaluated. After the transcribed text of the Berlin copy of the Tezyîn-nâme is provided, sources are provided and original manuscript of the examined content is added. This work is expected to contribute to Ottoman period city researches and Bursa’s cultural life. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15679 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15679 Turan GÜLER Yunus Emre who lived between the XII- XIV centuries is one of the prominent figures of Islamic thought history. The effect of him has endured in different fields until today, and now he is handled in a play (theatre work ya da presentation). Necip Fazıl Kısakürek who attaches great importance to theatre in all literary genre in his play, Yunus Emre, appointed Yunus Emre as the protagonist of the play. In this work, Necip Fazıl Kısakürek's play “Yunus Emre” is going to be analyzed in respect to its structural components such as identity analysis, subject, plot, personality analysis, and place and scene analysis. The tale- based life of Yunus Emre who has a prominent place in Turkish-Islamic history is pictured in this monument. In this table, on one hand Yunus Emre's adventure beginning with his coming to Anatolia is told, and on the other hand his mystical travel that he experienced by means of his poems is narrated. In the play, references are made to some social and political events that took place at time of Yunus Emre in Anatolia. Issues such as Mongol attacks and Mongol domination in Anatolia, the last situation of State of the Seljuks, the conflicts among the Principalities, the despair of the public, the various roles that the sects undertook during that chaos also take place in that play. In our survey, beside the structural elements, also such kind of thematic cases are mentioned. In this way, the sophisticated identity of Yunus Emre is aimed to be manifested. Ultimately, an important matter for yunus Emre, ‘Great Jihad’ that is to say self-discipline, which is also the main subject of the thesis is pointed out. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15742 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15742 Hasan GÜLTEKİN Researchers of Divan Literature know that Guvahî is poet Pend-name. That known as a poet Pend-name Guvahî has two small masnavi called Gurbet-name and Ibret-name. This is an article that has been defined that is non-registration of work of Guvahî’s Tazarru-name and transcribed text of the work are given. The work was written as masnavi in verse written in a different prosody in different poetic forms are also available. Tazarru-name that which the vowel points have been added and which five hundred fifty-three couplets. Pend-name in which few couplets are similar to some of the couplets in the Tazarru-name. These similarities indicate that belongs to Güvahi Tazarru-name. The work begins with poems tawhid and na’t and munacat content and than it describes the transience of the world and done in preparation for the hereafter and continues whit poems of the poet wants forgiveness of sins and finishes with couplets the reason the book was written and the name of work and couplets showing the finished work of and with couplets of prayer. In Guvahî's Tazarru-name, all sections, there is no need to be in a classic masnavi and most importantly, does not discuss any story. For this reason, as a long poem written in verse form masnavi it would be appropriate to define. The introduction of the work started with basmalah and tawhid, munacat and continued with na't. Reason of copyright must be present in the introduction part of the department has been section of hatime. The section of hatime, with not specify a title at the end of the work, reciting the prayer request, of the work, the name and couplets written history is told. There is no fiction in poetry. The poet is a sinner and has expressed desire for forgiveness. In the poem of meviza-titled impotence of man, the occurrence of a sinner, the world's temporality is mentioned, should be instructed to beg God for forgiveness of sins. In the Divan Literature, known Tazarru-name that is written Sinan Pasha, XV. century comes to mind the work of his famous poems and prose mixed. Guvahî, the work of Sinan Pasha Hz. Muhammed, the four major caliph, Hz. Hasan and Hz. Hussein was inspired in shape and is seen to give ground. The common point of the two works, world and the wealth of the world is temporary, should be actively engaged in worship in the world to be happy in the Hereafter, in addition, from persons of that regarded as sacred by request spiritual assistance and invoked Allah for forgiveness for sins. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15647 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15647 Ahmet GÜNDÜZ In this study, first at the entrance of what is yearbook? Yearbooks features, among them information about the different names they are issued for different purposes. Looking at the contents of Yearbooks on the date of issue of the Ottoman Empire, administrative organization, institutions, personal biographies, scientific, economic, political, military, cultural and other fields comprise the important information. Even the tombs of the hoist, lodges, mosques, public buildings, shops, places to visit in-interest, the mines, which are professional and business fields, forests, hunting animals, provide information on topics such as postal organization. Then, from the Hittites, on the history of Kırşehir Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, Ottomans and the Turkish Republic of Kırsehir provide brief information about the periods of the first brought into the Republican period the emphasis was placed on an intermediate district. Kırşehir, which has become a city of science and culture during the Seljuk period, educated here with the knowledge and opinion leaders have become an important city. Yearbooks are mainly based on the population of this study Kırşehir, township and provides information about accidents. Living in the investigated period between the dates Kırşehir Muslim, Greek and Armenian populations were evaluated. For a better understanding of the information given in the tables are arranged separately in the tables were also evaluated. The purpose of this study is also the city financially rich person with complementary information is given in the table. Place of residence or wealth in terms of people coming forward in terms of Kırsehir order in which you stated that these people are as well known to fame-nicknames. A date within the investigated period (1876-1880) for crimes committed in Kırsehir is referred to as a short. In addition, the city which is rich material, such as those given in the table XIX. Century crimes committed in the Attachments section Kirsehir been obtained. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15797 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15797 Erol GÜNDÜZ Subhîzâde Feyzî, who is among the classical Turkish poets and lived in 18th century, wrote “nazires” about some poets. Some of those poets are Fehîm-i Kadîm, Nâ’ilî-i Kadîm and Neşâtî who are the most important representatives of Sebk-i Hindî poetry. He did not imitate but kept his own style while he was writing “nazires”. “Nazire” is a term which is used for writing similar poems in our literature. In classical Turkish literature this style was quite important. It became a tradition. Most representatives wrote “nazires” for their contemporary poets or for the poets who had lived before. This tradition lasted as long as 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15589 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15589 Galip GÜNER Language is the reflection of person’s thought and all cultural elements that public stated financially and emotionally. In other words there are two aspects of the language, both i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15670 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15670 Ferdi GÜZEL In this work, 40 pages that are chose from one of the most important author of Turkish literature, Peyami Safa’s novel named “Yalnızız” that shown by many critics as the best novels of the author, are examined in point of syntax. We determined 952 sentences from 40 pages that we chose from different parts of the work. We examined the sentences that we determined, according to their structures. İt is examined simple and complex sentences, 681 in total, according to predicate’s place, predicate’s type and predicate’s meaning. İt is determined 3077 word groups in 40 pages examined. After showing the number of word groups in the table several conclusions are reached about the use of the word groups. Our aim is to contribute to syntax works and to determine how Peyami Safa uses the language and to reach some informations about his style by using this work. As the gotten datums are interpreted, İt is seen that the author used simple and short sentences mostly. It is understood that peyami safa benefits from the whole expression facilities of language and knows very well the technique of the novel. İt is reached that Peyami Safa is very skilled at making sentences and using language according to contents and gives importance to description. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15803 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15803 Hicran Hanım HALAÇ Most of the investigations which take hand Ottoman period of Turkey’s social and cultural history are limited to Istanbul. The works about dwelling deal with monumental buildings like palace or mansion. The investigations about the cities of architectural housing except for Istanbul are very restricted. . This situation is the same with the capital of Anatolian Seljuks, which is Konya. Beginning from Seljuk Empire, the historical monuments of Konya account for castles and mosques. There is no early period of housing which lasts contemporary. In case of absence of housing belongs to 18th century and even the beginning of 19th century; therefore, this causes generally accepted evaluations. The works which focus on architectural housing and domestic culture belonging to 19th century and before, this necessitate the exploitation of Ottoman documents composing of primary sources. This research article gives information about Konya’s two years between 1714 and 1715. This information is obtained from numbered 45 Şeriyye registry and from range information. In order to enlighten a part of the housing archtecture located in Konya using only road and floor information of range, the housing types of Konya and the housing typology of Konya at the beginning of the 18th century are determined. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15695 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15695 Abdullah HARMANCI Ali Canip Yöntem (1887-1967) who is one of the prominent names of the national literary movement gave many works relating to literary theory and criticism as well as poem. Before being connected to national literary, author who has largely been seeking on the line extending from Muallim Naci to Cedideci (New Literature movement) and Fecr-i Aticis (Dawn of the Future) has deep thoughts in his many articles that will light the way for today’s artists and researchers either due to his command of our classical literature or of Western Literature. From his writings in question, in our article, opinions of Yöntem about some matters such as what is the art and literature, why it is existing, what could be its power and effect, how to take advantage of art and literature, the place and importance of the imitation in art, pleasure, beauty, perception and genius concepts, purpose of art, relationship between artist and school of art, art and dialectic, poem and knowledge, poem and sensation etc were scanned and these opinions were wholly attempted to be assessed. Apart from these, problems collected under some titles such as what, in fact, is the concept of national literature ad how it should be understood, our mistakes when assessing the concept “national”, dimensions of artist and public when assessing within the context of national literature have been the topic of the Ali Canip Yöntem’s articles and opinions of author about these issues were attempted to be examined by us. Yöntem also referred to the problems about limits of literary criticism and features which a reviewer must have, and attached importance to the relationship of literary criticism with literary text. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15810 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15810 Gülsemin HAZER In Dineyri Papazı of Safiye Erol is told a young girl's process of i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15689 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15689 Mehmet Akif HELVACI,Ahmet ÇETİN Organizational cynicism is a negative attitude of the teachers towards the school organization. It is described as unbelief and mistrust of teachers towards the school decisions and intentions and the belief of that the administrators don`t reflect their real characters. Knowing the cause and effect of cynicism provides to manage the success and the negative effects of cynicism, if there is, in an organization in a proper way. The awareness of factors affecting organizational cynicism will prevent the administrators of taking steps that will cause negative effects. The purpose of this research was to determine the orgaizational cynicism level of the teachers working in Uşak City Government Primary Schools. This research aims to determine whether the teachers’ opinions of gender, branch, seniority, educational status and work duration at the current school differentiate or not on the basis of the organizational cynicism level. This investigation area includes primary school teachers working in Uşak city borders. The number of schools that will take place in the sample has been determined as 112, and the number of teachers are 311. In this research “Organizational Cynisicm” questionnaire which was developed by Apaydin (20011) was used. Research findings show that the cynicism perception among primary school teachers is at low level. The teachers’ opinions of gender, branch, seniority and educational status don’t differentiate on the basis of the organizational cynicism level. The opinions of work duration at the current school showed that teachers working 6-10 years have a higher organizational cynicism level than the teachers who working 1-5 years. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15745 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15745 Ahmet İÇLİ The Mevlid, the birth, birth place and birth time of the Prophet Mohammad described as a literary genre, as well as in Arabic and Persian literature also has maintained its existence in Turkish Literature up today. In Turkish literature there has been written many literary works that The prophet Mohammad’s birth is described in. Mevlid, the master piece of Suleiman Chelebi, is still being read and listened with enthusiasm in a ritual atmosphere on different occasions in our country since 15th century. Every birth is a miracle of a creation. All creators have a process and phase of the experience of birth. The birth of the prophet Mohammad dealt with in this volume contains information about the creation of the universe. One of the functions of myths, which means the the sacred tradition, the oldest of revelation, exemplary model is to show the origin of the assets to human beings. Human being lives myths, in sense of entering transmitter power of enthusiasm that brought to the stage of re-occurrence and re-reminded of events. Mevlid or Qur as known in English, has a special rank among the literary genres, focusing on the prophet Mohammad. These literary genres, as well as the birth of the Prophet Mohammad, contain information about the creation of the universe. Both the birth and creation was committed with the work, contains the story of creation. To describe how a reality passed through life, describing holy items and being the story of creation, Qur and mythological narratives have some similarities. In this academical article the mythological aspect of will be examined in the creation circle that the stages of creation will be seen first. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15577 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15577 Nadir İLHAN When we assess the language, which is the common means of communication of humanity, in terms of its structure, notion and function; we see that the language exists as a set of systems. Thanks to the language, which is the most important factor to form a nation and scaffold the national identity, a person not only expresses his/her most private feelings but also socializes and becomes a part of the community. Considering the language as the residence of the thought, people think with language and live with language. When the language which is the basis of the national values is not protected, alienation towards national values will arise and it will led to alienation towards national identity and the loss of the national identity. The language, which we encounter differently according to the artistic expressions and meanings that we give to the words while using them, can be categorized as everyday conversation which we use in our daily lives, scientific language which is used in scientific researches and includes lots of terminology or literary language which people use while expressing their feelings and enthusiasm. The words in language system may differ depending on their usage, the meaning given to them and phraseology. Considering the language as the residence of the thought, people think with language and live with language. A person is a person as long as s/he can express his/her thoughts and feelings. As everything in social environment can be expressed in language, it makes language remain flexible. In brief, the rule “The only thing which remains unchanged is change “is an inevitable truth in the relationship between the society and the language. As long as humanity exists, it will develop and change and these changes will affect the language. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15772 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15772 Abdulmuttalip İPEK Proverbs and idioms include very different matters ranging from the life styles of the societies they belong to to their frames of mind, from standards of judgements to moral insights due to the fact that they are based on lasting observations, experiences and lives of those societies. As a result, they are stereotyped words which are on the position of the soul of all the culture and value world of the nation they belong to. Proverbs, which make a short-cut and efficient expression possible, also reflect the philosophy of a nation. From this point of view, the realization and preservation of these verbal entities are of vital importance. From the time of Diwanu Lugat et-Turk, the oldest known dictionary of Turkish language, to our day, important dictionaries have been authored to preserve and record these verbal entities. Each of these dictionaries are very important resources as regards with Turkish language and culture. This manuscript will mention about an anthology of proverbs. According to the searches and surveys the anthology has been mentioned only in a few articles until today. The booklet “Darb-ı Mesellerimiz Hakkında Tahlili Tedkikat” was written by Tahsin Ömer and was printed in Evkaf Printing House in Şehzadebaşı, İstanbul between 1337 and 1340. The printed copy of the booklet in the library of the University of Toronto with the recording number of PN 6505 T8 035, is translated into Modern Turkish from Ottoman Turkish with an additional short review. As the result of a revisal of about 5000 proverbs used in our country, nearly 200 proverbs were sorted out according to their meanings and Tahsin Ömer says in the two and a half pages of foreword that this 16 pages booklet was written to make people learn and draw some lessons. The most exciting parts of this booklet are that the writer examines the proverbs in moral aspects and presents a sorting method. Another important part is the presented analytical assasments in the foreword. As the result of a revisal of about 5000 proverbs used in our country, nearly 200 proverbs were sorted out according to their meanings and Tahsin Ömer says in the two and a half pages of foreword that this 16 pages booklet was written to make people learn and draw some lessons. The most exciting parts of this booklet are that the writer examines the proverbs in moral aspects and presents a sorting method. Another important part is the presented analytical assasments in the foreword. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15805 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15805 Gülüzar İYİOĞLU Refik Halit Karay, born in İstanbul in 1888 and died in 1965, writer, gained fame in his time especially in humor and criticism; and spent most of his life in exile due to his fearless and harsh criticism. The author began his literary career as a journalist. Authority of the time disturbs author’s critical writings and his exile years began in Sinop in 1914. Even though he came back to İstanbul after three years this return did’nt last long and he was exiled to Beirut in 1922. He could’nt come back to his country untill 1938. Although being well-known in humor and criticism, he is put forward by the authorities for two of his storybooks he brought to Turkish Literature in the genre of “story”: Memleket Hikâyeleri (Hometown Stories) and Gurbet Hikâyeleri (Foreign Land Stories). It is unequivocally true that Refik Halit played a significant role in leading the storytelling in Turkish Literature come to gain importance today. Absolutely, Refik Halit captured the success by combining his superior talent with what he gathered in the progress our storytelling had made. Yet, the share of his two works mentioned is great for the The Turkish Story to find its own speech. In this study, it is attempted to examine and resolve what differences have arisen in terms of “language and style, place, i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15674 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15674 Abdülkadir KABADAYI Language, which is the most important element of social and emotional communication, is a complex communicative tool in which desired symbols with unlimited units are used. While attaining communication and interaction effectively it is inevitable for the children to make mistakes in respect of phonology, morphology and syntax due to the developmental period of the children in question. This study is conducted to analyze the over regularization mistakes preschoolers have made in the process of mother tongue acquisition. 36 preschoolers attending to Fevzi Çakmak Preschool in Karatay Konya are chosen randomly for this study. In this study, the question of what elements of grammar rules of Turkish language the preschoolers overregularize most is tried to be responded. The participants in this study have been observed for 12 weeks longitudinally. The over regularization mistakes the preschoolers made has been recorded by the researcher. It is found out that the participants have made overregularization in the suffixes that make nouns from nouns, nouns from verbs, and the suffixes of intorragations, possesive adjectives, declaration and cogitation moods, time complements of the sentences and numerical concepts in Turkish gramer. Later, the overregularization in question is classified under the title of inflectional, derivational and time complements themes and sub-themes in Turkish. At a last remark, some recommendations are made both to the preschool teachers and parents about how to overcome overregularizational errors the preschoolars made. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15565 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15565 İdris KADIOĞLU Music and entertainment culture flourished in every century in the Ottoman Empire. In this culture, especially widespread along with the Tulip Era and Nedim in the 18th century, before the poets of Istanbul, including the classic poem, too affected. Poets, adding using the elements of musical their poems separate harmony. In this century, the musical culture seems familiar poems, the poet countryman Lebib Efendi (öl.1182/1768) strings, percussion, woodwind reed related terms, and phrases of music expertly authorities put into poetry. Poet Nabi went to Diyarbakir for visiting is known and the reedy and spoken conversations involving and recited his poems to the poetry composed in assemblies are known. Poet Lebib in Diyarbakir highly influenced by the atmosphere of the music and wrote verses on music. In fact includes a poem of Lebib completely musical terms. This study composed of entry, six main headings, conclusion and bibliography. In the introduction, summary information is given Lebib life and literary personality and works and the eighteenth century described the overall situation 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15686 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15686 Spartak KADİU In Turkish language, the mood expresses an action specifying the way how, when and in what format was done. The mood of the verbs expresses its existence, through the tense endings. According to this mood, is the union of the concepts of shape and the concepts of the tense. The tense in which the action is carried out is very important. Therefore, in the Turkish language, in any mood, the tense is considered a basic element. In traditional grammar, the conjugation of verbs, called the compound tense and founded in story, narrative and conditional types, express a particularity of Turkish. These tenses, do not compound with the auxiliary verbs like in many languages, but they are compounded with morphemes of the conjugation that are use together. As [-(i)yor+-di], [-ecek+-di],[-(i)r+miş] compound morphemes we have some copula uses of [-dir] thet formes [-(i)yor+-dir], [-miş+dir]. Sometimes they are compounded with “-dir” copula with the stereotypes of morphemes. This morpheme when it is use as a stereotype, from the point of tense, mood and aspect expresses particularity of meaning. Although in the compound tense conjugations, even if they are rare, sometimes we find the adjacencies from time to time, can be found in even the equivalences. The aim of the work explaining the compound tenses, is to describe the equivalence and the affinity of tenses and the problems encountered in compound tenses in Turkish language. For a foreigner that has like a mother tongue an Indo-European language is difficult to understand the the time and the mood meanings. The purpose of this paper is to explain and to 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15637 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15637 Münire Nurefşan KAPAL Heart is one of the most common subject which place at Turkish Classical Literature of poetry’s Divan. The concept not only of Classical Literature, but also Folk Literature and oral culture among the topics deal with a lot of culture. İf there are love and lover in the beyit, heart of the lover absolutely take place in the world of the word at the same time. The poet who lived in the first half of the seventeeth century and found fame as a teacher of ode Nef‛î has included the concepts and comparisons in his Dîvân. The word, there are more than in the ghazals. The poet who wrote poetry in general, for the Sultan and statesmen, using exaggerated and a style full of praise; but in his ghazals he writes classic ghazal style and tells as to be in love and enthusiastic words. In his Dîvân, there is no mystical maning of this word. Heart which deal with a variety of interest of the meaning is extased, in love and a mirror showing the beauty lover. In this article, detail definitions of heart concept with various sources will be analyzed together with meanings of words and evaluated by statistical methods. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15710 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15710 Yunus KAPLAN There are numerous poets who trained in the tradition of Divan Literature and with no definitein formation in there source sand in their own works about their lives. The information about many of them is limited with aliases that they used only in their own poem sand some information given about their lives and peirods they lived in those poem sand estimates on the basis of these. One of the poets whose life is known today is limited with the information about some poems of his 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15774 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15774 Mustafa KARADENİZ Fahriye, which is an Arabic word originally, is, in the traditional sense, a part of eulogies in which poet sing praises of himself and his poetry intensely. Ottoman poet generally priortised praise dignitaries in eulogy. In this chapter called Meddhiyye poets beg for pecuniary or non-pecuniary assistance. In the following chapter called fahriye, Ottoman poets who mentioned their virtues in their poems, imply their superiority to other Ottoman poets by mentioning their own expertise in poetry. It was an opportunity for Ottoman poets to self-praise as fahriyes followed medhiyye chapters in their poems. Besides this general acceptance, poets also give place to couplets containing headlamp in masnavis and lyrics though not in a section like eulogies. The couplets where the Ottoman poets about to praise themselves, are generally pseudonym couplets. Pseudonym couplet particularly gave an opportunity to Ottoman poets to initiate Fahriye besides to introduce the poet. When studied Divan of Baki, who was a renown Ottoman poet in the 16th century, brilliant and gorgeous fahriye couplets can be seen in his pseudonym couplets in his lyrics. Axis of this study, outside of fahriyes of eulogies, will be formed on occasion of lyric poets in which poets finds an opportunity to praise themselves and their poetry. In light of this informations, self-praise and fahriye concepts will be addressed through the pseudonym couplets of Baki’s lyrics. In the introduction, it will be given information about the concept of meaning of words and terms of fahriye and it will be focused on its content and place in tradition of Eulogies. In the final section of our study, it will be focused on manifestations of fahriye tradition as well as the various pseudonyms of Baki's lyrics. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15732 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15732 Mustafa Sıddık KARAGÖZ Samiha Ayverdi is distinctive from many other novelists of her period in terms of looking to the woman identity. Ayverdi, who thinks her writings as an instrument to express her ideas, by not getting in to love subjects even if it is very popular among woman novelists, she recommends to her readers related to duties and responsibilities that woman should take in order to advance of the nation. She is also different from other novelists as she takes into consideration the matters of country, of youth and society and the necessities that should be done related to these problems. The author, when deals with these sorts of problems, always gives a central role to the woman and at first she points at to strengthen the spiritual and moral life of woman who raise and educate the new generations. Sufism, which surrounds the every points of Ayverdi’s life, has a central role in Ayverdi. After she meets Kenan Rıfai, who is the Sheikh of Ümm-i Ken’an Lodge, Ayverdi gives a way to her life by means of the principles of Rifa’iyya and this change is reflected to her writings. “Unsunken Day” is significiant as it is her first novel that brings up her sufism undestanding. The studying of this novel is worthwhile since it goes about sufism by a woman’s adventure “seeking”. The woman in “Unsunken Day” is defined like “intellectual, sufi, plain, simple, clean, miserable, flamboyant”. The author put forward sufi identity from the other identities that mentioned above, gives her intellectual qualities and advises her reader to appropriate this identity. This advice can be thought as an important suggestion that is presented by Ayverdi to the Republic regime in order to strengten the spiritual and moral life of the new generation of the Republic. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15817 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15817 Gülay KARAMAN An Arabic word menkabe in the dictionary means nice doing and behavior to be proud of. Its plural form menakıb for the first time in this meaning, is used in the corpus of hadith which had been written and compiled by IXth century to describe the virtues of prophet Muhammed and his companians. Furthermore, writings consist of the biography of historical personages, the description of works of worthies and even some of the holy cities are also called menakıb. While at the begining menakıbnames were created in order to describe high moral values of both the prophet Muhammed and his companians in later periods, the lives of some important men of sufism and religious orders were also added to this account. The first known example of Türkish menakıbname literature is Tezkire-i Satuk Buğra Han which is from Karahanlı period. Turkish menakıbname literature that begun with Tezkire-i Satuk Buğra Han, also continued to spread quickly among the Muslim Turks came to Anatolia and settled by migrations. Since the author is a member of his own society naturally his work will be a mirror to social, cultural, economical, political life of its century. For this reason, menakıbnames which tell the extraordinary life stories of saints are very important sources of information especially for history, culture, folklore and literature. After careful studies on the legends it can be possible to reach very rich source of information. In Türkiye, Fuad Köprülü is the first name with his work called as Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar who pointed out using menakıbnames in scientific studies. In this study we want to call attention to Menâkıbu’l-Ârifîn which tells the legends of Mevlana and the other Mevlevi saints. Menâkıbu’l-Ârifîn is written by Mevlevi Ahmed Eflâkî in 14th century after the request of his sheik Ulu Arif Çelebi in Persian. This menakıbname has a certain place in Turkish history and culture since it gives first-hand information about Mevlana and the other Mevlevi saints. In this article these topics are determined in Menâkıbu’l-Ârifîn to analysis: Places, occupations, belongings, manner of dressing, food and drinks, custom and traditions, medical treatments. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15845 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15845 Kadir KARATEKİN,Ömer Faruk SÖNMEZ,Zafer KUŞ People need to have some social skills to maintain their existence in social life efficiently. One of those social skills is communication skill. With the skill training given at early ages, we can provide our students to be happier, more productive and efficient in the society they live in making them become skillful. For this reason, to know the factors that can be efficient upon our students’ communication skills have become more of an issue. The purpose of this study is to reveal the factors that are efficient upon elementary school students’ communication skills. In accordance with this purpose, Communication Skills Inventory developed by Ersanli and Balci (1998) was performed to 373 students studying at 6th, 7th and 8th class of two elementary schools in Ankara and Kirsehir provinces. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 15 statistical software. Analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, t-test for unrelated samples one-way analsis of variance (ANOVA)was used. AAt the end of the study, it has been conferred that the city where students live in, gender, pre-school education, parents’ educational background and class level are all efficient upon elementary school students’ communication skills. Moreover, whereas students’ communication skills upgrade as the mark they took from Turkish lesson, the number of books they read, daily reading time increases, their communication skills downgrade as their daily television watching and using computer period increases. For such purposes; teachers should create learning environments where students can express themselves better in lessons., encourage students to read more books , children's pre-school education should start as early as it may possible and it is proposed to the families not to allow children spending much time on TV and computer. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15681 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15681 Münevver KATA The reviews of this issue has done on Northern Cyprus (Turkish) media. The ways of apperaing the 15th of Novermber of Republic Day in newspapers is the subject of analyse. The aim is to identify the ways of public opinion. In this way the questioning between media and political parties has already done. They tried to show the effect and routing of media on society using the ways of Theory of public Opinion and Critical Discourse Analysis. The Cyprus problem was also shown on the issues of newspapers with the organising of the Republic Day ceremonies. During the questioning of public opinion has been also shown the attitude of the members of media that supported this organization of a ceremony and that only followed the process witevh their slogans. Review was on 3 local newspapers: Kıbırs, Afrika and Volkan. The review was limited on R.R Denktash’s, M.A Talat’s and D. Eroglu’s exact period in their last years. 2004, 2009 and 2011 are the years included in this chronological order. The celebrations of 15th of November every year during the periods of the last duties of political leaders has been analysed the effectiveness of these celebrations in newspapers. Finally, the connection has shown between the news of political approch and ceremonies. Review has been focused on three local newspapers and has had the best results. We believe that the other newspapers of Turkish Cypriot press will use the ways of Theory of public Opinion and Critical Discourse Analysis and will be able to achieve same the results. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15720 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15720 İbrahim KAYA Sudi who lived in the 16th century is an author who wrote interpretation for the Hafız Divan and Sa’di’s Bostan and Gulistan which are essential Persian classics and which were annotated and translated to many languages. Interpretations he wrote gained great appreciations and laudatory expression was used for these works. It is expressed by researchers and specialists that these annotations have surpassed the annotations written by other interpretators. Without doubt Sudi’s strong logic and language ability and his deep knowledge and background as well as his good knowledge of Persian language are among the factors which raised Sudi’s interpretation to a distinguished position. Considering Sa’di in the Gulistan who used all the bahirs of prosody (aruz), it is obvious that writing interpretation for Sa’di’s Gulistan which included both the texts of prose and verse is quite a difficult work and the annotator who aims to do this will have to possess some other knowledge in addition to qualities which were expressed above. Sudi criticized, in many places of the annotation of Gulistan, the annotators who wrote all the texts of Gulistan and the authors who dealt with some parts of Gulistan. In this article these critics will be dealt with as a whole and numerical information will be given for these objections. Finally, the rightfulness of these ideas will be tried to determine. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15611 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15611 Zülküf KILIÇ About social criticism in literature, it has been determined that ancient poets and authors used lots of words and concepts, but it is clear that especially the concepts like satire, comic poem and eulogy were widely used for the literature which deals mainly with the personal, objective and the social criticism. Lots of other concepts which are related to the subject are synonymous have a close meaning with these, and they are expressed collectively under the main title of satire. First, we have to state that it is rather difficult to determine the borders of these three concepts which sometimes have the same meaning, and sometimes have a different meaning. Furthermore, in the ancient Arabian, Persian and Turkish Literature we cannot see that there were absolute borders among these three concepts, but still it can be said that each one has a characteristic peculiar to the concept. There are numerous criticisms about people in Classical Turkish poetry. People were criticized for their physical structure, clothes, character and behaviors. Officers and those who have a profession were criticized because they could not make the best of thier duty; society and time were criticized in the sense of moral, political and economical corruption. While making these criticisms, although the target was one person, there has always been a criticism from that person towards the whole humanity. This is mostly carried out through irony, praise and burlesque. In these kinds of the criticism, although there is only one person in the center, that only person is sometimes not the only objective and that person generally symbolizes a character; thus, by that person a larger group is criticized. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15761 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15761 Turgut KOÇOĞLU There is not enough information about Zarîfî Omar Baba in the sources we have studied. According to the available sources Zarîfî Omar Baba, who was from Ruscuk village within the borders of Bulgaria today, participated in Sa’diyye Sect and he ascended to the position of sheikh in this sect. Zarîfî has two works which are mentioned in the biograhical antologies. These are Pend-name and Divan. Yet, in the catalogue searches we have done 7 more works, which are denoted to belong to him, have been identified. These works are: Tasavvuf-nâme, İsm-i A’zam, Kitâb-ı İ'tikâd, Hikâye-yi Kan Kalesi, Beyân-ı Ser-encâm, Kısasu’l-Enbiyâ and Istılahât-ı Mashayikh. As far as we could study, Zarîfî’s works have religion-sufism and moral contents. His work, Istılahât-ı Mashayikh, which has not been mentioned in the sources, is a kind of dictionary of sufism terms. In this work, which starts with 23 verses narrating some religion and sufism themes, 70 sufism terms are explained in all. It is possible to group these terms into two as names and positions. In this work, names and their characteristics are written in prose while positions are written in verse. Firstly in verse, the author explains the name which identifies the qualities and characterisitcs of human being in his own sufistic point. Then in prose, he explains the positions the one, who has the characteristics of this name, will get to. In this article Zarîfî’s life, his literary personality and works; language, style and contents of Istılahât-ı Mashayikh have been examined. Besides, some terms in this work have been compared to other sufism dictionaries in order to clarify that meanings ascribed to the same terms show difference according to sects, tariqah and perhaps according to time and place. Finally, the text of Istılahât-ı Mashayikh has been translated into contemporary letters in accordance with its two copies by critical edition method. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15373 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15373 Ferhat KORKMAZ After the second world war, fragmentation and inanity appeared in the modern European art also reverberated to the Turkish art. Therefore, a visible changing was experienced in modern Turkish poetry, too. Edip Cansever stands at this breaking point of Turkish poetry. Cansever who wrote his first poems with the effect of Garip started to write a new form of poems since after the second part of 1950s when İkinci Yeni started to come into appear. Cansever who started to give appropriate work to the poetics of İkinci Yeni movement, especially with his book of poetry called Yerçekimli Karanfil (1957), inclined to the surrealism, cubism and subconscious unlike his first poems. Vocal, literary, syntactic and lexical deviations and unfamiliar reconciles occupied an important place in his poems. When the new style of poetry spread, disproportions concerned to the eye called attention at painting. Eye is a significant focal point of the fragmentation. However, in the poems of Edip Cansever, eye is the first step of subconscious depth. The aim of the article is to establish how Edip Cansever used the word of eye at the years called İkinci Yeni period in terms of the affection of painting and movie arts to the poetry. In our study, semantic and imaginative transformation of the word of eye is examined in the poetry books of Cansever called İkindi Üstü (1947), Dirlik Düzenlik (1954), Yerçekimli Karanfil (1957), Umutsuzlar Parkı (1958), Petrol (1959), Nerde Antigone (1961) and Tragedyalar (1964). 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15801 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15801 Yusuf KOTAN One of the important types of folk literature satire, in a large geographical area consisting of many thousands of years, products of oral tradition of folk literaturen. These products, although oral edebiyatımız as a kind of took its place in the literature long ago, particularly after the Tanzimat era has gained vitality. This vitality, though no doubt in some quarters that the jokes have suffered tab, in almost every nation acquires an important social and cultural life. Feeling and thinking, of a nation, intelligence, humor, and most importantly the power of judgment to reflect the common opinion is of great importance in terms of paragraphs. One of the important elements in the formation of these clauses in the clause types. These types, as described in the paragraph is the hero, as well as to express the common characteristics of living is important for society. These types with almost every region of Anatolia, and they faced a yararlanmaktayız this narrative. Who live in this very important region in terms of reflecting the properties of typecasting, giving expressions to represent a particular feature of the local stage. Erzurum folklore, is a rich resource for Turkish folklore. Although this has been a rich source folklorumuzun on the part of many research studies conducted on jokes is almost negligible. Based on these approaches, we also provide a contribution to the folklore of Erzurum in both types of clause in Erzurum, an important place in the memory of our people who had said Naim Hodja jokes we introduce this valuable anecdotes of people will try to share with you. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15558 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15558 Fettah KUZU One of the bases of classical Turkish poetry has been Sufism which would be defined also as Islamic mysticism. In this sense Sufism and “Wahdat al-Wujud” (oneness of being; nonduality) belief have a determinative role when handling human and its adventure in universe of existence. In the poems of Sheikh Galib who has been accepted as the last and also the peak point of classical poetry, transformation process of human’s ego (self) has been discussed by the perfect coherency between the artistic identity of poet within the frame of opportunities provided by poetry and the mystic personality generated from his being a sheikh. Sheikh Galib has expressed this transformation process in the sense of human concept, of which basic principles had been put forth in “oneness of being” thought by Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi, through developing original metaphors and using obscure statements under the sway of “Sebk-i Hindi”(Indian Style) by his distinctive genre. By this aspect in his poems Sheikh Galib as the last spokesman of classical Turkish poetry has illuminated his readers by arranging the human perception of sufi environment where he had grown up and mysticism based traditional poetry, spiritual development process of this human and maturation state gained after all, in an artistic form. In this study, Galib’s sample verses and couplets in which reflections of human and its maturation experience have taken over, are to be tried to get analysed depending upon oneness of being doctrine and in this manner it is also going to be strived to get comprehended human and its spiritual transformation process. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15655 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15655 Esra LÜLE MERT Cheating is one of the most important inefficient and unproductively problems which is encountered in teaching process. As a result of cheating, that students produce professional information at the level of analyzing and synching have carrier achievement at professional level get difficult; thus, this prohibits them from creating solutions for country’s problems and providing positive contributions for economy. In this regard, to prevent cheating should be one of the tasks of the education system.The problem statement of this research of which objective is to detect the inclination of faculties of arts and sciences students towards cheating and similar dishonest conducts has been designated as exploring the opinions of faculties of arts and sciences students as regards cheating, forms of cheating and reasons accounting for cheating-not cheating. This is a qualitative research and integrates collectively 140 senior students studying in Turkish Language and Literature (TLL), Sociology (S), Mathematics (M) and Biology (B) departments of Faculty of Arts and Sciences during the end of spring term in 2011- 2012 academic year in a university in Eastern Anatolia Region. Data have been analyzed by using qualitative research techniques. Subsequent to numbering written papers of all students they have been categorized between two groups as the ones doing these conducts and the ones not doing. Of all the 140 participant students 71% have stated to cheat and 29% stated the otherwise. In the research forms of cheating and reasons for cheating have been grouped under 10 main themes. Reasons for not cheating have been grouped under 7 main themes. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15792 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15792 Ahmet MOCAN In literary texts, the method of narration is more significant than the contents. One of the components of the author’s narration method, his style is his narration technique. Narration techniques are ways that the author has chosen to use to enhance and to be able to tell the story more effectively. The narration techniques that have been utilized to suit the author’s purpose and the literary piece enable the plot, characters, time and site to be collectively and effectively presented to the reader. With new developments, the narration techniques, have been increased in variaty through time. Nowadays, the novel is more complex than it has been in the past, and the narrative techniques have an impact on this result. In a way, in order for a novel to be successful and strong the narration techniques need to be used effectively. Peyami Safa, as well as holding a prominent place in Turkish literature, is an author who pays attention to the style of writing. The author has thought about the technical difficulties of the novel and has shared this with his readers. The author, who is knowledgable about the style techniques of his novel and has utilized them in his work has done so in a variety of ways. Yalnızız, has been published as installments in 1950, and been published as a book in 1951. The last novel of the author, Yalnızız is quite rich in terms of narrative techniques. The attempt of this study of Yalnızız, one of the creations of Payami Safa’s mature period, is to point out the narration techniques with examples. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15798 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15798 Ersin MÜEZZİNOĞLU In history researches, travel notes have an indispensable nature as first hand resources. Especially, the reflection of the data with naked eye about human, nature and environment makes such resources more important. In this respect, Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, one of the most important intellectuals and politicians of the latest era, performed an investigation travel on the 28th of September 1329/1912 covering Samsun, Ordu, Giresun and Trabzon. He shared his views and information about the cities’ financial, geographic, social, cultural structure and local management in the travel notes in 67th, 69th and 70th issues of the magazine named İçtihad, which he owned and wrote for. He put forward his reviews and knowledge about the positive things he came across and put into words his pleasure for the beauty and improvement he faced. On the other hand, he criticized the financial deficiency (such as the improper and non-productive use of resources), bad health conditions, the negative behaviors of the officials and managers and not having work discipline, the ruin of the official buildings, displeasure of the better living conditions of the Muslims compared with the non-Muslims. On the other side, samples of the good and beautiful things, hardworking and financial improvements he saw made him happy. He also gave Muslims some advice on what to do for better conditions and development. In the travel notes, he emphasized that non-Muslims had better possibilities than Muslims. In his Samsun reference, under the light of his own reviews and land registration, he drew attention to the imminent danger and the rums buying the land of Samsun. The travel notes in question indicates the conditions of the country in the beginning of Balkan wars. Especially in concern with the war, a negative picture is seen during the military mobilization and beginning of war such as recklessness, indiscipline, disconnection and the procedural and arbitrary behaviors of the commanders. This study aims to narrate and introduce the travel notes of Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, who has an important place in local and city history and describes the cities extensively, to our present language and make a general evaluation of the given information and observation. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15708 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15708 Sıtkı NAZİK This study in which the simile of the lover for authority to the owner in Baki’s 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15791 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15791 Canan OLPAK KOÇ Being a social entity, humanity has been searching the ways of transferring their feelings, thoughts, imaginations and impressions to next generations all the time. Before written expressions became widespread, they used to try to accomplish this aim with the help of verbal folk literature. In this sense, epic had become the most significant tool to transfer experiences not only for i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15571 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15571 Salih ORHAN,Abdulkadir KIRBAŞ , Yakup TOPAL One of the most fundamental goals of education and social being able to express oneself to communicate as a society to provide others. In this sense, i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15819 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15819 Yücel ÖKSÜZ,Ceren ÇEVİK,Ayça KARTAL The purpose of this study is to examine the variables that could cause students to make bullying between primary education 4th and 5th grade students. The study sample consists of 294 primary school students randomly selected by sampling method ( 4-5th grade) attending primary schools located in 3 towns of Rize. This study is designed as a survey method. In the study, "Peer Bullying Survey" developed by the Pişkin (2002) has been used in order to determine the status of bully and victim. In addition, 10 students has been interviewed using 3 open-ended question developed by the researchers to be able to make further examination. Kay-square test and descriptive statistics has been used to analyze the data. The data obtained from interviews has been analyzed using the qualitative research techniques. According to findings,the vast majority of students has been implemented or exposed to bullying behaviors themselves. It has been found out that the most common type of bullying faced by the students is verbal bullying after the physical bullying, they were subjected to bullying by the bigger ones both inside and outside the school by "a male student" or "a group of male student", especially when they face with incidents of bullying, they ask for help from adults or reply to this circumstance and "physical and mental gymnastics" and "scientific awareness" category social clubs are mostly preferred by the students who make bullying. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15698 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15698 Faik ÖMÜR In this study, some samples that are selected from the wedding circumcision and baptism invitation cards in German and Turkish out of the ones related to special days, that carry religious and national features, and that play a significant place in one’s i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15776 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15776 Abdullah ÖZBOLAT,Saffet KARTOPU This study examines fate belief in mournings. People mourning to express pain and suffering of the relatives in the face of death and and reflect troubles, pains and his feelings through mournings. In Muslim society fatalism is used acceptance, submission, patience and sense of consent, briefly as “what can't be cured must be endured”. But this situation is detected reflect rebellion, insurrection and damn to fate. This study that aimed to examine fate belief in mournings, it has been suggested different aspects of fatalism, it has not been with one-dimension of fate perception, mournings emphasize rebellion instead of submission, espousing and compliance in mournings. In particular, in the mournings that emphasized the sense of rebellion attributed to bad fate untimely death. It is based on basic approaches of the theory of the attribution. It is based on basic approaches of the theory of the attribution. In the theory of the attribution as a basis ascribed to the a center can not control outside of ourselves in explaining processes that we can not cope with or when ascribing to meaning in the events around us. This approach helps to relaxation psychologically and concluding intellectual interrogation. Therefore, in accordance with the theory of attribution of mournings functions the direction of relieving the pain. In the mournings stemmed from the death is narrated and the goodnesses of the dead are reflected as well. It is by the nature of Islamic belief and consideration. It formed the boundaries of this study featured mournings that narrated in Turkey Turkish in the context of fate belief. After it has been addressed to the mournings as a concept in the oral culture, representing of fate belief in mournings will be mentioned descriptions “fate”, in the second section will exemplify reflections of fate belief between rebellion and submission. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15757 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15757 Mehmet ÖZDEMİR After meeting Islam, Turks had built their culture and art with İslamic essentials. Islam effected literature as well and it caused many kinds of letters which related with religion. One of those kinds is hilye which containing Hz. Muhammed’s appearance and personality. At first, hilye was reporting about only Hz. Muhammed’s human specialities. Then it became a type of literature that including four khalifs, great people of Islam and leaders of observances. In Ottoman literature, poetic styles of hilye genre that deals with Hz. Mohammed’s physical and spiritual portrait has emerged at the 16th century and many example works were created in this period. Besides hilyes focusing on Hz. Mohammed, creation of works that focus on other prophets, four caliphs and important religious figures have started at the 17th century. Hilye, a literary genre that was very significant in Ottoman Empire period, firstly dealt only with Hz. Mohammed’s features; but then the content was broadened and the genre continued to be used until 20th century with its content including prophets, caliphs and important religious figures. Firstly, there will be basic information about poetical examples of this kind in Turkish literation. In the next level, the story “Hilye-i Hâce Bahâüddin Şâh-ı Nakşibend” will be introduced which was written by Neccârzade Rıza for Şâh-ı Nakşibend. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15618 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15618 Ramazan ÖZDEMİR Kınalızâde Ali Efendi (died in 1572) and Nicolo Machiavelli (died in 1527), who lived in almost the same period, occupied important places with regards to the civilizations to which they belonged. While Kınalızâde represents an Ottoman State that was at the zenith of its power at the end of the 16th century, Machiavelli represents Italy that was at the time an unstable and 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15812 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15812 Şuayip ÖZDEMİRİsmail Arıcı Department of Religious Affairs is a foundation administrating places of worship, enlightening community about religion, carrying out things concerning prayer and moral principles about Islamic Religious Affairs. Department of religious Affairs has aalways been a matter of discussion since it has been founded. The matter of Alevis’being represented at Department of Religious Affairs and the quality of the service to Alevis has been going on lately as an intense discussion. In this study we aim to tackle the opinion of Alevis living in city center of Malatya about the Department of the religious Affairs. In the study we tried to search out the opinion of Alevis about what kind of service they had by Department of Religious Affairs, their being represented in Department of religious Affairs, the cem Houses’ being supported by the state, the situation of the Cem Houses and Alevis’ religious and social expectations from religious official. Alevisdescribe Cem Houses as where realized worship, maintain and organize cultural activities, thataccept as an institution that provide cohesion among the Alevi mass. Alevissupport the idea of defends by the state of Cem Houses. Alevis want to berepresented all religious groups in the Presidency of Religious Affairs. Alevisare set down in expectation of religious service from Presidency of ReligiousAffairs. Alevis need to religious officials in the issues of providingreligious information children and religious marriage, reading the Qur'an, Prophet'sBirthday reading, funeral operations. Alevis expects to be tolerantof religious officials and give speechesto submit pending issues related to Alevism and respect for their private life. They are important results that can be reached in the research. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15716 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15716 Nazmi ÖZEROL Tears have been elements frequently applied to express emotional intensity in literatural texts. When “love” is concerned, the milestone of classical literature philosophy, the tearsof the lover are the first things to flash in one’s mind. Tears are included in textual structures with their whole connotational richness to reflect love to the lover and its beauty elements, any spiritual state of the lover, his status in the community, his religious viewpoint. Tears are the biggest indicators of being in love as well as being the biggest capital and wealth of the lover. Tears are drops of water pouring from the heart of the lover; they inspirit his garden of beauty. Tears, the indicators of greatness and strength of love, turn into rains from drops then into floods and make up rivers, seas and oceans. Tears, reflecting regret and leading to purification from sins, provides the lover with relief and spiritual peace. Sometimes, tears are reproached as they reveal the secrets of lover whereas sometimes the lover pours them out of happiness. This study, discussing tears in XVI. century’s poet Bâkî’s poems, comprises of introduction and four other parts. The emphasis has been put on what “tears” mean in our literature in poetic language and some poets’ opinions about tears in introduction part. In the first part couplets about tears and crying in Bâkî’s poems have been determined and it has been seen that tears, related to many concepts with the use of simile and metaphor, aren’t only salty drops of water coming down eyes but also indicators expressing deep meanings and connotations. The messages tears give in Bâkî’s poems have been discussed in terms of psychology in the second part; in social terms in the third part; in religious terms in the fourth part. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15799 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15799 Fatih ÖZKAFA Throughout the history, there has been various ways for the expression of love and respect in every society and belief system. The beloved has sometimes been a human being, sometimes a supra human being and sometimes a prophet. People preferred to express their love via literary works like poems, legend etc. and sometimes they made use of branches of art like painting, sculpture, calligraphy or music to express their love. In Turkish-Islamic culture, the love for Prophet was reflected in naat (poems written to praise Prophet Muhammad) as a form of literature, and in hilyah (a genre in Islamic literary that tells physical characteristics and beauty of Prophet Muhammad) which is a kind of Islamic calligraphy arts. Hafız Osman (1642-1698) is known to arrange hilyah al-sharif composition fort he first time. Therefore it appears that hilyah al-sharif plate including qualifications of Prophet Muhammed adopted in all Islamic world and being practiced for centuries was arranged in Istanbul fort he first time. Today almost all Turkish and Muslim calligraphers are said to write hilyah al-sharif with different compositions. Moreover since there is a belief that hilyah al-sharif protects homes from fire, earthquake, robbery etc. so such plates were in demand among the folk. Artists used these branches of art as means to exert their loves and produced perdurable and aesthetic works of art. Thus, the history of culture got colorful and 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15659 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15659 Ali ÖZKAN Human rights are the basic rights of people which have been born from the first days of humanity. According to Jean Jacques Rousseua, getting read of freedom means getting read of all values of humanbeings. It is almost imposible to think this kind of giving up of human rights and freedom. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Euroean Convention on Human Rights both generally comprises rights and freedom, prohibition of torture, slavery, forced labor, freedom, the right to a fair tail, legal penalties, private and family life, freedom of opinion, speech, religio and conscrence. In this essay, Enver Hoxha was subjected to value himself and his period on ten different areas of human rights and freedom. Compering the human rights and freedom of Enver Hoxha’s to the other Balkan and Eastern European States, it is seen that there is a little e diference at that time. Enver Hoxha rescued his country from the invaderes country and ruled it forty years without any gap. What makes different is that Enver Hoca never accepts human rights and freedom although he was the most educated and enlightened man among the dictatorships in the world at that time. The main reason of this is that Enver Hoca wants to limit the human rights and freedom or to control all these rights. Additionally, it is well known that Markist Leninist İdeology and Stalinist Opinion is a kind of structure in which you can not find freedom and human rights. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15671 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15671 Ferudun Hakan ÖZKAN This study is composed of one of 17th century Ottoman scholars, Bostanzade Yahyâ Efendi’s life, works, personality, and the examination of his work, Gül-i Sad-Berg. Yahyâ Ephendi belongs to the “ulema” dynasty “Bostanzâdeler” that progregressed to the sheikhulislam position at he the top of the hierarchy of “ilmiye” in the 16th.century, starting with Bostan Moustafa Ephendi and Mahmad Ephendi. After Yahya Ephendi, this family referred to as “Yahyâzâdeler”. Yahya Ephendi, a memeber of this family, Yahyâ Efendi, a member of the family, designated to chief military judge position which is the prior position of sheikhulislam. Bostanzâde Yahyâ is an intelluctual person, sensitive to Ottoman era and environment. His sensitivity was identified in his different works as followings; - Mir’atü’l-Ahlâk, written to put on emphasis the necessity of statesmen’s being moral - Tuhfetü’l-Ahbâb, related to Islamic states and their rulers in the stage of history up to his time - Fî Beyâni Vak’a-i Sultan Osman, written about an important historical event, Sultan Osman II ‘s being deposed and killed, witnessing in the first degree and in the light of objective determination and evaluation Gül-i Sad-Berg is a prose which is related to Hz. Muhammed’s a hundred miracles, has the characteristics of the Ottoman aesthetic prose and put forth the literary side of the writer. In his work “Gül-i Sad Berg”, Yahyâ Ephendi has narreted a hundred of Hz. Mohammed’s miracles that he compiled from various tradition and siyer books with their narrative sources. In this narration, he used all forms of rhyme which is the most important element of Ottoman aesthetic prose. He used the rhetorics as beraat-i istihlâl, simile and metaphor so frequent. He abided by the tradition with using poems in the proses which is another important feature of Ottoman prose, wtih this poems he had used he summarized or supported the thing that he narrated in the porse parts. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15682 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15682 Zeynep Gülçin ÖZKİŞİ Expectations and attitudes related to gender roles are important factors in accessing education, career choices and careers of women and men. Throughout the music history literature, musical creativity has been always accounted to male artists, whereas women are mostly accepted as prominent and talented music performers. The scarcity of women composers in musical canon is caused by several social, cultural and economic factors. The myth of female incapacity for musical creativity, which was rather a strong prejudice until the mid of 20th century and women’s limited access to musical education in the area of composition were among these factors. Although to a lesser extent, gender and gender-based inequality in educational and professional guidance, continues today, as well. Women’s access to composition education and, affects of gender and gender roles to choice of career in the case of composition; profiles of students in the context of gender in general music and composition schools which offer undergraduate composition programmes on Europian academic music are analysed. The lists of students who graduated from these institutions since their foundations are examined on the basis of gender and the numbers of graduate girls/boys are obtained and comprised. The gender profile of age to start composition education in the institutions of undergraduate composition education and academicians who born in 1960-1977 and received an undergraduate education of composition are observed. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15547 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15547 Şevket ÖZNUR,Ejdan SADRAZAM It is the intention of this research to briefly analyze the reflection of social formation which created in Cyprus mediaeval narrations. To apprehend this, it may be appeal to scrutinize how shaped heroic characters and social memory in Cyprus as a whole. One of the main results of this research is to expose an obvious analogy between European and local ones. When Francs came to Cyprus, the Troboudour poems lived in a brightly period and were affected by the idea of lover who was never married. Family structure became solid during the evolution of medieval society and the role virginity of women constituted by socially. The authentic values of the Troboudour poems more or less transferred directly to Cyprus narrations. For examples, whilst Hardjannes is a vicious and mutinous character in the song of Hardjannes, Maroudhia is a typical noblewoman who resists against all kind of enticements in the song of Maroudhia. All songs that transferred directly to Cyprus people narrations and could be connected with European origin came from palace, but the names of heroic characters changed from origin to Greek ones. The changing was not only their forms but also their contexts and massages. This created so many variants that took place at different locality and times. For example, the virgin who seduced by Hardjannes is the same person who could not seduce by anyone in the song of Maroudhia. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15740 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15740 Özge ÖZTEKİN Within the context of multiple aesthetics, the attempt of the art to attain the deep/unchanging truth and the holistic/universal aims at searching for the invisible “core” of the object, in other words, the origin of existence. In The reflections of this quest pursued with introspection on the artwork, one might find a set of symbols which may go unnoticed at first sight. For instance, the lines of visual centred texts which bring together the verse and the picture are placed in a way to form a figure/pattern. This special form is also called as “visual poetry”, “concrete poetry”, “pattern poetry” and “figurative poetry”. The Divan poetry, which constitutes an important branch of the Turkish poetry tradition contains examples of the visual poetry. They takes name according to their forms. For example müşeccer/teşcîr, mücessem, müdevver, murabba. Classical codes of the poetic structure have been altered and visual experiments on formal level have been conducted. With plays on letters, words and form, extraordinary examples pushing the limits of Divan poetry have been given. Meticulous interpretations will demonstrate that visual poetry of the old literature -as the old literature itself- is open to multiple readings because academic analysis of old Turkish literature, along with the usual text annotation practices, allow for a language-use oriented stylistic evaluation of poetry and evaluations based on the ontological point-of-view within the context of poetry-philosophy-existence. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15439 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15439 Mehmet PEKTAŞ Tezkire tradition has started in the 15th century and has proceeded till 20th century. As an indispensable resource for biographies of poets, tezkire has been seen in the field of Anatolia since 16th century. Tezkiretü’ş-şu’arâ ve Tabsıratü’n-nuzamâ was written by Latîfî and followed Sehî Bey’s Heşt Bihişt as the second tezkire of Anatolia. Tezkiretü’ş-şu’arâ ve Tabsıratü’n-nuzamâ, was presented to Suleiman the Magnificent, after it was completed in 1546. Tezkire, comprises some biographical information, some anecdotes and samples of poems which belong to 334 poets living in the Ottoman Empire from the period of Murat the Second to 1546. Latîfî, differs from his contemporaries in terms of his objective and incisive assessments about poems. In his tezkire, regardless of position and the status of the poets, they were given the deserved value and some of them even were criticized also. It has been realized in the course of time that Latîfî wasn’t mistaken in his detections. In his literary work Tezkiretü’ş-şu’arâ ve Tabsıratü’n-nuzamâ, Latîfî put a new face on Turkish works by ordering the poets alphabetically instead of ordering them chronologically different from Molla Câmî’s Bahâristan, Ali Şîr Nevâyî’s Mecâlisü’n-nefâ’is and Sehî Bey’s Heşt Bihişt, which were written before his own age. In this article Latîfî’s Tezkire was analyzed in terms of literary arts. The skills, accepted as art by Latîfî, were emphasized. Following the assessments of Latîfî and his samples of poems, literary arts were examined in terms of whether they mach up or not with the common definitions. Inferences were made upon the art consideration of the Divan poetry via looking through Latîfî’s point of view. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15723 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15723 Adem POLAT This article is a consideration of matter-soul conflict which has a close relationship with the thought dimension established upon historical, sociological and cultural ground in the novel of Yalnızız of Peyami Safa, who has a crucial place in the Turkish Novel in the Republic period. The conflict in question and the paradoxes ingrained in society, emerges besides moral corruption. More importantly, Yalnızız is a novel which has the motivation to produce remedial solutions within a plan like Simeranya. In this respect, an utopian fiction, Simeranya phenomenon’s effect on the character Samim, displays the intellectual ground upon which matter-soul conflict built. These grounds do not only include the ideal of the world the artist yearns for, but also they disclose the factual values that will be conveyed as a message through the confrontation of matter-soul in the center of the novel. In consequence, even though it is beyond reality like Simeranya, in Yalnızız novel, the crucial parameters for Turkish thought are considered on the agenda by Peyami Safa, as a solution suggestion to the enduringly growing phenomena and which are carried towards today since our Westernization history. In other words, Simeranya is a sheltering territory from the anxiety that are felt due the social and actual realm. If it must be told in the words of the KORA thematic system, Simeranya, is the place which gathers dialectical affirmation of the conflicting values in the phenomenal realm of the ideal values. This work aims to scrutinize the intellectual grounds that are describable through the theme of matter-soul confrontation in question. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15626 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15626 Gökhan REYHANOĞULLARI Orhan Duru (1933-2009) takes place in the story generation which emerged in the 1950s. This generation is changed the usual course of the story with a new view that they had brought to the story. This generation, which is very much benefit from Sait Faik, aims to deal with the i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15709 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15709 Muhammed Eyyüp SALLABAŞ Language, a tool for maintaining transmission of feelings, thoughts and desires, has two dimensions, such as understanding and telling. Talking, which is oral transmission of information, opinions and impressions of the mankind over his life to the opposing person, is within the telling dimension of the language and composing the basic tool of self-expressing. Oral expression has an important position in language training both for society and as a skill. Speaking skill is least studied language skill and it is of great importance in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. The aim of this study is to determine anxieties of learners of Turkish as a foreign language and to assess them in terms of various variables. The study was carried out with survey model. The study group is composed of 68 students attending C level (High Turkish) courses at Taksim branch of Ankara University Center for Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language. Data for the study was collected via Speaking Anxiety Scale, which was developed by Özdemir and Personal Information Form. Data collected in line with the aims of the study was analyzed with analysis techniques suitable for the characteristics of the data using SPSS - 16.0 program. Findings were presented in tables and interpreted. T-test was administrated to find out if data show significant difference in terms of two variables and one way variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to test if data show significant difference in terms of more than two variables. In this study, it was determined that anxiety levels of learners who think that Turkish is not a difficult language were significant lower than those of learners who think that it is a difficult language and that there was not a significant difference in terms of other variables. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15729 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15729 Mustafa SARICA In this study, the semantic features of sayru and sökel words which do not exist in standard Turkish but be used in Turkish historical manuscripts have been examined. These two words used generally as synonym in historical texts show different features in terms of semantic in Turkey Turkish dialects. The origins of these semantic differences in historical texts should be researched. In this study, firstly, the recorded meanings of the words in the historical texts are emphasized; then, the semantic features of the words contextually differing in the historical texts are discussed. In order to determine the semantic features of words correctly, all the points where the words existed and the context are taken into consideration and semantic differences in use of the words are identified. Finally, the words’ meanings used in Turkey Turkish dialects are determined and these are compared with the meaning found in the historical texts. Sayru word recorded with the meaning of “sick” in historical texts and dictionaries continues its existence without any change in Turkey Turkish dialects. However, the word sökel shows different features in terms of semantic in Turkey Turkish dialects. Some meanings of the words existent in Turkey Turkish dialects have been found in Turkish historical texts, too. Semantics studies on historical texts can help to see how the words used as synonym progress semantically. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15750 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15750 Bahir SELÇUK Ceres which is originally an Arabic word is used as bell, rattle in Turkish; as derâ in Persian. Having a long past, bell and rattle had different areas of use in ancient life system. Ceres became a tool providing the communication between caravan and the person in front of the caravan; performed the functions of preparation, setoff, holding the group together especially during the times when the caravan trade was widespread. Besides to follow fowlers, they were worn rattles to their feet. Indicators of bell and rattle attracted authors mostly with areas of use mentioned above in classical poetry which includes elements about daily life because of various reasons. While the word ceres was used to express church bell time to time in poetry, mostly camel bell which became the symbol of caravan trade was meant. Thanks to various features such as being hollow, being in the upside-down position, being so delicate, being involuntary, sounding all the time, being heard far away, being put grass in it to block its sound and with its shape ceres provided the inspiration for authors. Besides theme of passage and travel stands out in couplets about ceres. Expressing different situations inside them, in these travels lamentation which was caused because of troubles during the passage was expressed with the indicator of ceres. Authors managed to make rich and colourful images from the point of these features. In this work the couplets in which the word ceres (rattle, bell etc.) takes place have been detected by searching 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15770 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15770 Hakan SEVİNDİK In this article, we will investigate into various aspects of the Yümnî’s Divan which have not been mentioned in the biographical sources. This study consists of two sections. In the first part, short biographies of the poets who use Yümnî as pseudonym has been discussed. We have made some observations on Yümnî’s Divan and other sources to identify the Yümnîs who may be to the author of this short Divan which consists of 5 qasides and 165 ghazels. As a result of our observations we indicated that Yümnî was a 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15669 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15669 Gamze SOMUNCUOĞLU ÖZOT Postmodern novel, frequently used intertextuality and the metafictional techniques and in contrast to modern novels, focusing on discourse not the subject and benefiting from the history by giving historical facts with fiction interleaved, manages to attract attention with unusual fiction. In postmodern novel, the narrator, time and space structures shows interesting differences according to the modern novel and reflective novel. While the narrator of the postmodern novel confuses reader with multiple narrator technique, he leaves the reader alone within the unfamiliar realm with the change of the structure of “hyper space” and the structure of different time zones given a combination. In postmodern novels the narrator takes a very active role. As he may be an important member of figurative staff, it is possible that he may intervene to the software phase of fiction. He often declares his ideas and he almost leads the novel. The narrator of the postmodern novel leads the reader follow him with this aspect, make the reader curious and sometimes smile the reader. In postmodern novels it is observed that the use of linear chronological time is often tried to be broken. Time is trivialized in postmodern novels in which the present and transferring at the time come to fore compared to modern and classical styles of novel. Units of time that is objective time- day, month, year are either complicated or used by lowering the top or given obscurely. However, in postmodern novels, the syntax of the text may be made in parallel with the history of fiction time. In more concrete terms, the process of writing the text can be the main subject of the novel that somebody reads. Hence the concept of the present bring to the fore. In novel, time of the novel case, narrator time and reading time combines the present. In postmodern novels space is obscured possibly. In a postmodern novel it is impossible to identify depiction of space in details. Usually general features belonging to space are given to reader and it is -expected from the reader to create rest of it in the mind. The space so-called “hyper space” by postmodernists is variable in postmodern novels; it can not demonstrate a clear stance. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15736 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15736 Fatih SONA The Ottoman Empire started to regress in the 18th century. The Ottoman Empire felt behind the western states in this century. However we cannot say the same thing for culture and literary life. The evolution of literature wasn’t change in this century. The influence of Iran on literary life decreased. A notable example of poets in this century was Ismail Hikmeti. He lived in Edirne and became successor of Ahmed Saki who died in 1741. He wrote his great work Divan and named Tuhfe-i Na-dide. The poet was influenced Ibrahim Sahidi’s Tuhfe. It was given meaning of various Persian word in this Divan. We know there are four copies of İsmail Hikmeti’s Divan. One of these copies is Princeton University Library in USA, one of these copies Yapı Kredi Sermet Cifter Researching Library, one of these copies is in Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Ataturk Library Osman Ergin Manuscripts Department and one of these copies is in Suleymaniye Library, Lodge of Ussaki. There are 645 poems in the book consisting of dibace, 131 kaside, 430 gazel, 38 murabba, 11 muhammes, 10 museddes, 6 musemmen, 2 muasser, 3 kıta, 3 mathnawis, 11 mufred. Religion and sufism cover significant part in his Divan. The term words and explanations of sufism are used in his Divan. The poet occasionally wrote human love in his poetries. He passed away in 1773 in Edirne. In this article, we aim to analyze his literary pieces and introduce him to literary world. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15800 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15800 İbrahim SONA Classical Turkish Literature has numerous works in every area during six centuries. In Classical Literature, the translations of these areas were made especially from Persian and Arabic in every period. Among these translations Tuti-nameh was created in Sanskrit under the title of seventy stories of a parrot (Shukasaptati). It was firstly translated from Sanskrit to Persian, and then from Persian to other languages. The first one of Persian translations was translated under the title of Cevâhirü'l-Esmâr by Imad bin Muhammad in 1314. Nahşebî rewrited Imad bin Muhammad's translation with the title of Tuti-nameh in 52 chapters in 1329. Nahşebi's Tuti-nameh was simplified by Ebu'l-Fazl Mübarek with the think of language ageing by the order of Indo-Turkish ruler Akbar in 16th century. Muhammad Kadiri re-established this work as thirty-five episodes in 17th century. The last translation, Çihil Tuti-i Âmiyâne has very little information about it. There are two translations of Turkish Tuti-nameh. The first Turkish Tuti-nameh was precisely prepared by the Eyyûbî by the orders of Sultan Suleiman in 1538. This first translation was made from Imad bin Muhammad's Cevâhirü'l-Esmâr. The second Turkish translation of Tuti-nameh written in 17th century is a source of Tuti-nameh which was printed in Egypt and Istanbul printing houses. Tuti-nameh is an original and qualified text in terms of the hero 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15697 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15697 Mehmet SOYTÜRK As industrialized European nations demanded labor from Turkey, a new era dawned. After the Second World War grow the European economy very rapidly. For this reason grow also the demand on workers. The European countries turned to countries as Turkey, to satisfy this demand on workers. Not having encountered such an experience previously, Turkey was caught off guard for this new emergence. Until recent years, it was rather indifferent towards the labor force sent to many countries of the world. The labor migration from Turkey focused primarily on Germany. For the first time The Labor Force Demand Agreement was signed with Germany. This Labor Force Demand Agreement has been an example for the other countries. Like other countries that signed Labor Force Demand Agreements with Turkey, Austria had gained significant momentum in its economy. Neither Turkey, as the sender of labor, nor Austria as the recipient could anticipate the political and social ramifications of labor force migration in those times.After signing the Labor Force Demand Agreements between Turkey and Austria, officially the labor migration began from Turkey to Austria. The first intention of the agreement was to decrease the needed amount of workers. For this reasons there have been no studies about the impact of social and political sides of the worker migration. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15730 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15730 Ömer SUBAŞI Towards the end of the VII. century, the Muslim-Arabian armies changed their paths to the South after achieving success over regional forces and they reached Artvin and its surroundings. Towards the end of the same century, during the Arabian-Byzantine struggle, which has gathered pace in the region, the Coruh Valley was agreed to be the border between these two powers. As from the beginning of the VIII. century, The Khazar forces, coming from the East, joined to the struggles that had been continuing with all its severity and as a result weakened the Arabian domination in the region by helping the Byzantines. In the years 771-772, after the Armenian riot in Eastern Anatolia was suppressed violently by the Arabians, the Bagratlı family left the Taron region and settled in the Coruh River banks and the Klarceti Region by withdrawing to the North. This compulsory migration of Bagrats started a new era in the region. The Bagrats, gaining their old power in the Iberian region changed the fate of the Byzantine-Arabian struggle and they began struggling with the Byzantine power as the dominant force in the Iberia Region with the Arabians’ gradual withdraw from the region. In the last quarter of the X. century, these two region was annexed to the Byzantines as a result of the military expeditions of II. Basileios, to Armenia and Iberia. However, in the second quarter of the XI. century, the Seljuk forces that came into Anatolia flourished to the inner regions rapidly and arrived Coruh Valley and Artvin by going North. This study covers the diplomatic and military activities and events occured in Artvin and its surroundings from VII. century Arabian invasion to XI. century Seljuk dominance. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15641 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15641 Fatma SUSAR KIRMIZI As education level increase, the expectations related to reading habit also increase. Especially when teacher candidates reach the university level, they are expected to analyze what they read, evaluate and create new ways of thinking. Teacher candidates can also be seen as an important group whose reading habit should be developed. Consequently, measurement tools are needed to measure teacher candidates’ attitudes towards reading habit. The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable scale that can measure teacher candidates’ attitudes towards reading habit. Experimental process was employed in the study since convenient sampling was used in the scale development process in which 3rd year students (n=784) at the Education Faculty of Pamukkale University in 2011-2012 academic year were involved. In the development of the data gathering tool, the aim and the problem of the study was firstly identified, an item pool was created, the items developed were evaluated by experts in terms of content validity, a piloting of the items was conducted on the sample, and the scale was formed after reliability and construct validity analysis. The data gathered were also analyzed using rotated factor analysis and TCARHS (Teacher Candidates’ Attitudes towards Reading Habit Scale) containing 34 items was developed. The scale included three sub-dimensions. The factor coefficients of the items ranged from .80 to .54. Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient was calculated as .95. As a result of the analysis, the scale was found to be a reliable measurement tool. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15733 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15733 Namık Kemal ŞAHBAZ,Yunus Emre ÇEKİCİ Disiplinler arasılık, günümüz sosyal bilimleri için bir gerekliliktir. Çoğu kez, herhangi bir soruna bir tek disiplinin çerçevesinden bakmak yetersiz olabilir. Disiplinler arası araştırmalar, bilgiye farklı bakış açıları sunar. Bu çalışmada görece yeni bir bilimsel disiplin olan Türkçe eğitiminin disiplinler arası niteliği gerek kuramsal gerek de uygulama boyutuyla betimlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle Türkçe eğitiminin araştırma alanları (Okuma eğitimi, konuşma eğitimi, yazma eğitimi, dinleme eğitimi, dil bilgisi öğretimi, ilk okuma ve yazma öğretimi, çocuk edebiyatı, Türkçe öğretmeni yetiştirme, Türkçe eğitimi tarihi) açıklanmış, daha sonra Türkçe eğitiminin disiplinler arası araştırmalara neden gereksinim duyduğu tartışılmıştır. Çalışmada, araştırılması amaçlanan olgu ve olgular hakkında bilgi içeren yazılı materyallerin analizini kapsayan doküman inceleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Türkçe eğitimi ile eğitim bilimleri, dilbilim, yazınbilim, sosyoloji, psikoloji, tarih ve tıp disiplinleri arasındaki disiplinler arası ilişkiler irdelenmiştir. Bilimsel bir disiplin olarak ele alınmasa da kişisel gelişim konularıyla (ikna, etkili iletişim, yapay zekâ, duygusal zekâ, NLP) Türkçe eğitimi arasındaki etkileşim, bu çalışmada açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkçe eğitimi alanında yapılacak yeni araştırmalara farklı bir boyut ve bir bakış açısı kazandıracak olması nedeniyle önemlidir. Araştırmanın sonuçları itibariyle hâlihazırda Türkçe eğitimine yönelik disiplinler arası çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Ancak okuma eğitimi, konuşma eğitimi, yazma eğitimi, dinleme eğitimi, dil bilgisi öğretimi, ilkokuma ve yazma öğretimi, çocuk edebiyatı, Türkçe öğretmeni yetiştirme ve Türkçe eğitiminin tarihsel gelişimi bağlamında yukarıda söz edilen disiplinlerle doğrudan ilişkili araştırmaların yapılabilmesi Türkçenin bir bilim dili olarak kendini ispatlamasına aracı olacaktır. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15788 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15788 Esma ŞAHİN “Pâleheng” means halter, lasso or bridle that is used for tying up a prey or a guilty person and at the same time is the name of the symbolic stone that is carried by Kalandari and Bektashi dervishes on their waist. For the one who carries it, this stone symbolizes the overcoming the desires of his nafs, dismissing all the worldly beauties that would distract the person, and abiding with the principles such as less food, less sleep and less talk. Carrying of paleheng by dervishes resembles the event that the Holy Prophet placing stones under his belt as a sign of contentedness. It is also related to Prophet Musa referring to the expression “Paleheng-i Mûsavi” that is found in the Travelogue of Evliya Celebi. Paleheng is usually made of Balim stone and has twelve corners each of which refers to one of the Twelve Imams. It is attached over the belt slightly on the left side. Poets likened the paleheng widely to the sun and the moon. The word “paleheng” in poetry usually refers to the dervish paleheng, however, it is also used as the bridle, halter, and etc. In this paper, the way that “paleheng” is generally treated in the verses selected from various poets, the meanings that it is attributed to and the things that it is likened are investigated. In addition, an attempt is made to explain Baki’s ghazel that is written for a person carrying “paleheng” and is full of depictions and similes. At the end of the paper, a brief consideration is made about the ways of handling the concept of paleheng by Baki and other poets and their use of similes. It is observed that paleheng expression has become popular among the poets of 17th and later centuries rather than the early and classical era except a few poets such as Sehî Beğ, Figânî ve Bâkî. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15738 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15738 Mehmet Emin ŞEN The period between 847 and 945 is accepted as the golden era of Medieval Islamic Civilization. We can state the reasons of this rise in civilization witnessed in Islamic world that the war affairs in Islamic realms gave place to intellectual activity period, and that the scientific works were translated into Arabic, and that Beytu’l Hikme, which was the centre of research formed from observatories where astronomical observations were carried out and from offices called “House of Wisdom”, where scientific research was done and books from various languages were translated, and caliphs of Abbasids dynasty displayed great interest to science and scholars. As Ibn Khaldun pointed out and emphasized with great importance, it is known that the leap and move that came into existence in the field of science and philosophy in Medieval Islamic realms was on a large scale the consequence of Eastern Islamic realms. When Eastern Islamic realms were mentioned, instantly, Khorassan, Transoxiana regions and towns such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent and Fergana representing the science centres in this region come to mind. In order that we can establish the Turks’ scientific status and their contributions to civilization, it is primarily necessary that we determine scientific status of Turks, and that we know the regions of Basra and Transoxiana which are the science centres in medieval age. For this reason, we will try to elucidate the geographical positions briefly, their relations with Turks, the scientific and civil state of these cultural areas. In the middle of VIII century, Islamic Civilization, which was flourishing, spread from here. If one of these is Basra the other is Transoxiana. I wonder who lived in these regions. Who were the first scientific movements realized by? In order that we can demonstrate Turks’ contributions to civilization, these questions should be enlightened. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15717 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15717 Ahmet TARCAN The study is aimed the comparison of tag question by quantity, quality and function. In this context the opinions about the subject of Robin Lakoff and Janet Holmes who are pioneers of gender studies are compared. And the opinions that the tag question is a characteristics of women language/women subculture or a echo of powerless in socio-economics situation are discussed. The situation of Lakoff who is called women language and other writers who called the same language as powerless language are studied. In the application dimension of this study the use and functions of tag questions in children of 4-6 years old are evaluated. Thus two groups, girls and boys, are compared if there were any gender differences in use of tag questions. In addition, what kind of tag questions are preferred by girls and boys is studied. Within this context, the gender differences are observed in use of modal, softening and facilitative tags. In general, girls use more tag questions than boys, but boys use modal tags more frequently than girls. The study showed also that the girls use the facilitative tags more frequently than boys. The contexts in which the children use more frequently tag questions are studied and discussed if there is any relation between the use of tag question and the conflict context. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15692 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15692 Gülşah TAŞKIN We have little information about the life and works of the sixteenth century Persian poet Mahfî-i Gilanî. He was from Gilan and composed poetry under the patronage of Muzaffer Khan, the ruler of Gilan, with whom he also participated in campaigns. After Muzaffer Khan died, he escaped from Safavid’s cruelty and came to Istanbul where he entered Süleiman the Magnificent’s service. While he was living in Istanbul he wrote an Arz-ı Hal in which he narrated his life in Istanbul and complained about unfair manners of certain statemen. He also wrote a translation booklet about medicine titled Tercüme-i Bih-i Çinî. Bih-i Çinî had previously been translated into Turkish by Musluhiddin Sürurî who was a well known poet and commentator of Masnavi. This booklet was later translated from its original into Persian by Mahfî and presented to Muzaffer Khan. The same booklet in which bih-i çinî’s features are explained in detail was also translated in Turkish and presented to Süleiman the Magnificent. This article has two parts. The first part is about the life and works of Mahfî-i Gilanî. An analysis of Tercüme-i Bih-i Çinî will be given in the second part of the article. For the purpose of stimulating further research the full text of Bih-i Çinî with transcription is given at the end of the article. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15779 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15779 Feyza TOKAT,Ceyhun Vedat UYGUR When the researches to date on manuscripts are investigated, it can be seen that research on manuscripts often focused on religious and literary texts. However, the text and vocabulary of manuscripts written on subjects such as medical, pharmaceutics, botanic, mathemathics, philosophy, astronomy has to be exhibited. Medical manuscripts are regarded as research subject of folklore as they contain folklore medicine and regarded as research subject of medical history as they are written on the basis of old medical concepts and comprise general health information. On the other hand, each medical manuscript is a rich source for Turkish language researchers with regard to food names, plant names, the names of the organs, disease names, mineral names and names of various substances used for treatment. In this study, a presentation of “Tuhfetü’l-Erîbi’n- Nâfia li’r-Rûhânî ve’t-Tabîb” which is a medical book having been written in XVII. century by Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, a historiographer of Sultan IV. Mehmet period, is attempted and also the manuscript’s importance in terms of Turkish language and medical history is tried to put forward. There are nine known copies of the Tuhfetü’l-Erîbi’n- Nâfia li’r-Rûhânî ve’t-Tabîb”. In this study, the copy registered at Bosnia-Herzegove Gazi Husrev Library R.986 is considered. Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi’s manuscript “Tuhfetü’l-Erîbi’n- Nâfia li’r-Rûhânî ve’t-Tabîb” is not only valuable for medical history and folklore. This medical manuscript is also an important manuscript for Turkish language history with regard to the included plant names, organ names, ore names, and pet names. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15746 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15746 İbrahim TOSUN The Turkmen dialects in the district of Tunceli which are placed in the Eastern Group according to Karahan classification include the dialects of the oldest settlements in the region such as Pertek, Hozat, Çemişgezek and Mazgirt and also some of their villages. The Turkish groups which settled down along the borders through Keban Dam in the south and southwest of Tunceli use this dialect. While the Turkmen dialects in the district of Tunceli overlap Elazığ/Harput completely, they have a partial connection with that of Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia in terms of the dialect characteristics. Moreover, most of the characteristics of these dialects determined below have lots of in common with the dialects of Eastern Group and some of these are specific to that region and characterized. While the Turkmen dialects in the region were being examined approximately forty characteristics were defined and these characteristics were supported by the examples collected from these dialects. Although the Turkmen dialects in the district of Tunceli have a unity in terms of these forty characteristics some minor, regional and phonetic differences indicate that this Turkmen dialect has three different dialect sub-groups in itself. When the general characteristics of the dialects in the region are considered together it is observed that mostly the language characteristics of Avşar from Turkish branches are dominant in the region and then that of Salur scarcely. It must also be said that since the settlement of the Oghuz in these territories, through forced migrations and relocations due to various reasons, tribes have intermingled so much that in most cases it is impossible to determine which Oghuz tribe is concentrated in which area. The same difficulty also applies to determining the dialect characteristics of some areas according to tribes. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15583 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15583 Salih UÇAK Mevlana, as a person of the heart and the guide of the love, is one of the most important mystics of all the ages. He is an intellectual who has been become universal while passing from the world of ego to the world of unity. His transcandental language that integrated with love, is a deep and rich meaning world. Mevlana who used all the colours of both behavioral language and verbal language simultaneously and also skilfully, created an insatiable feeling and thinking field for the man of meaning. Mevlana who realised multiplicity and opened wings towards the unity, used the metaphors and symbols of the language for the exploration and the disclosure of God’s mystery. No doubt that Mevlana is a master of implication and signal. There are some meanings that can be infered from each expression he revealed or concealed. He says that it is essential to express things that cannot be told by using statements, without letters and words and he invites us to explore and understand God with the codes of a language master. In this study we have intended to emphasize the methafor of ‘heart’ that Mevlana used as a symbol in his rubais(stanzas).We have analyzed over a thousand rubai about this study. In this examination we have dealt with ‘heart states’ ,used in his rubais, under some subtitles such as heart as poetic space, guest of heart, the dilemma of heart(love)-mind, and similes of heart. Like each sufi Mevlana prefer to use heart, as a rich image and metaphor. According to Mevlana, heart that hasn’t got a border, is the perpetual home for the Absolute Beauty(Allah) that cannot be fitted anywhere and this can be read in the sacred hadith(hadis).’Heart’ as a 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15743 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15743 Erdem UÇAR A lot of research has been done and monographies have been written regarding Qutadgu Bilig, however, only few of these were about its text and manuscripts. Because Reşit Rahmeti Arat (1900-1964) spent half of his life on this work and published a perfect translation and due to his scholarly authority, Turcologists handled the textual problems of QB tentatively. It was Robert Dankoff who studied Reşit Rahmeti Arat’s publication and did remarkable and direct comments on it. Dankoff thinks that Arat’s biggest mistake was to esteem three manuscripts equally and acting with arbitrary attitude without a principle while introducing the main text. Dankoff took Arat’s evaluations into cosideration and prepared the organization schemas of the manuscripts and suggested that the manuscripts went through a six step process. According to this schema, the lost X manuscript, the source of Cairo and Vienna manuscripts, is based upon the Archtype, which was formed in the third phase. Cairo and Vienna manuscripts do not directly come from the same root. Vienna manuscript does not come from the root which Cairo manuscript is based upon (X manuscript). It is based upon a Y manuscript, which is missing and comes from the source that Cairo manuscript is based upon. Considering the fact that Vienna manuscript was written in 1439, Cairo manuscript was written before 1367 and Fergana manuscript was probably written in XIII. Century, we can clearly say that these three manuscripts were not written by Yūsuf Ḫāṣ Ḥācib or under his supervision. Therefore, research on Qutadgu Bilig text manuscripts should have started with the detailed edition of all manuscripts. After detecting the features of each manuscript, researchers should start forming the ‘main text’ about ‘the text which was written by the author himself’. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15668 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15668 Serdar UĞURLU Researchers must be considered carefully over the role of cultural factors as performing a study concerned with Turkish culture and historical development of Turkish culture. Because the traditional cultural elements regardless of whatever assets are able to maintain. Despite Turks had put into many religions and belief systems in the history process, cultural elements as gains of this ancient tradition were able to arrive until today. So today for all the cultural values which we have, we need to look at in this context. The concept of the tradition is just one of them. The Relations of concept of the tradition that established with the Turkish culture, had been tried to explaine with a phenomenological approach in our article. In the new culture, reflects of tradition as an acquisition of the old traditions had been evaluated by this perspective. In this study, the relationship between the old culture and new culture, described a variety of cultural symbols. Ecstatic with the secret expiration concepts, the concepts proposed in terms of this symbol. However, only not held due to the types of cultural concepts and symbols. With movement the old culture, focused on the many cultural elements that continues to experience around the new culture. The phenomenon is considered to be the concepts of this kind, was evaluated based on their roles in historical process. Purpose here is to understanding of the historical connection between the old culture and new culture. Thus, despite the destructiveness of the new culture is seen that the old culture still continue to live. The force that keeps alive the old culture is the traditional folk culture. The study focused on the power of intuition based on the traditional folk culture. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15727 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15727 Nurullah ULUTAŞ, İsmail SÜPHANDAĞI , Memet ABUKAN Crime fiction, a genre that arose in modern times, deals with the social depression of the bourgeoisie class, which grew bigger in parallel with urbanization. In this genre, the social depression experienced by the modern i 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15450 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15450 Seda UYSAL BOZASLAN Tezkires are important with regards to the people, who had been in some professional groups and worked in the important levels of Ottoman government. And Tezkires are also significant about inclusion of cronological history. They are works which gather poets or calligraphers who are from different professional group. Besides, there are also Tezkires including definite class or professional group. The subject of our work is an exceptional tezkire: Enderunlu Mehmet Akif’s Mir’at-i Şi’r. Mir’at-i Şi’r written in XVIII century is differ from standart Tezkires. Because it includes a definite group of writers. Language of this Tezkire in which biographies and poems of Enderun’s writers placed is hard and there are also long and unnecessary noun phrases. A shortened copy of this work, by being reduced its unnecessary expressions, is in National Library of Turkey and also this copy has formed the main part of our study. In the beginning of this shortened copy, it is said that whole introduction and epilogue of original work are only taken and some parts are reduced if necessary. In this study, primarily it had been given information about Enderunlu Mehmet Akif, Mir’at-i Şi’r’s chapters and poets in this work. After that, it is mentioned about Mir’at-i Şi’r’s copies and giving information about where this copies are. And shortened copy with transcription of this work, which we thought it is examined easily by researchers, was presented. Our work is finished with a conclusion part which includes an evaluation. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15741 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15741 Timur VURAL The Turks have been engaged in making history instead of writing history, from Turkish tribes in Central Asia to the last period of the Ottomans. For this reason large portion of information for military music tradition are able to obtain Eastern and Western sources. In this study it has been examined that, eleven European travelers’ notes which sheds light on Ottoman mehter (janissary band) tradition and it has been exhibited that their determinations for military music. These travelers, who had been circulating in many parts of Anatolia, were presented quite large and detailed information about the Ottoman culture. These travelers, who have received a good education, are extremely interesting in terms of exhibiting the tradition of military music, in Ottoman period. This study conducted on a tradition of military music and it has big importance the area, because of the first. As a result of this descriptive research, based on literature searching, it has been identified that, the Ottomans had survived mehter in every era; mehter had taken side of the sultan in peace and war; mehter tradition had used for various competitions, in sport games, bayram (holly festival), had announced awaking time and bed time in evenings all Ottomans. Mehter music was forbidden when the Sultan or one of the members of his family deceased or the army defeated. Mehter instruments have holly values; have been hanged on the shrines of the Ottoman Sultans for centuries. Mehter music had become an ensign of Ottoman identity. At the same time, it had become indispensable entertainment and common point of both the public and the palace. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15786 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15786 Nedim YALANSIZ Coup of 27th May 1960 was made against the Democratic Party government. Other actors of the multi-party political life in Turkey, such as Republican Peoples Party and Republican Peasants’ Nation Party were keeping its position, Democratic Party was officially banned by the new regime. After the coup, 500 members of the party, including ex-prime ministers, ministers, parliamentarians and officials were arrested. A new court named Supreme Court of Justice was established. After a year of prosecution process, Supreme Court of Justice sentenced these members ranging from life imprisonment to death penalty. The ex-president and the ministers who were sentenced to life imprisonment and death penalty were all pardoned after the heavy pressures of the Democratic Party electorates. The need for a stabilization and the political anticipations of the new parties also played an important role on this decision. Some of them was freed before because of their health problems. After gaining their freedom, these politicians struggled for their political rights and fought to get their reestablishments. Although these politicians were all freed from their penalties, they were also banned from any politicial activities, such as membership to parties and participation in elections. They also were banned from doing their previous jobs. At the end they got their rights after the reconciliation of the government and the opposition. With the negative effects of 12th March 1971 and 12th September 1980 events, this process turned into a very harsh one. Former Democratic Party members at that time initiated to form their ex-party again. By doing this they also wanted to establish the center-right policy again in Turkey. They were unsuccessful at this initiative because of the new and powerful parties of that time, most of which were founded by the ex-Democrats, and their supporters from the young generations. In this article, the struggle of the ex-Democrats will be evaluated. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15706 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15706 Havva YAMAN,Derya AKKAYA The purpose of this study is to present various classifications concerning the types of context which can be utilized in the process of teaching the words whose meanings are unknown. To this end, initially, an association has been established between semantics and textual linguistics, which are among the sub-branches of linguistics in a deductive way. It has been analysed how other researchers have classified types of context. The context in order to demonstrate the different classifications of species as a result of this investigation, although studies on binding domestic sources, types of context as a separate topic in a systematic way has been opened or has been looked over. Word for teaching, studies have strengthened the weak context deliberately noted the context of words. Accordingly, teaching us the desired word or phrase in a text, context and deliberately submitted a reinforced. Pedagogical context type, which has been come across among other classifications, has been seen as superior as it contains well-arranged clues, which are about the word whose meaning is not known, and as only the concerned sentence is limited to universe of print within the text. As a result, it is expected that the process of vocabulary teaching would reach a more conscious and planned level by the hypothetical information concerning the types of context being transferred to application zone. Main language teaching process and the process of teaching a foreign language, the word / word group contexts deliberately strengthened in advance is suggested to perform context-based activities. Turkish teaching, vocabulary teaching studies, pedagogical contexts if running the sentence level, paragraph level router if running is proposed utilization of contexts. In addition to the authors of dictionary, the main and side units per item that exemplifies the meaning of phrases in sentences, choose the suggested pedagogical context. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15677 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15677 Hüseyin YAŞAR In the poems of Sezai Karakoç, geography is an important factor. His geography comprise in general whote Middleeast and islamic geography and in special Diyarbakır, Ergani and its environment. Karakoç carries to literatural speech the cutural, historical and humanity factors in a mystical atmosphere. Because the geography, that he was born, is poor has caused to explore the atmosphere of the memories of his mother and his childhood. In this work the reflection to the poem about the geography, that poet was born and its environment will be examinated. Some of important location of this geography Diyarbakır and Tigris. Diyarbakır placed in poems with connotations. Poet who has usedcity word for Diyarbakır at first, has refered to cultural and historicalplaces of the location. So Tigris is in a position that gives life to suchcities like Diyarbakır and Baghdad. In the work it has said also Ergani as a homeland has been an important place. It is pointed out that poets hasreflected whole atmosphere of Ergani this poems. The homeland, which has been home ownership of Rose, of Karakoç, sometime broadened and became become whole Mesopotamia. This land which hasleaded many cultural and religious events and the land, which is very poortoday is thought that one of a day will resuscitated. Childhoodmemories has reinforced images about homeland. Childhood which has remained deep impressionsover the Poet, has been reflected with whole good and bad ways to his verses. In his childhood, whole his life come out in a wide way. It has been seen thatmother of poet also has reinforced sense of homeland. The silhouette andexperiences of his mother with him at home, has increased loyalty of homeland. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15694 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15694 Alptekin YAVAŞ The Anatolian Seljuk Period is one of the underregognized periods of Turkish Art of Metal. Our knowledge concerning this period is limited to some objects, such as incense and candle holders made from percious metals. In this article, belts and hunger buckles are first promoted as wares of daily use in Medieval Turkish Period. The last 30 years-long excavations in Kubad-Abad Palace located in Beyşehir district of Konya, one of the best preserved palaces of the Anatolian Seljuk Period, made available to retrieve number of different objects as antiques giving insights into the Medieval times. Kubad-Abad is located on an alluvium plain on the south-western shores of Konya-Beyşehir Lake, at the foot of the Anamas Mountain. It surrounds the Bronze Age mound. It is a large city-palace that stretches from the lake shore – even from the islands in the lake – to the Anamas Mountain and holds tens of constructions. The metal findings of the palace famous with its worldwide known tiles hold a very rich repertoire. The belts and hunger buckles as poorly known finds provide solid evidence with regards to recognition of the wares of daily use in Seljuks. The nature of belt and buckle straps pertain to the Medieval Turkish period has not been attempted in detail so far. Among these, one-side written bordure hunger buckle is a rare object in the Anatolian Seljuk Period and possibly belongs to sultan and his family circle. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15629 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15629 Hakan YEKBAŞ Surface and deep structure of the elements that form the poem bring new meaning to poetry. Determination of these elements is very important in Ottoman poem studies. In this respect, many poets of Ottoman poem resorted to create a secret language through sounds and letters. From this point of view, letters gain great many peculiarity with regard to its shape and contents and therefore we see that different kinds of literary arts reconstituted. These different experiments which have the aim of benefitting from the letters’ symbolic value or with the help of letters they try to constitute concept are characterized as the not suitable line for our topic. For this reason, these applications whose examples are rarely encountered in our literature according to the other literary arts re shown between the talents included the rhetoric. In our literature, one of the talents which bases on the letters’ types, union, way of reading is called muvaşşah and muvaşşah is the method which bases on visual things. Today, muvaşşah is expressed as the acrostic. Because of that muvaşşah is perceived as the art which finds the first letter of verse and creates the name from these letters. But examples of muvaşşah in classical Ottoman poetry benefit from not only the first letter of verse but also middle and last letter of verse. Our poets use muvaşşah to form the title, prayer, moreover while constituting verse or couplet, it can be seen that they use muvaşşah to compose a chronogram to commemorate the date. In this respect we can express that muvaşşah has different contents. In our study, with the help of different examples of muvaşşah different peculiarity of this art found place for itself. Different kinds of muvaşşah such as kasida, lyric poem, müseddes, stanza, masnavi, müstezad will show us the secret language and silent expression which is used by the poet in the poem. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15407 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15407 Ali YILDIRIM, Epicurism which has its name from Epicure’s thought system regards values as valuable when they provide man with pleasure. In other words Epicurism is a philosophical thought which is completely materialistic and pleasure based. According to Epicuros man’s soul will eternally be annihilitated with his body so we should take all pleasure during our lives which end in any way. We should not have boundaries in taking pleasure. Epicurism has also been regarded as Hedonism which emphasizes pleasure. Our cultural values were defined with western terms and concepts as a result of the Westernization Movement. Also it was observed that many literal, cultural, artistic and theological terms in western languages were used in our language. In this regard some poets such as Baki, Yahya, Nedim were regarded as Epicurians Because of their being extrovert. In this study Baki and a ghazel of his were examined from the point of Epicurism. As lon as the poetic language as a superior language is omitted with its symbolic side there will be some lacks of text understanding and solution. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15690 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15690 Kürşat YILDIRIM The History of Tabgach Turks who recorded in Chinese sources under the name of T’o-pa is little known. Tabgachs dominated on Northern China in 386 AD, governed China for nearly two centuries and finally disappeared from the stage of history by becoming Chinese people. Some scholars investigated this period of Tabgachs. However, their emergence to stage of history and their history until 386 AD are little studied. Tabgachs begun to take place in the Chinese sources in years about 160-170. They strengthened their state formation and dominated on all of their neighbors in the period of Li-wei (220-277). They established Tai State under the reign of I-lu in 314 and this state lasted until 376. Especially in the reign of Shih-i-chien (338-376), Tabgach State strengthened and extended its domination from Liao-ning in east to Ferghana in west. Largest state formation of Tabgachs is Northern Wei State that dominated all of China and later became Chinese. Our article aims to study this period lasted until 386 based on first chapter of Wei Shu that is official dynastic history of Tabgach Dynasty. Besides this, it is applied to main sources as Shih Chi, Han Shu, Hou Han Shu, San Kuo Chih, Chin Shu, T’ai P’ing Yü Lan, Ts’e Fu Yüan Kuei, T’ung Chih, Wen Hsien T’ung Kao, Tzu Chih T’ung Chien, T’ung Tien and research studies. We hope to contribute to later studies on political history, linguistics, cultural history about Tabgachs with our study in General Turkic History. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15648 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15648 Özgür YILDIZ Activities of American Protestant Missionaries in Ottoman Empire’s capital Istanbul began in 1831 with foundation of Istanbul Station as a part of the West Turkey Mission. Missionary activites accelerated with enactment of Tanzimat and Islahat Decrees. Although Abdulhamid the 2nd had tried to inhibit the missionary activities, He had to step back due to interventions of the American Embassy and American president. When Ittihat and Terakki was in the power a policy aligned with Turkism and Ottomanism has been followed, therefore new regulations were introduced on the missionary foundations and organizations in order to restrain missionary activities. The reign of Ittihat ve Terakki brought new challenges for the missionaries and missionary foundations. New payments and taxes were imposed on the missionaries and missionary institutions. Along with these developments some restrictions were introduced about the foreign schools. Implementation of an intensive Ottomanism and Turkism policy created an animosity towards the foreigners and missionaries. When such situations arise the American Embassy opted for compromise and refrained from the rupture of the relations. American missions conduct their activities via missionaries and other attendants. Prior to and during the World War I missionaries employed in Istanbul suffered from financial difficulties and the work in Istanbul were carried out by the missionaries brought by other stations. American Missionaries run their religious activities in Istanbul from Vlanga, Istanbul, Rum and Emmanuel Protestant Churches. These churches which supported by the Protestant world and live largely due to donations were in part of political and social events. In this article, missionary activities in Istanbul in the last years of Ottoman Empire attempted to be explained in the light of American Archive documents. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15651 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15651 Fatih YILMAZ Communication in foreign language teaching is gaining more importance in today’s world. Language students find that learning the vocabulary and grammatical structures of a particular language is not enough to gain proficiency in the language. The close relationship between language and culture reveals the fact that it is impossible to master a language without learning its culture. Therefore, the course books used for teaching a foreign language must improve students’ communication skills by raising their cultural awareness. In this study, culture transfer through course books is analyzed and evaluated within the context of teaching Turkish to foreigners. The Yeni Hitit Yabancılar için Türkçe series, the course books used in the Turkish Studies Department at Jagiellonian University, are evaluated according to the following cultural transfer criteria: a) subject area, (b) type of text and (c) visuality. The evaluation of the Yeni Hitit Yabancılar için Türkçe course book series from the perspective of cultural transmission has revealed that they contain elements that present Turkish culture to students with its different aspects and succeed in transmitting the Turkish culture to students for whom they are intended. Course books that promote communicative and intercultural competence should be chosen to teach Turkish as a foreign language at Polish universities. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15653 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15653 Yakup YILMAZ One kind of naming in Turkish is the style of shortened genitival construction. There are two nouns in this construction. Third personel possessive suffix is added next to second noun. Different usages has recently been observed about using pronominal /n/ and intervocalic euphonic consonant /y/ between case ending and shortened genitival construction in place names According to Turkish grammar, pronominal /n/ is added to genitival construction before pronominal suffix, equative suffix and case endings. Due to weakness of visibility of possessive suffix, people tend to use intervocalic euphonic consonant /y/ instead of pronominal /n/ unintentionally. Is it an erroneous usage or will it be a new usage and a new rule apart from diachronic language in the scope of synchronic language? Pronominal /n/ is the commonly used intervocalic euphonic consonant of case endings which are added to place names that are in genitival construction form but intervocalic euphonic consonant /y/ is used instead of pronominal /n/ in some examples. The reason of this is weakness of visibility of third person possessive suffix. This usage is either new or incorrect. Although some researchers consider intervocalic euphonic consonant /y/ and pronominal /n/ as intervocalic euphonic consonants, these two sounds have different functions. Using them interchangeably would be wrong. This usage is not appropriate considering the correct or incorrect usages of language but we cannot say it is a lingual error if it gains the ‘commonly used’ characteristics. In its current form, it is against the appropriateness criteria in grammar but it is early to say it is a correct usage considering the prevalence criteria. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15715 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15715 Mehmet Ali YOLCU Mani is not only a spesific genre of poetry in the Turkish folk poem tradition, but also is the smallest part of the national poetry forms. Mani is the most common folk poem used nearly in every geographical region where Turkish is spoken. It keeps its existence in various Turkish dialects and accents in different names. Because of that commonness, manis are one of the rare genres that formed its original performing tradition. Although mani is sing with quatrain, verse unit in the folk literature, it is indicate that a feature which is different from other forms of verse which sing with quatrain. It has not been clarified how the historical development of mani or ever how the matter was occured until today. It is also an important issue, which people doing research on mani emphasized, is the problem of “unrelated verses”. This definition is depend on the opinion which first two verses are sing in preparation for the last two verses which is given the main feelings and thoughts. However, there is no consensus about the issue of unrelated verses among researchers. The first studies on this subject, the first two verses of mani was named as “unrelated verses” and the opinion of these were disconnected the last two verses in terms of meaning was came into prominence. However, the influence of the research-based context, mani, in recent studies, is evaluated as a whole and it has been suggested that verses, called as “unrelated verses”, fufill some of the functions in fact. In this study, it is discussed that elements which provides of the semantic links between first two verses and last two verses in mani and they are classified. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15707 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15707 Sinan YÖRÜK,Şöhret SAĞBAN Organizational commitment is having the material and spiritual feeling which requires being present at school. Furthermore cultural leadership is school director’s new and effective actions which will make teachers committed to school. Organizational culture is an important factor for the organization to be successful or not. When the school administrators have cultural leadership characteristics more, the success of schools is also going to increase. In order to have more successful organizations there is a need for the leaders who are well educated, professional and who can present cultural leadership roles. The purpose of this study is examined “The effects of school administrators’ cultural leadership roles on organizational commitment level of teachers”. Furthermore, the effects of variables, such as gender, marital status, position at school, year of service, graduation, educational status and type of school institution, on participators were examined. The population and sample of the study is comprised of teachers, administrator assistants and administrators of schools in Afyonkarahisar. In the first part of the scale delivered to the participants personal demographic information is requested. In the second part of the scale “Organizational Commitment Questionnaire” (Allen & Meyer, 1991) consisting 18 items whose reliability and validity tested beforehand is used. Moreover in the third part of the scale “Cultural Leadership Questionnaire” (Değirmenci, 2006; Yıldırım, 2001) having 21 items whose reliability and validity tested beforehand is used. For analyzing the data; t test, anova and kanonik correlation analyze test are used. When it comes to the results of the research it can be concluded that the cultural leadership roles of school administrators are effective on the level of teachers’ organizational commitment. In other words a positive relation is found between cultural leadership and organizational commitment. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15832 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15832 Yunus MACİT Books of Travels are one of the most important sources of Islamic history and religious life; because they have important functions in terms of their transport of the historical, geographical and socio-cultural characteristics of a certain time to the present day. Travelling is also an important tradition in Islamic culture; because of travelling is a good way to expand the horizons of knowledge and experience. As it’s known, Ibn Battuta also known as Shams ad-Din (1304–1368 or 1369), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla. Over a period of thirty years, he visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands; his journeys including trips to North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. For this reason Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travelers of all time. As a devout person Ibn Battuta during his travels tried to learn all of the characteristics of religious and religious organizations wherever he went and established close contacts with religious people and organizations, also visited sacred-religious authorities and besides gave place to the hadith narrations about this places in his book. In his travelogues, which help as to understand the medieval Islamic geography his time period, as well as information on socio-cultural and economical life of Muslim communities, reflections of Muslim civilization and sunnah and hadiths of Prophet Muhammad to the religious and general public life and religious persons had narrated. For this reason, İbn Battuta’s works are one of the important sources in terms of hadith and sunnah in studies. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15790 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15790 Gencay ZAVOTÇU Nabi lived 17 century society, the period for negative distortion and concussions. Days full of conquest and victories have been left behind. The army is now left for victory in battlefields, weakened ties between the Government and weakens, decreasing confidence in deterioration in relations between people and the public is gradually becoming poorer. These and other negative situations üzmekte intellectuals, people seeing eye, hearing ear and the language of writers and poets who think and seek solutions on the problem are delivered. Adverse events in this century, which was the scene of past failures and false positive examples, which refers to applications and intellectuals critical of the language to bring one of the Nabi. Nabi past, happy, peaceful, healthy and on the basis of various aspects of his goodness, remember remember with longing the years owned does not have the positive characteristics of the period, the supply does not look encouraging, history, character disorders include the Istanbul University and has a personality besides all the faithful to be effective and robust happens. There are people in contact with the axis of disorders of his poetry and mesnevis. Issues be considered within the scope of works, mainly Hayriyye Nabi in his nostalgia addressed. Court of poems evoking longing for the past Nâbî went out, exhausted and would not be wrong to say that unudulmuş redif sheikh. In other words, the Court of Nâbî first come to mind nostalgic poems and the most significant issues were handled, not only with redf ghazels depleted and forgotten. The ghazals are generally, family, neighborhood, community and the nation at the level experienced in the past and also felt the absence of, longed-for and desired to be moral and humanitarian values, etiquette, traditions, practices and other cultural elements are associative. 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15661 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15661 Ahmet AKDAĞ 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15657 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15657 Sedat KARAGÜL 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15806 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15806 Özge ÖZTEKİN 2026-07-16 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15724 https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=15724 Adem POLAT,Azer YAVUZ 2026-07-16