@article{2019,title={A HISTORICAL-SOCIOLOGICAL DISCUSSION ON TURKEY: THE DIALECTICAL UNITY OF STRUCTURE, SUBJECT AND CONJUNCTURE},abstractNode={In this study, the historical sociological transformation of Turkey will be analyzed through the concepts of structure, subject and conjuncture. If we start from the social structure, it can be mentioned the weakness of the private property order. Another problem which is needed to handle is about the religion as institution. It could not be ensured a structural differentiation completely between the state and the religion. Finally, it can be dwelled on the point of ethnic pluralism. The social structure of Turkey lacks ethnic homogeneity. The ethnic diversity has given a concern towards security and survival within the Ottoman-Turkish modernity. When we reinterpret the social change in a subject-centered way, we firstly see the lack of bourgeoisie. There has not been any bourgeoisie class which grows spontaneously depending upon the late capitalism conditions. In Turkey, the bourgeoisie has been created by the state itself. The lack of aristocracy is the second important fact. The most similar institution to aristocracy is the notability (ayanlık). However the influence of notability within the social structure has been limited. The most important political subject is the bureaucracy without question. It can be said that the bureaucracy has internalized a more revolutionary mission gradually from Tanzimat bureaucrat to the Kemalists. The main conjuncture which determines the social change is the modernization. The economic, political and cultural aspects of modernization can be analyzed separately. Consequently, it can be said that Turkish modernization has a similar content with fascist modernity in the threefold classification of Barrington Moore with reference to the social conditions which have made liberalism and socialism weak. },author={Armağan ÖZTÜRK-Hatice KARAKUŞ ÖZTÜRK},year={2019},journal={Turkish Studies-Social Sciences}}