Turkish Studies - International, Year 2021 Issue Volume 16 Issue 1

Drought, Famine and Flood Disasters in Andalus

Abdullah BALCIOĞULLARI — 2024-08-29

Famine is defined as the deaths of a large of the population in a region or country caused by malnutrition, hunger or diseases associated with hunger. Scarcity and hunger was much more common Due to prolonged war, drought and epidemics in the Middle Ages than today. The subject of this study is drought, famine and flood disasters that cause loss of life and property to people in Andalus. Throughout the history of Andalus, drought, famine and flood disasters have affected people very much, causing them to suffer, displacement and even death. This tragic dimension of Andalusian history constitutes the research subject of this study. The Arabic works which written in the Middle Ages have analyzed for reveal the drought, famine, flood disasters and famine in Andalus. In Andalus where the magnificent civilization of the history of Islam, agricultural life and natural disasters have negatively affected. Consequently there was a lack of food in the society. The most severe medieval and early modern famines have arise when combined with population pressure on available resources and climatological factors unfavorable for wheat production. It has been understood that the effects of famines are less in periods of strong political authority. It was concluded that there were many droughts, floods and famines in Andalus during a period of 800 years. In addition, food prices have increased too much during drought periods, people could not access these foods, as a result of malnutrition they have weakened and due to various epidemic diseases have occurred many deaths. In some periods, thousands of people have left the regions where they lived or died of starvation due to this famine.

The Use of Humour as a Political Propaganda Tool in the II. Constitutional Period: Yeniçeri Newspaper Example

Irmak KARABULUT — 2024-08-29

The Yeniçeri newspaper is a political humour newspaper published in 14 issues between December 2, 1911 and March 28, 1912. Cemil Hakkı, a student of the Civil Service and also a reporter and writer in many newspapers, especially Tanin, is the managing director and concessionaire of the Yeniçeri. The Yeniçeri humour newspaper, under the administration of Cemil Hakkı, who was a supporter of the Union and Progress, has begun its publishing life as an indomitable supporter of the ruling party in a period when the Freedom and Entente Party was established, the country called the 1912 elections, and at the same time, Turco-Italian War was experienced, domestic and foreign politics were extremely changeable and troubled. Although the Yeniçeri newspaper has the morphological characteristics of humour newspapers of the II. Constitutional period, it is distinguished from its peers with its completely allocating its columns to developments in domestic and foreign politics, and skilfully drawn caricatures that support the arguments it defends. During its short publication life, the Yeniçeri newspaper took aim to Freedom and Entente and made use of the power and influence of humour while making propaganda for Union and Progress. The aim of our study is not only to introduce the Yeniçeri newspaper with its morphological properties, but also to reveal the political propaganda elements in a humour newspaper that was a unique witness of its period during the II. Constitutional period when the press was an extremely effective weapon. The main source of our study is the Yeniçeri newspaper. We benefited from the works and memories regarding the period and the press life of the period as well as Tanin newspaper in order to be able to follow the current politics issues covered in the newspaper.

Air Flights of Turkish Military Aviation Contributing to Peace Between 1914-1950, A Plane Crash Abroad and Funeral Ceremony

Osman YALÇIN — 2024-08-29

During the first half century of the Republican era, many problems from the Ottoman period had to be resolved. The most important of these problems is technological dependence on abroad. People also had major problems and solutions had to be produced. In these years it was necessary to establish a modern army and to minimize external dependence. A strong Turkish army could contribute to peace in the region and in the world. In addition, the army was the guarantor of Turkey's full independence. In the 20th century, air forces came to the forefront and became an effective force for armies. Turkish administrators aware of this have been working on a strong air force. Turkish leaders were also quite successful in using air forces for peaceful purposes. This process has contributed to increasing the motivation of the air force in Turkey. In principle, the priority of this contribution is to ensure the unity and integrity of the Turkish nation. Turkish air troops- thorugh their shows both inside and outside. have attracted the attention of many. Aviation in the early years of the republic of Turkey, had been used extensively to serve peaceful purposes. Istanbul-Cairo Air Flight, Athens and Moscow Travel, Tehran Travel, Sabiha GÖKÇEN's Balkan Tour is very valuable in this regard. It is an unforgettable sacrifice that Turkish people buy hundreds of war planes and present (donate) them to the Turkish Air Force.Atatürk wanted to see the air power always in his side in the solution of foreign political problems. Turkish Air Force was the biggest assurance in the solution of the Hatay problem and in the threats of Mussolini. In this period, aviation was developing all over the world. However, the Turks had much more foresight. The inadequacy in the technological area has been the most important problem. The saying "The future is in the skies" by Atatürk is still valid.

Social and Economic Life in Manisa at the Beginning of XVII. Century (1624-1625) Based on the Tereke Registry

Züleyha USTAOĞLU — 2024-08-29

Each belonging which is left after people died, has been recorded in the kadı registers in Ottoman Empire. These records which are called Tereke do not only contain information about belongings after death. In addition, terekes also contain lots of detailed information such as social status, economic status and daily life of people. Thus, it provides information to researchers about socio-economic status of people who lived in the period. In this study, in the light of terekes in Manisa at beginning of century XVII, the status of socio-economic of Manisa was tried to be revealed. Tereke records of Manisa are in the notebooks as scattered. Therefore, tereke records in the notebooks no 55 were combined following scanning. Due to the diversity of the data in terekes, the text has been reviewed in two parts. First part is about family structure of tereke owners. In this section, marital status and number of children of the people were determined. Based on these determinations, the average number of children in Manisa and the relationship between polygamy and social status were evaluated. In addition, the traces of daily life were searched following classification of goods in terekes. In both titles, in the light of tereke records, the socio-economic structure of Manisa at the beginning of century XVII were aimed to be revealed taking into account of the differences and similarities between urban and peasant terekes. Moreover, a general framework was tried to be drawn with the comparison of studies related with other cities in the region and existing data.